Construction and Building Materials 156 (2017) 107–113

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Construction and Building Materials

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/conbuildmat

Evaluation the effects of nanoclay on permanent deformation behavior

of stone mastic asphalt mixtures
Mahmoud Ameri a,⇑, Reza Mohammadi b, Mostafa Vamegh b, Mohammad Molayem b
a
School of Civil Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Narmak, Tehran, Iran
b
School of Civil Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran

h i g h l i g h t s

 SMA asphalt mixture is mixed with the SBS and nanoclay.

 The modified bitumen samples have better rheological properties.
 SBS and nanoclay have positive effects on mechanical properties of SMA asphalt mixture.

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: In stone mastic asphalt (SMA) mixtures the binder phase has an important role in the integrity of the
Received 11 February 2017 mixture and should withstand the applied shear forces. Due to platy structure of nanoclay particles
Received in revised form 24 June 2017 and having a large length over width ratio, they have considerable effects in enhancing properties of bitu-
Accepted 4 July 2017
mens. In this paper the effects of nanoclay on high temperature properties of two distinct categories of
SMA mixtures namely those with fibers and polymers have been investigated. A 60/70 pen grade neat
bitumen, limestone aggregates, cellulose fibers and Styrene Butadiene Styrene (SBS) polymer alongside
Keywords:
different dosages of montmorillonite nanoclay particles in the range of 1–4 percent by the weight of bitu-
SMA
Permanent deformation
men were used. Performance characteristics of different asphalt materials were evaluated in terms of the
Storage stability storage stability of modified asphalt binders as well as Marshall stability and flow, creep properties and
Nanoclay rutting resistance of SMA mixtures having different amounts of nanoclay particles. Results revealed that
SBS the nanoclay polymer asphalt binders have higher storage stability as well as better performance char-
Fiber acteristics. SMA mixtures with polymer modified asphalt binder have better permanent deformation
characteristics (higher rutting resistance). Moreover, the SMA mixture containing 3% of nanoclay has
the highest rutting resistance.
Ó 2017 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

1. Introduction In stone mastic asphalt (SMA) mixtures, gap-graded aggregate

With increasing the traffic volume and axle loads, pavements
are subjected to more stresses and strains which can lead to pre-
mature distresses [1]. Fatigue and rutting are the most important
load-induced distresses in flexible pavements [2]. A lot of
researches have been conducted to produce more durable pave-
ments. These were based on some modifications in asphalt mix-
ture’s constituents including both the aggregate skeleton and the
asphalt binder. Among the suggested solutions, the stone mastic
asphalt (SMA) mixtures are those with modified aggregate skele-
ton which have high resistance against the permanent deformation
or rutting [3,4].
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: Ameri@iust.ac.ir (M. Ameri).
gradations are used to provide a higher binder content and inter-
aggregate contact. The stability and strength of SMA mixtures are
mainly due to the coarse aggregates. SMA mixtures have higher
amounts of coarse aggregate and asphalt binder compared to hot
mix asphalt (HMA) mixtures. The first application of SMA mixtures
dates back to 1960s in Germany. Since then, its usage was spread
in other European countries and the United States [2,5].
The high amount of asphalt binder and gap-graded structure in
SMA mixtures, are the main factors to cause bleeding. To overcome
this shortcoming, fibers and polymer modified asphalt binders are
used. Fibers are used to meet two requirements. The first one is to
prevent bleeding and providing the integrity of the mixture.
Increasing the mixture’s stiffness and resistance against failure is
the second objective to utilize fibers in SMA mixtures. Mineral

