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EXPENDITURE ON EDUCATION
Elementary education, to a large extent, is financed by the central government, the state govern- ments and the local bodies. The contribution of the private sources has declined over the
years.

Plan and Non-plan Expenditure:

The educational budgets of the central government as well as the state governments are classified into Plan (broadly development) and Non-Plan (broadly main- tenance) outlays. The
Plan expenditure on different sectors of education is presented in Table 50. The share of elementary education declined from a peak of 56 per cent in the First Plan to 30 per cent during
Fourth Plan period, There has been gradual increase in the allocation for elemen- tary education in the subsequent Plans. Eighth Plan outlay shows a substantial step-up in alloca- tion to
primary education as compared to Seventh Plan.

Centre-State Partnership:
Major share of expenditure on education is incurred by the central and state departments of education. In addition, many other departments also undertake educa- tion and training
activities. The expenditure on education by the centre and the states is shown in Table 51. The total expenditure on education has increased from Rs.7,085 million in 1968-69 to Rs.
251,562 million in 1992-93. The states accounted for 88.6 per cent of total revenue expen- diture on education in 1991-92.

Per Capita Budget Expenditure:

The educational effort of different states is captured by per capita budget expenditure and the share of education budgeted (Revenue) to total budget of the state. The per capita budgeted
expenditure on education increased by nearly four time (at cur- rent prices) during the same period (Table 52).

Education in Centre/State Budgets:

The time series trends in the percentage of expenditure on education to total budget of the central and the state governments are presented in Table 53. On an average, the states are
spending 20 per cent of their budget on education as compared to 2.2 per cent for the central government. These shares have remained constant for the last few years.
117 118
EDUCATION FOR ALL
Table 50
Plan Expenditure on Different Sectors of Education
(Percentage)

Plan
Expenditure

1st Plan (1951-56)

2nd Plan (1956-61)
3rd Plan (1961-66)
Plan Holiday (1966-69)
4th Plan (11969-74)
5th Plan (1974-79)
6th Plan (1980-85)
7th Plan (1985-90)
Expenditure(1990-92)
8th Plan outlay 1992-97

Elementary Secondary Adult

Education
Education

56
(850)
35
(950)
34
(2010)
24
(750)
30
(2390)
35
(3170)
33
(8360)
37
(28490)
37
(17290)
47
(92010)

13
(200)
19
(510)
18
(1030)
16
(530)
18
(1400)
17
(1560)
21
(5300)
24
(18320)
22
(10530)
18
(34980)

Higher
Education

9
(2240)
6
(4700)
9
(4160)
9
(18480)

9
(140)
18
(480)
15
(870)
24
(770)
25
(1950)
22
(2050)
22
(5590)
16
(12010)
12
(5880)
8
(15160)

Others

9
(140)
10
(300)
12
(730)
11
(370)
14
(1060)
14
(1060)
4
(1080)
3
(1980)
2
(1180)
4
(7510)

Technical
Education

13
(200)
18
(490)
21
(1250)
25
(810)
13
(1060)
12
(1070)
11
(2730)
14
(10830)
17
(8230)
14
(27860)

Note: Figures in parenthesis in millions of rupees

Source: Dr. R.V. Vaidyanatha Iyyar Educational Planning and Administration in India, Retrospect and Prospect, Department of Education,
MHRD.

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119

120
EDUCATION FOR ALL
Table 51
Expenditure on Education by
Education Departments and Other Departments
(Revenue Account : 1968-69 to 1992-93)
(Rs. in million at current prices)

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Year
Expenditure
Incurred by
Education
Deptts.

1968-69
1969-70
1970-71
1971-72
1972-73
1973-74
1974-75
1975-76
1976-77
1977-78
1978-79
1979-80
1980-81
1981-82
1982-83
1983-84
1984-85
1985-86
1986-87
1987-88
1988-89
1989-90
1990-91
1991-92*
1992-93**

Centre
Total Exp. on
Education by
Education &
other Deptts.

440.3
554.5
659.4
723.3
876.2
781.7
1008.7
1261.0
1442.6
1587.5
1850.7
1719.5
2239.0
2407.4
3025.8
3412.0
4453.2
5285.0
6482.3
12017.5
15955.1
15120.5
16432.1
17305.5
17218.2

Note

Revised Estimates
Budgeted Estimates

Source:

1. Trends of Expenditure on
New Delhi, 1980.

440.3
554.6
659.4
949.2
1171.0
1163.8
1453.4
1730.7
2112.3
2337.9
2765.5
2878.8
3128.5
3878.4
5579.9
5066.1
7677.6
9151.8
9036.8
15775.7
20494.2
22660.6
24194.5
26358.2
28723.5

Education,

Expenditure
Incurred by
Education
Deptts.

State/UT
Total Exp. on
Education by
Education &
other Deptts.

6051.1
6970.2
8284.1
9224.9
10411.9
11961.2
14391.1
16830.1
18431.8
21043.2
23537.4
26602.4
31503.9
35493.7
44592.1
48880.8
59084.6
69284.7
78020.9
92284.4
108132.1
135321.4
155504.5
172787.4
190282.7

1968-69 to 1978-79,

6645.2
7735.2
9048.9
10078.0
11741.2
13336.6
16400.3
19121.4
21375.7
24741.4
27968.2
31386.7
36924.1
40480.6
51783.3
53766.6
68200.8
81591.6
89289.6
106512.2
126153.6
156840.2
180717.1
202519.4
222839.4

Expenditure
Incurred by
Education
Deptts.

