Microbiology An Introduction 12th

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Microbiology An Introduction 12th Edition Tortora Solutions Manual

CHAPTER
Chemical Principles
2

Learning Objectives Check Your Understanding

2-1 Describe the structure of an atom and How does 146C differ from 126C? What is the
its relation to the physical properties of
atomic number of each carbon atom? The atom-
elements.
ic weight?
2-2 Define ionic bond, covalent bond, Differentiate an ionic bond from a covalent
hydrogen bond, molecular weight, bond.
and mole.
2-3 Diagram three basic types of chemical This chemical reaction below is used to remove
reactions. chlorine from water. What type of reaction
is it?
HClO + Na2SO3 → Na2SO4 + HCl
2-4 List several properties of water that are Why is the polarity of a water molecule
important to living systems. important?
2-5 Define acid, base, salt, and pH. Antacids neutralize acid by the following
reaction.
Mg(OH)2 + 2HCl → MgCl2 + H2O
Identify the acid, base, and salt.
2-6 Distinguish organic and inorganic Define organic.
compounds.
2-7 Define functional group. Add the appropriate functional group(s) to the
ethyl group below to produce each of the
following compounds: ethanol, acetic acid,
acetaldehyde, ethanolamine, diethyl ether.
Η Η
| |
H⎯C⎯C⎯
| |
Η Η
2-8 Identify the building blocks of Give an example of a monosaccharide, a
carbohydrates. disaccharide, and a polysaccharide.
2-9 Differentiate simple lipids, complex How do simple lipids differ from complex
lipids, and steroids. lipids?
2-10 Identify the building blocks and What two functional groups are in all amino
structure of proteins. acids?

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. 11

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 2-11 Identify the building blocks How do DNA and RNA differ?
of nucleic acids.
2-12 Describe the role of ATP in Which can provide more energy for a cell and why: ATP or
cellular activities. ADP?

New in This Edition

• The section on activation energy has been revised.

Chapter Summary
Introduction (p. 24)
ASM 3.2: The interactions of microorganisms among themselves and
with their environment are determined by their metabolic abilities (e.g.,
quorum sensing, oxygen consumption, nitrogen transformations).
ASM 6.2: Microorganisms provide essential models that give us fun-
damental knowledge about life processes.
1. The science of the interaction between atoms and molecules is called chemistry.
2. The metabolic activities of microorganisms involve complex chemical reactions.
3. Microbes break down nutrients to obtain energy and to make new cells.

The Structure of Atoms (pp. 25–26)

1. An atom is the smallest unit of a chemical element that exhibits the properties of that el-
ement.
2. Atoms consist of a nucleus, which contains protons and neutrons, and electrons, which
move around the nucleus.
3. The atomic number is the number of protons in the nucleus; the total number of protons
and neutrons is the atomic weight.

Chemical Elements (pp. 25–26)

4. Atoms with the same number of protons and the same chemical behavior are classified as
the same chemical element.
5. Chemical elements are designated by abbreviations called chemical symbols.
6. About 26 elements are commonly found in living cells.
7. Atoms that have the same atomic number (are of the same element) but different atomic
weights are called isotopes.

Electronic Configurations (p. 26)

8. In an atom, electrons are arranged around the nucleus in electron shells.

12 INSTRUCTOR'S GUIDE FOR MICROBIOLOGY: AN INTRODUCTION, 12e Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
 9. Each shell can hold a characteristic maximum number of electrons.
10. The chemical properties of an atom are due largely to the number of electrons in its
outermost shell.

How Atoms Form Molecules: Chemical Bonds (pp. 27–30)

1. Molecules are made up of two or more atoms; molecules consisting of at least two
different kinds of atoms are called compounds.
2. Atoms form molecules in order to fill their outermost electron shells.
3. Attractive forces that bind two atoms together are called chemical bonds.
4. The combining capacity of an atom—the number of chemical bonds the atom can form
with other atoms—is its valence.

