The Digestive System and Body

Metabolism
Digestion
•Breakdown of ingested food
Absorption
• Passage of nutrients into the blood
Metabolism
• Production of cellular energy (ATP)
- is the breakdown of food molecules,
through hydrolysis, into simpler
chemical units that can be used by cells
for their metabolic needs
- involves the use of HYDROLASES

Carbohydrates Monosaccharides

Fats and Lipids Fatty acids and

Glycerol
Proteins Amino acids
 - begins in the MOUTH
-during CHEWING using your TEETH
the food is mixed with SALIVA
- SALIVA moistens the food and makes
swallowing easier
- SALIVA is approximately 99.5% water
the remaining 0.5% consist of MUCIN
a glycoprotein that acts as lubricant,
inorganic salts, – buffers and
enzymes that catalyzes hydrolysis rxn.

- SALIVA has a pH range of 5.75 - 7.0

optimum at pH 6.6
- is a hollow tube beginning at the very
back of the pharynx (throat) and ending
at the stomach.
- its function is to transport swallowed
food and liquid from the throat, through
the chest into the stomach.
- it is not active in the breakdown
or absorption
 - is a large, hollow organ and holds the
food we eat.
- stomach functions as a reservoir.
- it secretes acid and some digestive
enzymes which help begin the
processes of digestion
GASTRIC JUICE ( HCl - pH 1 to 2 )
contains :
Zymogen pepsinogen
contacts with HCl to convert pepsinogen
into PEPSIN that catalyzes hydrolysis of
protein to polypeptides

- it also acts as a churn to mix up food so that when the food

is released through the valve at the end of the stomach
(called the pylorus), it is in a liquid or semi-liquid form
ready to be digested and absorbed by the small intestine.
 - is the major site for the digestion
(breakdown of nutrients from food and
liquid) and absorption (passage into the
bloodstream) of nutrients so they can be
used by the body.

-The small intestine is about 10 feet long,

starts at the end of the stomach, and
continues until it empties into the colon or
large intestine.

-It is divided into 3 distinct parts;

- The first section is the duodenum (approx. 12 to 18 inches in length)
In the duodenum, the acid mixed with the food delivered from the stomach
is neutralized by water and bicarbonate which is secreted by the pancreas.
- followed by the jejunum and then
- the ileum.
This is important because the digestive enzymes and processes of
digestion in the small bowel occur in a neutral, not acidic, environment.
-- these are minute hair-like structure on the linings that
brushes the nutrients unto the bloodstream
- during digestion, hydrolyzed proteins, carbohydrates
and fats are then absorbed into the bloodstream
through the VILLI of the small intestines
 or Large Instestine --receives water and undigested
food products from the small intestine.
Its function is to absorb water and to solidify the stool into a formed bolus
which can be easily passed. If one ingests insufficient amounts of fiber in his diet,
constipation may develop.
 MOUTH SALIVARY
GLANDS
MALTOSE
SUCROSE
LACTOSE

VEIN ARTERY
STOMACH
Minimal
action

GALL
BLADDER INTESTINES PANCREAS
MALTOSE
SUCROSE
LACTOSE

MALTOSE → Glucose + Glucose

maltase
SUCROSE → Glucose + Fructose
sucrase

LACTOSE → Galactose + Glucose

lactase
 GLUCOSE
FRUCTOSE Villi
GALACTOSE
 MOUTH

VEIN ARTERY

STOMACH

GALL
BLADDER
INTESTINES
PANCREAS
AMINO Villi
ACIDS
 MOUTH LIGUAL
LIPASE

VEIN ARTERY
STOMACH

LIVER

PANCREAS
GALL INTESTINES
BLADDER
 MONOGLYCERIDES Intestinal Mucosa
DIGLYCERIDES FATTY Villi (lacteals)
ACIDS and GLYCEROL Thoracic duct
 We all think that eating means simply buying
fruits, cutting it and just popping into our mouths

YOU WILL BE MUCH MORE BENEFITED

IF YOU KNOW HOW TO EAT
Fruits should be taken in empty stomach……
not as a deserted meal as is often done.
If you eat fruit like that it will also serve a
major role to detoxify your system,
supplying with a great deal of energy for
weight loss and other life activities
Lets say you eat two slices of
bread and then
a slice of fruit
As fruits digests faster than bread, the
slice of fruits digest quickly and ready
to go straight through the stomach
into the intestines, but its passage is
blocked by the bread which takes
longer to digest….
..... In the mean time the whole meal ferments and
turns to acid. Consequently when fruits, come into
contact with the food in the stomach and digestive
juices, the entire mass of food begins to spoil

So it is better to eat fruits in empty

stomach or before your meal!
 You have heard people complaining -
☺Every time I eat watermelon I burp,
☺When I eat durians my stomach bloats up,
☺When I eat banana I feel like running to toilet etc.

Actually this all will not arise if you eat

the fruits in empty stomach.
The fruits mixes with the putrefying
other food and produces gas and
hence bloat!
Graying hair, balding and nervous outburst, dark
circles under the eyes – all this will not happen
if you take fruits in empty stomach

It is incorrectly presumed that some fruits like

orange and lemon are acidic and will enhance
acidity in the stomach.

Research however shows that all

fruits become alkaline in our body
 When you need to drink fruit juice, drink
only fresh fruit juice, NOT from the cans.
Don’t drink juice that has been heated up.
Don’t eat cooked fruits because you don’t get
nutrient at all. You only get to taste.

Cooking fruits destroys all

the vitamins.
Eating the pulp or the whole
fruit is far better than
drinking the juice as the fiber
is good for you.
If you drink the juice drink
mouthful by mouthful slowly,
because you must let it mix
with your saliva before
swallowing it.
 Just eat fruits and drink fruits juice
throughout the 3 days and you
will be surprised when your
friends tell you how radiant you look!
During the “fruit fast” you can eat
different fruits at different times,
although occasionally mixed fruit
salad would also be permissible and
more interesting
If you have mastered the correct way
of eating fruits, you have the secret
of beauty, longevity, health, energy,
happiness and normal weight.
Wishing you all
a
Healthy Life!!!!!