Case Studies in Construction Materials 17 (2022) e01247

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Case Studies in Construction Materials

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/cscm

Effect of fiber characteristic parameters on the high and low

temperature rheological properties of basalt fiber modified
asphalt mortar
Qianli Gu a, Aihong Kang a, b, Bo Li a, b, *, Peng Xiao a, b, Hao Ding a
a
College of Civil Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
b
Research Center for Basalt Fiber Composite Construction Materials, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225127, China

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: Fiber has an important influence on the performance of asphalt materials. However, the effect of
Asphalt mortar fiber characteristic parameters (length, type, etc.) on the function of asphalt mortar is still lack of
Basalt fiber understanding. Therefore, a systematical experimental plan was conducted to evaluate the effects
Rheological property
of the selected parameters of filler-binder ratio, fiber type, fiber content and fiber length on the
Dynamic shear rheological
Bending beam rheological
rheological properties of asphalt mortar, including five filler-binder ratios (0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.2 and
1.4), four fiber types (three chopped basalt fibers with different coating agents named A, B and C
and one flocculent basalt fiber), five fiber contents (1%, 2%, 3%, 4% and 5%) and three fiber
lengths (6 mm, 9 mm, 15 mm). Then, Dynamic Shear Rheological (DSR) tests and Bending Beam
Rheological (BBR) tests were employed to evaluate the rheological behavior of each asphalt
mortar. The corresponding reinforcing mechanism was subsequently analyzed by Environmental
Scanning Electron Microscope (ESEM) test. The results show that basalt fiber can obviously
enhance the high-temperature rheological properties of asphalt mortars, while strengthen the
stress dissipating ability at low temperatures to some extent. Besides, the fiber type, fiber content
and fiber length all impact the rheological properties of asphalt mortars. The asphalt mortars with
type A basalt fiber present the superior rheological performance at both high and low tempera­
ture, with the optimum fiber content of 2% and fiber length of 9 mm, respectively. The test results
of ESEM reveals that basalt fiber shows spatial distribution in asphalt mortar, presenting the
function of stabilization and reinforcement.

1. Introduction

Cracking, subsidence, rutting and other common diseases greatly influence driving safety and the service life of asphalt pavement.
The research and development of high-performance pavement asphalt materials has attracted much attention consequently [1–4],
such as adding high modulus agent, anti-rutting agent, fibers and so on [5–9]. Using fiber composite material has been turned out to be
a valid technical way to ameliorate pavement performance [10–12]. Several types of fibers, organic and inorganic ones, have been
utilized in pavement engineering [13,14]. Lignin fiber is hygroscopic and easy to decompose. Polymer fiber is easy to turn yellow and
curl when mixing at high temperature, so it is difficult to give full play to its role in hot mix asphalt mixture [15–18].

* Corresponding author at: College of Civil Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China.
E-mail addresses: gqlyzu@163.com (Q. Gu), kahyzu@163.com (A. Kang), libo@yzu.edu.cn (B. Li), xpyzu@163.com (P. Xiao), dinghaoyzu@163.
com (H. Ding).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2022.e01247
Received 23 April 2022; Received in revised form 22 May 2022; Accepted 12 June 2022
Available online 15 June 2022
2214-5095/© 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Q. Gu et al. Case Studies in Construction Materials 17 (2022) e01247

As a kind of inorganic fiber, basalt fiber has been widely used in aerospace, construction, fire protection and other fields because of
its high tensile strength, high elastic modulus, stable physical and chemical properties, and environmentally friendly properties [19,
20]. The excellent renewable properties make basalt fiber have a broad prospect to replace other types of fibers in asphalt materials
[21–24].
Lots of researches have been conducted to evaluate the influence of basalt fiber on the function of asphalt mixture. The low
temperature property of asphalt mixture with different fibers were compared by Zhao, and the result indicated that basalt fiber
possessed optimal reinforcing ability [25]. Pirmohammad found that the length of basalt fiber and loading method have a notable
impact on the crack resistance of asphalt mixture [26]. Lou recommended a fiber length selection method for different mix gradations
[27].
Many scholars have studied the optimum content of basalt fiber in asphalt mixture. Wang optimized the content of basalt fiber
based on the response surface methodology, and obtained that the optimal content is 0.34% [28]. Pirmohammad conducted
semi-circular bending tensile test on asphalt mixture with basalt fiber content of 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.3%, and found that the fracture
toughness increased with the increase of fiber content [26]. Kong studied the fracture mechanism of fiber asphalt mixture and found
that when the content of basalt fiber is 0.3%, it has the best effect on delaying microcracks [29].
Asphalt mixture is the material with so-called rheological properties, which changed with temperature and loading time [30,31].
According to modern mortar theory, the composition of asphalt mortar has extremely important impact on the function of asphalt
mixture [32]. Wu found that mineral fiber, lignin fiber and carbon fiber have significant influence on rutting factor and other indexes
of asphalt mortar [33]. Gu conducted repeated creep tests on fiber asphalt mortar, and found that fiber notably enhanced the
high-temperature behavior of asphalt mortar [34]. However, the effects of fiber characteristic parameters, such as length and type, on
the behavior of asphalt mortar are still lack of understanding, along with the enhancement mechanism.
In this paper, asphalt mortar samples were fabricated with different filler-binder ratio, fiber type, fiber content and fiber length.
Through the dynamic shear rheological test and bending beam rheological test, the rheological properties of asphalt mortar were
analyzed. The micro morphologies of asphalt mortar samples with basalt fiber were also scanned by environmental scanning electron
microscope, and its mechanism was discussed ultimately.