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.07.055
0950-0618/Ó 2017 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
108 M. Ameri et al. / Construction and Building Materials 156 (2017) 107–113

and organic fibers are considerably used in gap graded and SMA ent dosages of nanoclay particles. The permanent deformation
mixtures [6–8]. properties and the rut depth of the asphalt mixtures are measured
Polymer modified asphalt binders can be used as a replacement by means of dynamic creep and Hamburg Wheel Track tests,
of fibers in SMA mixtures. They contribute to better performance respectively.
characteristics and durability of flexible pavements. Different kinds
of polymers including Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), Ethyl Vinyl Acetate
2. Materials and testing
(EVA), Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR) and Styrene Butadiene Styr-
ene (SBS) have been used in SMA mixtures. The SBS polymers can As mentioned previously, this research aims to investigate the trends in vis-
affect all the performance characteristics of the asphalt binder. coelastic properties of two types of SMA mixtures while their nanoclay content
changes. The first type of SMA mixture consists of a neat asphalt binder. The second
Based on the previous study the optimum content of the SBS is
one has a polymer modified asphalt binder. In order to keep the integrity of the
the 5% by the weight of the asphalt binder. At this dosage, all per- mixtures, all of them contained organic fibers.
formance characteristics of the asphalt binder and the associated
asphalt mixture can be improved [6,9–11].
2.1. Materials
Nanomaterials are another type of additives which have shown
promising results in enhancing the physical properties of asphalt The aggregate gradation was in accordance with the NCHRP 425 and is shown in
materials [12]. Among different types of nano particles, nanoclay Table 1 [3]. Aggregate properties are presented in Table 2. The aggregates and fillers
particles have considerable effects on increasing the performance are of crushed limestone due to the critical role of aggregate in the resistance of
asphalt mixtures against permanent deformation.
characteristics of both asphalt binders and mixtures [13–17]. They
The asphalt binder used is a 60/70 penetration grade from Tehran Oil Refinery
have also been used as additives in polymer modified asphalt and its properties are shown in Table 3. The polymer used in this research was a
materials [13,17]. One of the most important properties of nan- Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene (SBS). This kind of polymer contributes to considerable
oclay particles is their high length over thickness ratio. The sheet
structure of nanoclays increases the strength and modulus of poly-
Table 1
mers [18].
Aggregate gradation.
Permanent deformation or rutting is one of the most important
parameters in designing the flexible pavements. By increasing the Sieve size (mm) Passing percent
traffic load and tire pressure, most portion of permanent deforma- 19 100
tion occurs in the surface layer. Determination of permanent defor- 9.5 95
mation parameters of the pavement materials is the critical factor 4.75 45
2.36 25
in estimating the rut depth of the pavement. The repeated load 1.18 18
creep or dynamic creep test is one of the widespread testing proto- 0.6 16
cols in assessing the permanent deformation characteristics of 0.3 14
asphalt mixtures. In this test, the specimen is subjected to a cyclic 0.15 12
0.075 10
uniaxial or triaxial compression and the accumulated strains in
terms of loading cycles are measured. The rut depth due to the sur-
face layer is a function of the asphalt mixture’s stiffness. The Ham-
Table 2
burg Wheel Track (HWT) test is another kind of testing protocol Aggregate properties.
which measures the rut depth of an asphalt mixture under a
Properties
repeated wheel load [19,20]. Chelovian and Shafabakhsh investi-
gated the effects of nano-AL2O3 on the dynamic performance of Bulk specific gravity, g/cm3 (ASTM C127) 2.59
Absorption fine aggregate/% (ASTM C127) 2.4
SMA mixtures. In their research, the nano-AL2O3 particles were
Absorption coarse aggregate/% (ASTM C127) 2.2
added at 0.3, 0.6, 0.9 and 1.2 percent to the base binder, while Los Angeles abrasion loss/% (AASHTO T96) 22.3
the cellulose fibers were use at the dosage of 0.3% to prevent drain- Two fractured faces/% (ASTM D5821) 93
down phenomena in the mixture. The dynamic performance was Plasticity index, Fine Aggregate (AASHTO T96) Non
investigated by means of dynamic creep test, wheel track test Liquid limit, Fine Aggregate% (AASHTO T8) 13

