Research Article

A Comparative Study on Effect of Different Fillerson Stone

Matrix Asphalt Mix
Vineet Jain1, Ajinya Gautam2, Vikas Ravekar3

Abstract
To enhance the durability and performance of flexible pavements, different
asphalt materials and mixtures are used. Stone mastic asphalt or Stone
matrix asphalt is the better and suitable option generally seen compare to
bituminous Concrete or dense graded mix. Based on literature review,
modifier and different admixtures are being used as a filler to enhance the
property of bitumen mix design. The main objective of this article is to assess
the effect of different fillers like Stone dust, Portland cement, Fly ash with
Coconut Shell charcoal. Various engineering properties such as surface
absorption, crushing, grading, light weight, heating etc. has been observed
and it is found that coconut shell charcoal shows good results that are
important for pavements. Further, Stability, flow parameters and Air Void
ratio are also obtained so that it can be compared with different types of
Fillers. Therefore, a perfect combination is established so that it can be
useful as a substitute as a filler for improving the quality and durability of
pavement of roads.

Keywords: SMA mix, Coconut shell charcoal, Filler, Binder, Marshall test.

Introduction
In the construction of bituminous pavements, it becomes very difficult to arrange the close and well-
uniform, or dense graded aggregates to sustain heavy load on roads. Practically arrangement of different
size aggregate in paving industries is very difficult. Therefore there is need to design the bituminous mix
consisting gap graded aggregate known as stone mastic asphalt. Stone mastic asphalt (SMA) consisting
70- 80 % aggregate of total mass, 6-7% of binder, 8-12% of filler, and about 0.3-0.5% of fiber or stabilizer
or additives. Bose S et al. presented the advantage of SMA mix with bituminous mix as shown in Table 1
given below [1].
1
Asst Prof. CED, Smt. S R Patel Engineering Collage
2
Civil Engineer, RITES Ltd.
3
Prof. Ram Meghe Institute of Technology and Research, Badnera
Correspondence to: Ms. Vineeta Jain, CED, Smt. S R Patel Engineering Collage, Unjha, Gujarat, India.
E-mail Id: vineet.jinendra@gmail.com
How to cite this article: Jain V, Gautam A, Ravekar V. A Comparative Study on Effect of Different Fillerson Stone Matrix
Asphalt Mix. J Adv Res Auto Tech Transp Sys 2017; 2(1&2): 1-7.

© ADR Journals 2017. All Rights Reserved

Jain V et al.
Table 1.Comparison of Properties of SMA Mix Over Bituminous Mix
Sr. No. Property
1 Mix Structure
2 Coarse Aggregate Content (%)
3 Fine Aggregate Content (%)
4 Filler Content (%)
5 Binder Type
6 Min. Binder Content (%)
7 Air Voids
8 Thickness
SMA Mix provides a deformation resistant,
durable surfacing material, suitable for heavily
trafficked roads. SMA forms an interlocks
between coarse aggregate to form a stone
skeleton which can sustain permanent
deformation. The stone skeleton is fully filled with
bitumen and filler along with fiber so that it can
bind them properly so as to prevent drainage of
binder and not to cause any problem while
transportation and while placing. As the Coarse
aggregate content is high in SMA Mix, it forms a
skeleton- type structure which provide good
result analysis explained below:
Literature Review
A critical review of the literature is carried out on
use of different type of fillers in SMA mix to
improve the properties of pavement structure.
Behnood, M. Ameri (2012)have studied the effect
of steel slag in stone matrix asphalt mixtures and
he has found better results in comparison with
those containing stone. Also, replacing the coarse
portion of stone aggregate with steel slag leads to
some better results in comparison with mixtures
that contain steel slag as the fine portion. Steel
slag used as the coarse portion in SMA mixtures
J. Adv. Res. Auto. Tech. Transp. Sys. 2017; 2(1&2)
SMA Mix Bituminous Mix
GAP Graded Well Graded
70-80 50-60
20-30 40-50
<5 >5
60/70 60/70, 80/100
3.5- 4 5- 6
5-10 3-6
25-75 30-60
resistance for rutting. Brown &Manglorkar (1993)
reported that traffic loads for SMA are mainly
carried by the coarse aggregate instead of the fine
aggregate asphalt-mortar. Even though, fillers
play important role to reduce the gap between
coarse and fine aggregate to provide better
stability to pavements. Therefore, in this study,
stone dust, Portland cement, fly ash and Coconut
shell charcoal are used as filler to assess the
effects on SMA mix. Further the effect of Coconut
shell charcoal as filler in SMA mixis compared with
different types of fillers. This paper is organized in
five sections: introduction, literature review,
proposed methodology, experimental study and
increased Marshall Stability and decreased the
flow values. Xue et al. (2008), YongjieXue et al.
(2008) performed Marshall mix design procedure
to assess the effect of solid waste incinerator fly
ash as a partial replacement of fine aggregate in
SMA Mix.Tay Lay Tinget al. (2015) conducted a
study to determine strength characteristic of
coconut shell ash and it is found that it is it is
stronger than rice husk ash and palm kernel shell
ash. Further he stated that the possibility to
convert the coconut shell to a useful material are
environmental friendly and contribute in
construction field.R Muniandy et al. (2013)
2examined the effect of industrial wastefillers
namely limestonedust (LSD), which was the
Jain V et al. J. Adv. Res. Auto. Tech. Transp. Sys. 2017; 2(1&2)