2. Materials and methods

2.1. Raw materials

2.1.1. Asphalt binder

The SBS modified asphalt binder with the PG grade of PG76–22 was adopted in this study. The penetration (25 ℃) is 7.1 mm, the
softening point is 85.8 ℃ and the ductility (5 cm/min, 5 ℃) is 48 cm. All indicators meet the requirements of JTG E20–2011.

2.1.2. Mineral powder

A typical used type of limestone powder was adopted as the mineral powder. The moisture content is 0.3%, the relative density is
2.654 and the hydrophilic coefficient is 0.63. All indicators meet the requirements of JTG E42-2005.

2.1.3. Fibers
Three types of chopped basalt fibers named type A to type C and another type of basalt fiber called flocculent basalt fiber were used.
The appearances of the used fibers are shown in Fig. 1, and the related properties are shown in Table 1. The main components of the
three chopped basalt fibers of type A to type C are the same. The major difference lays in the coating agent. The compositions of which
were introduced in detail in the reference [35].

Fig. 1. Appearances of different type of basalt Fiber.

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Table 1
Test results of different fiber performance.
types A-type basalt fiber B-type basalt fiber C-type basalt fiber Flocculent basalt fiber

Characteristics

Single fiber diameter /μm 13 13 13 5

Length /mm 6/9/15 6/9/15 6/9/15 3–6
Fracture strength /MPa ≥ 2 000 ≥ 2 000 ≥ 2 000 —
Thermal stability Mass loss /% 1.75 1.5 1.5 2.75
Asphalt retention/% 4.1 3.7 4.5 5.7

2.2. Preparation of fiber modified asphalt mortar

The samples of fiber-modified asphalt mortar with different filler-binder ratios (0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4), fiber types (type A~C
chopped basalt fiber, flocculent basalt fiber), fiber contents (1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, by the weight of binder) and fiber lengths (6 mm,
9 mm, 15 mm) were prepared. The preparation process is shown in Fig. 2. To obtain the uniform and stable fiber-modified asphalt
mortars, the preparation steps are as follows: Firstly, the fiber and mineral powder were placed in an oven and dried at 130 ℃ for 1.5 h.
Then, the dried fiber and mineral powder were initially stirred at the speed of 1000 rpm according to the determined proportion. The
SBS modified asphalt was heated at the temperature of 175 ℃. Finally, the mixed fiber and mineral powder were divided into three
parts. Each part was slowly added into the heated asphalt and continuously stirred for 10 min with a vane type asphalt mixer, one by
one. In addition, binder samples without basalt fiber were also produced for comparison, by mixing only mineral powder and asphalt.

2.3. Experimental design

The experimental flow chart is shown in Fig. 3. The purpose of this experimental design is to obtain the effect of fiber characteristic
parameters on the high and low temperature rheological properties of basalt fiber modified asphalt mortar. The filler-binder ratio, fiber
type, fiber content and fiber length were taken as variables, the rheological properties of asphalt mortars were analyzed through
dynamic shear rheological tests and bending beam rheological tests. Then, the mechanism was studied by environmental scanning
electron microscope tests.

2.4. Test methods

2.4.1. Dynamic shear rheological test (DSR)

Dynamic shear rheometer (TA instruments, HR-2) was used for DSR test. The applied frequency was sinusoidal oscillation load of
10 ± 0.1 rad/s. The complex shear modulus G∗ and phase angle δ were tested at 64 ℃, 70 ℃, 76 ℃, 82 ℃ and 88 ℃, respectively. The
anti-rutting parameter G∗ /sinδ and phase angle δ were selected to characterize the high-temperature performance of asphalt mortars.
The greater the value of G∗ /sinδ is, the stronger the resistance to the deformation of the material.