and the indirect tensile fatigue test [21]. Results indicated the
potential effects of different amounts of nano-AL2O3 on perfor-
mance characteristics of SMA mixtures with varying degrees. Con- Table 3
Bitumen properties.
sidering the economic issues, they suggested the SMA mixture
containing 0.6% of nano-AL2O3 as the optimum alternative to use Property Base binder
in pavements [21]. In another study, nanoclay particles were used Penetration (100 g, 5 s, 25 °C), 0.1 mm 64
as filler in hot mix asphalt (HMA) mixtures in different dosages of Ductility (25 °C, 5 cm/min), cm 110
2, 3.5 and 5 percent by the weight of the total mix [22]. The perfor- Softening point (°C) 53
Penetration index -0.3
mance characteristics was investigated through moisture suscepti-
Flash point (°C) 260
bility, indirect tensile strength, repeated creep and modified Kinematics viscosity at 135 °C, C. St 357
Lottman tests which the mixture containing 2 percent of nanoclay Absolute viscosity at 60 °C, poise 255
had the best performance.
The main objective of the current research is to investigate the
permanent deformation characteristics of SMA mixtures modified Table 4
nanoclay particles. SBS properties.
In order to investigate the basic properties of the modified Property Specification
asphalt binders, the penetration, ductility and softening points of
Molecular structure Linear
all the modified asphalt binders were measured. Furthermore, to Tensile strength (MPa) 31.8
study the workability of the modified binders at high temperatures Elongation at break (%) 880
as well as the potential of non-uniformities during thermal storage, Specific gravity 0.94
the rotational viscosity and storage stability tests were performed. Shore hardness (A) 71
Melt index <1
SMA mixtures containing SBS and fibers are modified with differ-
 M. Ameri et al. / Construction and Building Materials 156 (2017) 107–113 109

Table 5 against transverse and longitudinal cracking. Table 4 presents the properties of
Nanoclay properties. the SBS used in this study. The nanoclay particles were of montmorillonite type
(Cloisite 15 A) and the properties are shown in Table 5. In order to prevent the drai-
Property Specification nage of asphalt binder in SMA mixtures, fibers are usually used if the asphalt binder
Organic modifier 2M2HT is not a polymer modified one. For the SMA mixtures with neat bitumen, organic
Density 0.5–0.7 g/cm3 fibers are used whose properties are presented in Table 6. Based on the results pre-
X-ray result (d001) 31.5 A sented by Cheng the optimum fiber content was considered 0.3 percent by the
Moisture content 1–2% weight of the mixture [23].
Specific surface area 220–270 m2/g
Weight loss on ignition 43%
2.2. Sample preparation

To prepare the polymer modified asphalt binders, SBS particles were added to
Table 6 the asphalt binders in a high shear mixer. The mixing process was 45 min at the
Cellulose fiber properties. speed of 5000 rpm. The bitumen temperature was 175 °C. For preparation the
nano-modified asphalt binders, nanoclay particles were added to base and polymer
Property Specification
modified asphalt binder at four different dosages namely 1, 2, 3 and 4 percent by
Bulk density (g/cm3) 0.5 the weight of the bitumen. In each case the mixing process lasted 30 min at the
Cellulose content (%) 90 speed of 6000 rpm by means of high shear mixer. Fig. 1 depicts the high shear mixer
Ave. Fiber length (mm) 1 used in sample preparations. In order to assess the mixing quality, scanning elec-
Ave. Fiber thickness (mm) 0.5 tron microscope (SEM) images of neat and nanoclay modified asphalt binders are
PH-value (5 g/100 ml) 0.7 illustrated in Fig. 2. As it can be seen, the nanoclay particles are well dispersed in
the binder phase indicating an appropriate mixing process. The mixing temperature
was 160 °C. Table 7 presents the physical properties of modified asphalt binders for
different percentages of nanoclay.
decrease in permanent deformation of asphalt materials in low ratios where contin- Determination of the optimum asphalt binder was carried out based on Mar-
uous elastomeric mesh in the bitumen is not formed completely yet. At lower tem- shall methodology in accordance with ASTM D-1599. Optimum binder content
peratures, due to the swelling of SBS particles in the bitumen (even up to 9 folds), was determined by using Marshall methodology which was 6.7 percent of total
the flexibility of asphalt binder increases which in turn leads to higher resistance mixture weight.

