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SfJPPLRUZNT TO MARCH 29, 1934

PLIGHT Fig. 14. The mechanical properties of 4S were given in a table last week. The relationship between fatigue shear stress and endurance for various materials is shown herewith. The consistency of the 4S alloy is most notable.

THE AIRCRAFT ENGINEER

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with the lamination, the stress distribution shown is good for a single bay biplane wing spar, but even if improvement could be obtained by modification to the detail design, the construction of a biplane spar member having the uniformity of stress indicated in curve b is not a feasible proposition. " Only in really large biplane constructions would such refinements in design be possible, whereas no difficulty exists in getting the uniformity of stress shown in curve b, in monoplane constructions as described. At the moment we cannot proceed further than a simple monoplane wing; the word simple is perhaps a misnomer here, the calculations may, in a casual manner, be regarded as simple in comparison with what is required for a biplane structure. In the case of the monoplane, however, flutter and allied investigations become ef prime importance and the additional calculations connected therewith make the matter more involved and complicated than it might at first sight appear. " Another form of wing construction in which the whole skin or a large part of it is reinforced against considerable longitudinal forces is worth attention; in this the bending is resisted by a reinforcing combination and not by the booms of separate and distinct spars. Corrugated internal plate attached to a plain outer skin would appear to be the best arrangement, graduation in area against the variation in load could well be executed through the use of lamination in the flat skin.
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There are certain manufacturing difficulties, however, which so far have precluded an experimental investigation of this construction. The main difficulty, which has been excessive riveting, is, however, likely to be overcome in the near future." Appendix I Critical Stresses of Thin Curved and Flat Plates The formula derived by Redshaw for the critical buckling stress for a curved panel axially loaded and simply supported at axial and circumferential edges is p = {E/6 (1 - a2)} {V [12 (1 - <r2) <7r2 + ir^/fc*] + */&} ... (1) a = Poisson's ratio, b = length of arc, the other symbols having the meaning allocated in other parts of the paper. If (bit)2 is large is comparison with rjt the formula reduces to that obtained for the complete tube (see references in table below) p = V {1/3(1 - o2)} E(tjr) ' (2) so that if the angle subtended by the panel is fairly large the critical stress is dependent only upon the curvature and thickness and not upon the length b. If the angle is small, the above formula should be amended to p = V (1/3(1 - o*)} E(/r)Fx" (3)

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306