2.4.2. Bending beam rheological test (BBR)

Bending beam rheometer (CANNON Instrument Company, TE-BBR) was used for BBR test. The creep stiffness S and creep rate m
were tested at − 6 ℃, − 12 ℃, − 18 ℃. The S and m values of asphalt are the key indexes to characterize the low-temperature
performance of asphalt mortars. S value refers to the capacity to resist deformation. If the S value of an asphalt mortar sample is
too large, it reflects the sample will be prone to crack; The m value indicates the rate of creep property. The larger the m value, the
better the capacity of dissipating temperature stress will be. Therefore, lower S and higher m values are desirable.

Fig. 2. Preparation Process.

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Fig. 3. Flow chart of the experiments.

2.4.3. Environmental scanning electron microscope test (ESEM)

ESEM (Philips, XL-30) was employed to observe the surface morphologies of different basalt fiber modified asphalt mortar samples.
The reinforcing mechanism of basalt fiber in asphalt mortar was subsequently analyzed.

3. Results and discussions

3.1. Effect of filler-binder ratio on rheological properties of asphalt mortar

Asphalt mortars without fiber were used to study the effect of filler-binder ratio on its high and low temperature performance. The
DSR and BBR test results of asphalt mortar with different filler-binder ratios are displayed in Figs. 4 and 5, respectively.
As seen in Fig. 4a, at high temperature, the anti-rutting parameter G∗ /sinδ increases with an increasing filler-binder ratio. More­
over, the increasing range is more significant at a lower temperature. It indicates that adding mineral powder can increase the rutting

Fig. 4. DSR results of asphalt mortars with different filler-binder ratios: (a) G∗ /sinδ; (b) δ.

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resistance of asphalt mortar. This is owing to the large specific surface area of mineral powder, on which a structural asphalt layer with
high viscosity will be formed. The strength of the structural asphalt will be enhanced with the raising of filler-binder ratio, resulting in
better high-temperature performance of asphalt mortars. When the filler-binder ratio exceeds 1.2, the parameter G∗ /sinδ shows an
accelerated increasing trend. As seen in Fig. 4b, with an adding filler-binder ratio, the phase angles of different samples remain at the
equivalent level. It means that filler-binder ratio has negligible effect on the phase angle. In addition, all of the phase angles under
different conditions exceed 80◦ . It infers that the viscous component of the asphalt mortar is dominant under the test conditions.
As seen in Fig. 5a, at low temperature, creep stiffness S values generally increase with an increasing filler-binder ratio. It’s noticed
that creep stiffness S increases smoothly when the filler-binder ratio is smaller than 1.2, but sharply ascends when it exceeds 1.2,
especially at lower temperature of − 18 ℃. This is because the addition of filler can strengthen the asphalt mortar and make the
mortars harder. Subsequently, at low temperature, the asphalt mortars become more brittle and prone to cranking. As seen in Fig. 5b,
the creep rate m values of asphalt mortars present a slightly decreasing trend with an increasing filler-binder ratio, which shows that
filler-binder ratio has no obvious influence on the ability of dissipating temperature stress of asphalt mortars.
Overall, the increase of filler-binder ratio can improve the high-temperature performance of asphalt mortar, but it has an adverse
impact on the low-temperature performance of asphalt mortar. The filler-binder ratio should better not exceed 1.2. These conclusions
are similar to the research done by Qiu et al., who consider that the recommended value of filler-binder ratio is between 0.8 and 1.2
[36].