reference filler; ceramic waste dust (CWD); coal of the engineering properties and areduction in
fly ash (CFA), and steel slagmixture (SSD). They the Optimum Asphalt Content (OAC). The
have concluded that utilization of industrialwastes reduction in OACwould result in significant cost
and byproducts in SMA results in theimprovement saving.

Proposed Methodology

This section presents the step wise proposed fillers on SMA Mix properties. Flow chart for the
methodology to assess the comparative effect of proposed methodology is given in Figure 1 below
coconut shell charcoal filler with different type of

Slag
Material Selection
Stone
Mixing

Filler Sample Preparation at different % of Bitumen Sieving

Moudling
Experimental Work Performance- Marshal
Stability Test

Comparison of Stability value, Flow Value, Air

Void for different fillers

Result Analysis- Optimum Bitumen Content and

Max Stability Value

Output

Figure 1.Flow Chart For Proposed Methodology

Stage-I Material Selection- To Prepare the SMA
Mix Different materials used are given below.
 Slag – Coarse aggregate
 Stone – Fine aggregate
 Mineral filler – stone dust,
Portland cement, fly ash and
Coconut shell charcoal.
 Binder – bitumen of penetration
grade 60/70
3
 Stabilizer – Cellulose fibre (0.3% -
0.5%)
Stage-II Sample Preparation at different % of
Bitumen
SMA Mix samples are prepared at different
% of Bitumen by using Slag as Coarse
Aggregate, stone as fine aggregate with
different fillers i.e. stone dust, coconut shell
Jain V et al.
charcoal and fly ash. Various sub-stages are
used to prepare moulds as sieving, mixing,
moulding and weighing.
Stage- III Determination of Stability Value and
Flow Value
In this stage samples prepared in previous stage
have been tested for the stability value and flow
value by performing Marshall Stability Test at
different percentage of bitumen with different
fillers.
Stage-IV Result Analysis- Optimum Bitumen
Content and Max Stability Value
value of Asphalt sample mix. In this study, Stone
asphalt mix samples are prepared at varying
percentage of bitumen content. The details of
samples are given below.
 Stone Mastic Asphalt Samples using
“Stone Dust” as filler at 4, 5, 5.5, 6, 7
percentage of Bitumen Content.
 Stone Mastic Asphalt Samples using
“Coconut shell charcoal” as filler at 4,
The stability of the specimen is obtained by the
load taken by it and then multiplying with the
correlation ratio which is obtained from
thickness/height or volume of the sample.
Flow Value is defined as deformation caused
when maximum load is applied where usually
slow where stabilizers are not used. The flow
increases very slowly initially but with increase in
bitumen content, the flow value increases
theoretically.
The air void is defined as the gap present between
the aggregates. As bitumen content increases, the
void decreases. Bitumen fills the gap present and
increases the compatibility. Theoretically the air
voids decreases slowly initially and with
increase in bitumen percentage the air
voids decreases very quickly. With addition
of stabilizers, it also helps to fill the void along
with bitumen.
J. Adv. Res. Auto. Tech. Transp. Sys. 2017; 2(1&2)
Analysis on the results obtained in previous stage
is carried out in this stage. Based on the analysis,
optimum bitumen content is determined. It is also
estimated that which filler is suitable to produce
Maximum Stability.
Experimental Study
This section presents the experimental
investigation carried to assess the effect of
different fillers i.e. coconut shell charcoal, fly ash,
stone dust on SMA mix. In this study Marshall
stability test has been performed to determine
the optimum bitumen content and stability and
flow
5, 5.5, 6, 7 percentage of Bitumen
Content.
 Stone Mastic Asphalt Samples using
“Fly Ash” as filler at 4, 5, 5.5, 6, 7
percentage of Bitumen Content.
Further, Samples are recognized for stability
value, flow value and air void explained below:
Theoretically as Bitumen content increases, the
stability also increases up to a certain limit and
then start decreasing gradually.
failure occurs. With increase in bitumen content,
flow value increases. But the flow is gradually
Results and Analysis
Comparative analysis is done on Stability Value,
Flow Value, Air Void Value by Using different
percentage of bitumen content with different
fillers.
 Comparison of “Stability Value” between
different fillers at different percentage
of bitumen content. Figure 2 shows
the variation of stability value of
samples with different fillers at
different percentage of bitumen
content.
4
Jain V et al. J. Adv. Res. Auto. Tech. Transp. Sys. 2017; 2(1&2)