6491.4
7524.8
8943.5
9948.2
11288.1
12742.9
15399.8
18091.1
19874.4
22630.7
25388.1
28321.9
33742.9
37901.1
47617.9
52292.8
63537.8
74569.7
84503.2
104301.9
124087.2
150441.9
171936.6
190092.9
207500.9

Total
Total Exp. on
Education by
Education &
other Deptts.

7085.5
8289.8
9708.3
11022.2
12912.2
14500.4
17853.7
20852.1
23488.0
27079.3
30733.7
34265.5
40052.6
44359.0
57363.2
58832.7
75878.4
90743.4
98326.4
122287.8
146647.8
179500.8
204911.6
228877.6
251562.9

Ministry of Education and Culture, Government of India,

2. Analysis of Budgeted Expenditure on Education (Various Volumes), MHRD, Department of Education, Government of
India, New Delhi.

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122
EDUCATION FOR ALL
Table 52
Budgeted Expenditure on Education
1981-82 and 1992-93

State/Union Territory

Per Capita Budgeted Expenditure*

1981-82

INDIA
Andhra Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Goa
Gujarat
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
Jammu & Kashmir
Karnataka
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Manipur
Meghalaya
Mizoram
Nagaland
Orissa
Punjab
Rajasthan
Sikkim
Tamil Nadu

57.7
62.6
129.3
50.4
40.4
128.9
70.7
72.5
112.4
86.3
60.9
101.8
42.6
72.3
128.3
83.7
162.9
180.4
48.5
82.7
51.1
155.0
61.9

1991-92

222.9
225.0
512.5
217.4
163.3
617.7
256.4
254.9
457.2
213.0
236.2
288.3
196.2
245.9
433.9
436.8
670.7
605.5
194.6
315.0
221.5
649.7
252.3

% of Budgeted Exp. on Edn. by Edn.

Deptt. to Total Budgeted Exp. of State
1981-82
1992-93

20.0
19.7
8.2
23.7
14.0
18.4
18.9
16.8
16.3
16.8
19.5
31.8
17.5
18.9
21.2
13.0
11.6
12.4
19.8
23.2
22.2
10.1
19.4

20.0
19.6
11.2
24.7
21.2
19.4
19.1
15.9
19.1
11.3
20.8
26.2
17.8
17.7
20.5
17.7
14.9
11.1
19.4
17.8
21.5
17.4
20.1

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Tripura
Uttar Pradesh
West Bengal
Andaman & Nicobar Is.
Chandigarh
Dadra & Nagar Haveli
Daman & Diu
Delhi
Lakshadweep
Pondicherry

83.8
35.4
56.2

453.8
147.8
252.7

20.2
20.5
24.2

20.1
18.1
27.5

209.8
172.0
104.4
**
111.7
399.4
120.9

705.3
660.1
335.6
561.3
367.1
949.2
601.9

10.7
24.2
29.6
**
29.9
18.2
17.6

12.7
20.9
11.1
15.6
29.5
11.0
15.6

* At Current Prices
** Included in Goa
Source: Selected Educational Statistics, 1992-93, MHRD, Deptt. of Education, Govt. of India, New Delhi, 1993
Analysis of Budgeted Expenditure on Education, 1990-91 to 1992-93, MHRD, Department of Education, Government of India
New Delhi 1993
A Handbook of Educational and Allied Statistics, MHRD, Deptt. of Education, Govt. of India, New Delhi, 1983

123

124
EDUCATION FOR ALL
Table 53
Percentage of Expenditure on Education
of Education Departments to Total Budget
(Revenue Account: 1967-68 to 1992-93)

Year

State/Union Territory

Centre

Total

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1967-68
1968-69
1969-70
1970-71
1971-72
1972-73
1973-74
1974-75
1975-76
1976-77
1977-78
1978-79
1979-80
1980-81
1981-82
1982-83
1983-84
1984-85
1985-86
1986-87
1987-88
1988-89
1989-90
1990-91
1991-92
1992-93

Note
Source

19.8
20.2
20.5
21.4
20.3
20.1
20.6
23.2
22.7
22.0
22.7
21.7
21.8
20.6
20.0
21.3
20.7
20.1
20.6
19.8
20.0
20.2
21.9
21.2
19.9
20.0

*
**

1.6
2.0
2.4
2.6
2.2
2.4
2.0
2.2
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
1.8
1.6
1.5
1.3
1.5
1.6
1.6
1.6
2.2
2.9
2.3
2.2
2.1
1.9

11.9
12.6
13.1
13.9
12.8
12.7
13.1
14.1
13.6
13.1
13.4
13.1
12.7
11.6
11.3
10.8
11.4
11.0
11.1
11.6
10.4
11.5
11.9
11.7
11.2

Revised Estimates
Budgeted Expenditure

1. A Handbook of Educational and Allied Statistics, MHRD, Department of Education, Government of India, 1987
2. Analysis of Budgeted Expenditure on Education, Various Volumes, MHRD, Department of Education, Government of
India, New Delhi

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