3.2. Effect of fiber type on rheological properties of asphalt mortar

With the filler-binder ratio of 0.8 and fiber content of 2%, asphalt mortars modified by the chopped type A to type C basalt fiber
(9 mm length) and flocculent basalt fiber were used to study the influence of fiber type on its high and low temperature performance.
The DSR and BBR test results of asphalt mortar modified by different types of fibers are shown in Figs. 6 and 7, respectively. The
original asphalt mortar without fiber was also tested for comparison.
As seen in Fig. 6, at high temperature, the anti-rutting parameter G∗ /sinδ of asphalt mortar decreases with an increasing test
temperature, while the phase angle δ presenting an ascending trend. Besides, fiber type does impact theG∗ /sinδ values. Compared
with the original sample, G∗ /sinδ values of all the fiber samples increase, while the phase angle values decrease to a considerable
extent. This shows that basalt fiber can increase the elastic components in asphalt mortars, resulting in superior high-temperature
stability. Furthermore, type A basalt fiber asphalt mortar presents the highest G∗ /sinδ values, followed by type C, Flocculent, and
type B, while the phase angle values showing the opposite order.
As seen in Fig. 7a, at low temperature, the creep stiffness S of asphalt mortar increases with the reducing test temperature. Besides,
fiber type does impact the creep stiffness of asphalt mortars. Compared with the original sample, creep stiffness S values of all the fiber
samples increase. This shows that fiber would enhance the hardness of the asphalt mortars, resulting in inferior ability to resist low
temperature deformation of asphalt mortars. In addition, asphalt mortars modified with type B basalt fiber present the highest S
values, followed by Flocculent, type C, and type A. As seen in Fig. 7b, fiber type also presents obvious impact on the creep rate m. At the
temperature of - 6 ℃, the m values of asphalt mortars with basalt fiber are higher than that of the original asphalt mortar, except the
mortars with type B fiber. This shows that basalt fiber can enhance the temperature stress dissipating ability of asphalt mortars.
Nevertheless, at the temperature of − 12 ℃ and − 18 ℃, the m values of the fiber asphalt mortars are at the same level with that of the
original asphalt mortar, except the mortars with type A fiber. Overall, at each temperature, the m values of asphalt mortars modified
with type A fiber are always higher than the other mortars, even compared with the original asphalt mortar. It means type A fiber
presents the strongest enhancing ability to improve the stress dissipating properties of asphalt mortars.

Fig. 5. BBR results of asphalt mortars with different filler-binder ratios: (a) S; (b) m.

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Fig. 6. DSR results of asphalt mortars with different fiber types: (a) G∗ /sinδ; (b) δ.

Fig. 7. BBR results of asphalt mortars with different fiber types: (a) S; (b) m.

In brief, fiber can improve the high temperature stability of asphalt mortar. At low temperature, fiber makes asphalt mortar harder,
but improves the temperature stress dissipating ability of asphalt mortars. This is similar to the findings of Wu et al., who found that
fiber can improve the rutting resistance and fluidity of asphalt mortar but has a negative impact on the creep stiffness of asphalt mortar
[31]. Type A basalt fiber possesses the best reinforcing result on the performance of asphalt mortars. Since the only difference among
the three chopped basalt fiber was the coating agent, this indicates that the coating agent should be taken into account for basalt fiber
production, so as to ensure the fiber’s reinforcing function.

3.3. Effect of fiber content on rheological properties of asphalt mortar

With the filler-binder ratio of 0.8 and type A fiber (9 mm), asphalt mortars modified with the fiber contents of 1%, 2%, 3%, 4% and
5% were used to study the effect of fiber content on its high and low temperature properties. The DSR and BBR test results of asphalt
mortar modified by different fiber content are shown in Figs. 8 and 9, respectively.
As seen in Fig. 8, at high temperature, the G∗ /sinδ values of asphalt mortars increase firstly and then decrease with an incremental
fiber content. On the contrary, the phase angle values decrease to an extent and then increase. When the fiber content was 2%, the G∗ /
sinδ reaches the maximum value while phase angle achieves the minimum value.
As seen in Fig. 9a, at low temperature, the creep stiffness S increases smoothly with an incremental fiber content. When the fiber
content exceeds 2%, the increasing trend of creep stiffness S becomes sharper. This means more fiber will make the asphalt mortar

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Fig. 8. DSR results of asphalt mortars with different fiber contents (type A fiber,9 mm): (a) G∗ /sinδ; (b) δ.

Fig. 9. BBR results of asphalt mortars with different fiber contents (type A fiber,9 mm): (a) S; (b) m.

harder and less flexible at low temperatures. Meanwhile, as seen in Fig. 9b, creep rate m increase to some extent and then decrease,
with the increase of fiber content. When the fiber content is 2%, creep rate m reaches the maximum value. This indicates asphalt
mortars with 2% of fiber could obtain superior stress dissipating ability.
Zhang et al. also found that the rheological properties of asphalt mortar are fiber content on dependent [37]. Therefore, the fiber
content of 2% is recommended for type A fiber in the view of high and low temperature rheological properties.