Fig. 1. Highshear mixer.

Fig. 2. SEM images of (a) unmodified asphalt binder (b) modified asphalt binder with nanoclay.
110 M. Ameri et al. / Construction and Building Materials 156 (2017) 107–113

Table 7
Binder rheological test results for Nanoclay and SBS modified bitumen.

Property Samples
Base 5% SBS 1% MMT 2% MMT 3% MMT 4% MMT 5% SBS + 1% 5% SBS + 2% 5% SBS + 3% 5% SBS + 4%
binder (S0) (N1) (N2) (N3) (N4) MMT (S1) MMT (S2) MMT (S3) MMT (S4)
Penetration (100 g, 5 s, 64 45 59 54 48 50 43 41 38 40
25 °C), 0.1 mm
Ductility (25 °C, 5 cm/ 110 120 107 105 103 105 116 113 111 112
min), cm
Softening point (°C) 53 68 56 60 64 62 70 72 75 74
Penetration index 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.9 1.2 1.1 0.6 1.1 1.5 1.4

The superpave gyratory compactor was used to fabricate the SMA specimens. Table 8
Each specimen was subjected to a vertical pressure of 600 kPa and 100 gyrations Storage stability.
at the temperature of 170 °C. Prior to mixing, the aggregates were heated to a tem-
perature of 180 °C and the nanoclay modified asphalt binders were heated to Sample Softening point Difference
140 °C. For those mixtures whose asphalt binders were of unmodified ones, organic
Upper Part Lower Part
fibers were heated to a temperature of 140 °C and added to aggregates in 0.4 per-
cent by the weight of the aggregates. SO 69.3 61.8 7.5
S1 69.2 66.8 2.4
S2 69.8 67.9 1.9
2.3. Dynamic creep test
S3 70 68.3 1.7
S4 70.3 68.6 1.7
The resistance of asphalt mixtures against plastic deformation can be quantita-
tively investigated by means of repeated load dynamic or cyclic creep test. In
dynamic creep test, the cyclic uniaxial compression loads are applied to the speci-
men and the corresponding deformations are recorded by the linear variable differ-
ential transducers (LVDTs) [24]. Results of this test are described in terms of
cumulative permanent strains versus loading cycles. The curves usually consist of point decreases. This indicates that higher stability can be achieved
three distinct regions. In the preliminary stage, the strain rate is relatively high. by the presence of nanoclay particles which prevents segregation
During the secondary stage, the strain rate is almost constant. In the tertiary stage,
of the asphalt binder and polymer.
the strain rate increases rapidly and the specimen undergoes rupture. In the
repeated load dynamic creep tests, the measure of creep resistance of asphalt mix-
tures known as flow number is the initiation of tertiary stage [25].
3.2. Rotational viscosity
The dynamic creep tests were conducted using UTM-5 apparatus in accordance
with Australian code AS 2891.12.1. The test temperature was 50 °C. All specimens
were conditioned for 4 h in the test temperature. Each kind of SMA specimen was This test was performed in accordance with (AASHTO TP 48;
subjected at two different loads of 300 and 450 kPa, and for each case three speci- AASHTO, 2000) to determine viscosity of modified and unmodified
mens were considered. The loading pattern consisted of a square pulse load with asphalt cements at 135 °C. In this test the rotational viscosity is cal-
0.5 s duration for loading and 1.5 s for the rest period in each loading cycle.
culated based on the torque measurements of a cylindrical spindle
immersed in the asphalt binder while the rotational speed of the
2.4. Hamburg wheel track test
spindle is kept constant. For all asphalt binders, especially the