Stability Value Cmparison

10

8
Stability Value
6
Stone Dust
4
Coconut Shell
2 Fly Ash

0
4% 5% 5.50% 6% 7%
Bitumen COntent (%)

Figure 2.Stability Value Comparison of Different fillers At Varying % of Bitumen Content

 Comparison of “Flow Value”  Comparison of “Air Void” between

between different fillers at different different fillers at different
percentage of bitumen content. percentage of bitumen content.
Figure 3 shows the variation of flow Figure 4 shows the variation of Air
value of samples with different Void value of samples with different
fillers at different percentage of fillers at different percentage of
bitumen content. bitumen content.

Flow Value Comparison

5
4.5
4
3.5
Flow Value

3
2.5 Stone Dust
2 Coconut Shell
1.5
1 Fly Ash
0.5
0
4% 5% 5.50% 6% 7%
Bitumen Content

Figure 3.Flow Value Comparison of Different fillers At Varying % of Bitumen Content

5
Jain V et al. J. Adv. Res. Auto. Tech. Transp. Sys. 2017; 2(1&2)

Air Void Comparison

12

10

8
Air Void

6 Stone Dust

4 Coconut Shell
Fly Ash
2

0
4% 5% 5.50% 6% 7%
Bitumen Content (%)

Figure 4.Flow Value Comparison of Different fillers At Varying % of Bitumen Content

Conclusion Maintenance of Flexible

Pavements, Agra, 2-4
The main objective of this study was to September, Technical Papers,
carry out the comparison of stability value, Volume 1, pp 169-17.
flow value, air void between different fillers 2. IRC:SP:79-2008-Tentative
at different percentage of bitumen content. specifications for stone matrix
In this study, Marshall stability test is asphalt , Published by Indian
performed at various samples to check the Roads Congress.
characteristics of bitumen samples with
3. Putman B J And Amir Khanian SN
different fillers. Based on the experimental
(2004), “Utilization of Waste
investigation and analysis part, it can be
Fibers in Stone Mastic Asphalt
concluded that maximum stability value
Mixtures” , Resources,
obtained is 9.1 kN in the case of stone dust
Conservation and recycling
used as a filler. However, stability value by
volume 42, Issue 3, pp 265-274.
using coconut shell charcoal obtained is 8.4
4. R Muniandy*, E Aburkaba and R
kN. The stability value obtained in the case
Taha (2012), “Effect of Mineral
of coconut shell charcoal is more than 8 kN
Filler Type and Particle Size on
therefore, it can be used as a filler in SMA
the Engineering Properties of
mix for pavements.
Stone Mastic Asphalt
References Pavements” TJER 2013, Vol. 10,
No. 2, 13-32
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(2006 ), “Stone Mastic Asphalt” “ "Experimental investigations on
A long Life pavement Surface” coir fiber reinforcedbituminous
International Seminar on mixes", International Journal of
Innovations in Construction and Engineering Research and

6
Jain V et al. J. Adv. Res. Auto. Tech. Transp. Sys. 2017; 2(1&2)

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Jun 2012, pp.1794-1804. “A Review of Chemical And
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Hassan, HaryatiYaacob, Dewi Sri JurnalTeknologi (Sciences &
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