3.4. Effect of fiber length on rheological properties of asphalt mortar

With the filler-binder ratio of 0.8 and fiber content of 2%, asphalt mortars modified with type A basalt fiber were used to study the
effect of fiber length on its high and low temperature properties. The DSR and BBR test results of asphalt mortar modified by different
fiber lengths of 6 mm, 9 mm and 15 mm are shown in Figs. 10 and 11, respectively.
As seen in Fig. 10, fiber length does impact the high temperature properties of asphalt mortars. At the same temperature, asphalt
mortars with 9 mm fiber present the highest G∗ /sinδ value and the lowest phase angle value, follows by the 6 mm fiber and 15 mm
fiber. As seen in Fig. 11, fiber length also impacts the low temperature performance of asphalt mortars. At the same temperature,
asphalt mortars with 9 mm fiber present the smallest creep stiffness S and the highest creep rate m, follows by 6 mm fiber and 15 mm
fiber. However, it’s also noticed that the variations of both creep stiffness and creep rate are not obvious in three asphalt mortars with
different fiber lengths.

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Fig. 10. DSR results of asphalt mortars with different fiber lengths (type A fiber): (a) G∗ /sinδ; (b) δ.

Fig. 11. BBR results of asphalt mortars with different fiber lengths: (a) S; (b) m.

Fig. 12. ESEM images of different asphalt mortars (200x magnification)：(a) type A-basalt fiber; (b) type B-basalt fiber; (c) type C-basalt fiber; (d)
flocculent basalt fiber.

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Overall, 9 mm fiber presents the strongest ability to enhance the high and low temperature performance of asphalt mortars. One of
the explanations could be that at a certain fiber content, the longer the fiber is, the spatial network structure could be more easily
formed by the overlapping behavior of the fiber, resulting in superior rheological properties of asphalt mortars. However, when fiber
length reaches 15 mm, uneven dispersion and entanglement phenomenon of the fiber will occur in asphalt mortars, leading to the
uniformity and degraded performance of asphalt mortars. Pirmohammad et al. also found that when the fiber length is too long, it will
have an adverse impact on the performance of asphalt mixture [26].

3.5. Micro morphologies analysis of asphalt mortar modified by basalt fiber

With the filler-binder ratio of 0.8 and fiber content of 2%, asphalt mortars modified by the chopped type A to type C basalt fiber
(9 mm length) and flocculent basalt fiber were used for ESEM, the results are illustrated in Fig. 12.
It can be seen from Fig. 12a to c that the three asphalt mortar with chopped type A, type B and type C basalt fiber present relatively
uniform appearances and better integrality. And single fiber can be observed embedded in the asphalt mortar without agglomeration,
indicating the samples with chopped fibers were homogeneously mixed. As shown in Figure12d, lots of tiny holes can be observed on
the mortar surface, indicating the asphalt mortar mixed with flocculent basalt fiber is inferior in integrality.
Furthermore, the cross-sectional morphologies of the asphalt mortar with type A basalt fiber were also scanned and shown in
Fig. 13.
As shown in Fig. 13a and b, single fiber can be observed among the asphalt mortars and also the spatial network is formed. This
indicates that type A basalt fiber presents excellent dispersion in the mortar. It can be seen from Fig. 13c and d that basalt fiber fully
reacts with the asphalt and thick asphalt layer can be observed on the fiber surface. Due to this spatial network, the asphalt mortar
possesses more stable structure and strong resistance to deformations, resulting in superior rheological properties.

4. Conclusions

This study evaluated the effect of fiber characteristic parameters on the high and low temperature rheological properties of basalt
fiber modified asphalt mortar. According to the research carried out, the following conclusions are drawn:

(1) With the increase of filler-binder ratio, the low-temperature rheological properties of asphalt mortar are adversely affected, but
the high-temperature performance are improved. The recommended filler-binder ratio is less than 1.2.
(2) Basalt fiber can improve the high-temperature rheological properties of asphalt mortar greatly, and also the low-temperature
performance to some extent. The recommended fiber content is 2%, based both on the dispersion and rheological properties.
(3) Fiber type also impacts the rheological performance of asphalt mortars. Type A basalt fiber present the most significant effect on
improving rheological performance of asphalt mortar, indicating suitable coating agent should be taken into consideration for
fiber production to ensure the fiber’s reinforcing function.
(4) Fiber length also impacts the rheological performance of asphalt mortars. Excessive long fiber may cause inferior performance
of asphalt mortars. The recommended fiber length is 9 mm.
(5) Basalt fiber can form a spatial network in asphalt mortar, making asphalt mortar more stable and present superior rheological
properties.

Funding

This study was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China [grant number 52178439] and the Postgraduate
Research and Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province [grant number KYCX21_3222].

Fig. 13. Cross-sectional morphologies of asphalt mortar samples with type A- basalt fiber.

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Declaration of Competing Interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to
influence the work reported in this paper.

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