The Hamburg wheel track test is another method to assess the rutting resis- modified ones, their unaged viscosity should be less than 3 Pa s
tance of different asphalt mixtures. Since in uniaxial creep tests, there is not any to ensure appropriate pumping in the plant, coating the aggregates
provision for the lateral confinement of the specimen, it is not feasible to measure and effective compaction in the field [28].
the rut depth in the sample as the result of repetitive loads. By means of the Ham-
burg wheel track test one can determine the rut depth of asphalt mixtures under a
Fig. 3 depicts the rotational viscosity test results on neat, poly-
more simulative condition compared to what happens in road pavements [26]. mer modified and nanoclay polymer modified asphalt binders.
The Hamburg wheel track tests were conducted at 50 C and all specimens were Results show that the polymer modified bitumen containing 5%
conditioned for 5 h at this temperature. In this test 10 kPa compression stresses of SBS has more viscosity than neat bitumen. Adding nanoclay con-
were applied by the wheel load for 8000 loading cycles. Finally the rut depth of each
tributes to higher viscosity in asphalt binders, and there is a direct
specimen was measured. For each case, three samples were tested and the results
were reported as the average values of the three specimens. trend between the amount of nanoclay added and the viscosity of
the corresponding asphalt binder. The increased viscosity of mod-
ified asphalt binders is less than 3 Pa s which does not pose any
3. Results and discussion
potential problem in the performance of asphalt binders.
3.1. Storage stability
3.3. Marshall test
Decomposition of modifier and asphalt binder occurs at storage
and pumping stages and during pavement service life. The storage The results of the Marshall test have been used to evaluate the
stability test was carried out in accordance to AASHTO-PP5. The effect of asphalt binder type on the Marshall stability and flow of
asphalt samples with the dimensions of 32 mm in diameter and SMA mixtures. The Marshall stability test results are shown in
160 mm height were poured into an Aluminum container and Fig. 4. The SMA mixtures containing nanoclay particles have higher
placed vertically in an oven with the temperature of 163 °C for Marshall stability values due to high specific surface area of nan-
48 h. After cooling down the samples to the ambient temperature, oclay particles which improves the mechanical properties of
they are divided into three equal parts. The difference of softening asphalt mixtures. Furthermore, the mixtures containing polymer
points of upper and lower parts is limited to 2.5 °C in order to be modified asphalt binders have higher Marshall stability values
consider thermally stable [27]. than those with fibers. This is due to formation of SBS chain matri-
As it can be seen from the results presented in Table 8, adding ces in the asphalt binder.
nanoclay can considerably reduce the difference in softening The results of the Flow in Marshall test are presented in Fig. 5. It
points of modified asphalt binders. Moreover, by increasing the can be seen that SMA mixtures containing fibers have higher flow
amount of nanoclay, the aforementioned difference in softening than those with polymer modified asphalt binders. Moreover, by
 M. Ameri et al. / Construction and Building Materials 156 (2017) 107–113 111

Table 9
Flow numbers of different asphalt mixtures.

Mix Replicate Flow Average Standard Coefficient of

Type Number Flow Deviation Variance (%)
Number
N0 1 4724 4415 320.1 7.25
2 3974
3 4547
N1 1 4994 4581 306.6 6.69
2 4260
3 4489
N2 1 5162 4693 403.5 8.60
2 4177
3 4740
N3 1 5249 4815 399.3 8.29
Fig. 3. Rotational viscosity. 2 4285
3 4911
N4 1 5283 4803 519.1 10.81
2 4082
3 5044
S0 1 4998 4805 306.8 6.38
2 4372
3 5045
S1 1 5407 5007 402.7 8.04
2 4456
3 5158
S2 1 5368 5112 261.4 5.11
2 4753
3 5215
S3 1 5514 5202 321.8 6.19
2 4759
3 5333
S4 1 5563 5199 393.1 7.56
2 4653
Fig. 4. Marshal stability tests.
3 5381

used by different researchers with satisfactory results [30–33].

For each case, three tests were conducted and the mean values
were considered as the final result. Table 9 presents the results
of flow number for the different asphalt mixtures. As it can be seen
from the results, the low values of coefficient of variation (COV)
indicate the repeatability of the test and reliability of the results.
The results of the dynamic creep tests for different SMA mixtures
in terms of cumulative plastic deformations are illustrated in
Fig. 6. These results show that the mixtures containing polymer
modified asphalt binders have higher resistance against plastic
deformations compared to those containing fibers. Furthermore,
adding nanocaly up to 3% causes higher resistance against plastic
Fig. 5. Flow at Marshall stability tests.
deformations. Shear deformations occur in higher loading cycles
when nanoclay particles are used as asphalt binder additives in
SMA mixtures.
The results of the creep stiffness values of different SMA mix-
adding nanoclay particles, the Marshall flow increases for lower
tures are shown in Fig. 7. For specific number of loading cycles,
contents of nanoclay and decreases when higher dosages of nan-
the SMA mixtures with polymer modified asphalt binders have
oclay are used. It can generally be postulated that specimens con-
higher creep stiffness values than SMA mixtures containing fibers
taining nanoclay particles are more flexible than the control
which is an indicative of lower plastic deformations. Furthermore,
mixtures.
the inclusion of nanoclay particles contributes to higher creep stiff-
ness in comparing to control SMA mixtures.
3.4. Dynamic creep test

This test was primarily conducted to measure the resistance of
SMA mixtures against the plastic deformations. The criterion for
measuring creep resistance in the dynamic creep test is the flow
number or the number of cycles corresponding to the initiation
of the tertiary stage. For measuring the flow number, the procedure
outlined by You and Goh [29]. was adopted. This procedure was
3.5. Hamburg wheel track test
In order to eliminate any possible discrepancies in the Hamburg
Wheel Track test, for each case three tests were performed and the
mean values were considered as the rut depth of asphalt mixtures.
Table 10 presents test results. The polymer modified SMA mixtures
112 M. Ameri et al. / Construction and Building Materials 156 (2017) 107–113

Table 10
Rut depths of different asphalt mixtures.

Mix Replicate Rut Average Rut Standard Coefficient of

Type Depth Depth (mm) Deviation Variance (%)
(mm)
N0 1 15.6 14.0 1.7 11.91
2 11.7
3 14.7
N1 1 10.2 9.1 1.1 12.07
2 7.6
3 9.5
N2 1 8.8 7.8 1.0 13.07
2 6.4
3 8.2
N3 1 6.2 5.5 0.8 14.32
2 4.4 Fig. 7. Creep stiffness diagram.
3 5.9
N4 1 5.8 5.5 0.8 14.62
2 4.4 4. Conclusion
3 6.3
S0 1 5.7 5.1 0.4 8.47 In the current research study, the effects of nanoclay on the per-
2 4.9 manent deformation behavior of two types of stone mastic asphalt
3 4.7
mixtures were investigated. The two SMA mixtures included mix-
S1 1 5.5 4.8 0.5 11.15 tures containing fibers and polymer modified asphalt binders. For
2 4.2
each kind of mixture, nanoclay particles were added to the bitu-
3 4.7
men at four different contents from 1 to 4.
S2 1 5.3 4.7 0.4 9.19
The classical asphalt binder test results as well as the storage
2 4.3
3 4.5 stability and rotational viscosity tests on SBS-modified asphalt bin-
ders and nanoclay polymer modified asphalt binders revealed
S3 1 4.8 4.3 0.5 13.29
2 3.5 enhancement in performance characteristics of asphalt binders in
3 4.6 the presence of nanoclay particles.
S4 1 5.2 4.3 0.6 15.07 The trends of all the SMA mixtures in terms of Marshall stability
2 3.7 and flow parameters, cumulative plastic strain, creep stiffness and
3 4.0 rut depth were studied by means of Marshall test, dynamic creep
and Hamburg wheel track tests. Results show that SMA mixtures
with polymer modified asphalt binders have better performance
characteristics than those containing fibers. With regard to the
nanoclay dosages, the SMA mixtures with 3% of nanoclay have
the best rut resistance and least plastic deformations than other
blends. It can be concluded that the SMA mixture with polymer
modified asphalt binder and 3% of nanoclay has highest resistance
against permanent deformation.

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