Ionic Bonds (p. 27)

5. A positively or negatively charged atom or group of atoms is called an ion.
6. A chemical attraction between ions of opposite charge is called an ionic bond.
7. To form an ionic bond, one ion is an electron donor, and the other ion is an electron
acceptor.

Covalent Bonds (p. 27–28)

8. In a covalent bond, atoms share pairs of electrons.
9. Covalent bonds are stronger than ionic bonds and are far more common in organic
molecules.

Hydrogen Bonds (pp. 28–29)

10. A hydrogen bond exists when a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to one oxygen or
nitrogen atom is attracted to another oxygen or nitrogen atom.
11. Hydrogen bonds form weak links between different molecules or between parts of the
same large molecule.

Molecular Weight and Moles (pp. 29–30)

12. The molecular weight is the sum of the atomic weights of all the atoms in a molecule.
13. A mole of an atom, ion, or molecule is equal to its atomic or molecular weight expressed
in grams.

Chemical Reactions (pp. 30–31)

1. Chemical reactions are the making or breaking of chemical bonds between atoms.
2. A change of energy occurs during chemical reactions.
3. Endergonic reactions require more energy than they release; exergonic reactions release
more energy.
4. In a synthesis reaction, atoms, ions, or molecules are combined to form a larger
molecule.

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. CHAPTER 2 Chemical Principles 13

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 One of the reasons to which this great improvement in ancient
Mean rate. be attributed, appears to be clearly stated by Pliny himself, in
the Proemium from which we have selected the examples here[19] adduced:
we allude to the increased number and size of the sails in use, at the time
when the historian flourished, as noticed in the preface in question attached to
the nineteenth book.
Before entering upon the dissertation on flax, with which this book opens,
the Roman naturalist indulges himself in calling to mind some of the
extraordinary effects resulting from the various applications of that humble
and unassuming plant; and gives way to his feelings with so much enthusiasm
and good sense, that it will not, we think, be considered tedious or
superfluous, if we extract the greater part of the preface from the old English
translation of Holland[20].
It seems evident from the remarks here quoted below, that the rate of
sailing in Pliny’s time was greatly superior to that which has been given
(from the Illustrations of Herodotus) down to the time of Alexander the Great;
and when we find that other voyages described by this author (as well as
those which various writers of his time have recorded) fall short of the rate of
sailing deduced from the last mentioned instances; we may probably be
allowed to make the following conclusion—that the difference did not really
so much consist in the faulty construction of the vessels themselves, or the
little sail which they were able to carry, as in circumstances which would
equally contribute to retard ships constructed in modern days. At the same
time we may suppose that the voyages here enumerated by Pliny were
performed under the most favourable circumstances which could be
commanded. They were government vessels, and probably equipped in the
most liberal and judicious manner possible at the time; they were navigating a
sea which long habit must have rendered familiar to them, and where they
must have known the best courses to be steered under every change of
weather and season. The voyages were not sufficiently long to be retarded by
want of provisions, and the confidence resulting from experience and
comparative security would have induced them to carry all the sail they could
command without hesitation or dread. Under these circumstances we may
also suppose that the day intended was twenty-four hours, and indeed, in the
passage to Alexandria, and other parts of the African coast, it could scarcely
have been any other.
OBSERVATIONS ON ROAD MEASUREMENTS DEDUCED FROM THE ORDINARY WALKING
PACE OF HORSES AND CAMELS.

Independent of the operations for laying down the coast, an account of the
various windings of the road travelled by the camels was regularly kept by
Lieutenant Coffin as far as Bengazi.
This was done by observing the direction of their route by compass, and
noticing the time they were on the road; proper deductions being made for
stoppages, &c. At the end of each day the courses and distances were
collected into a traverse-table, and the latitude and longitude deduced
therefrom, as is usual with the D.R, on board ships at sea. If the latitude by
these means differed from the observation, a proper correction for error in
course, distance, or both was made, and the result noted accordingly.
A more favourable opportunity of proving the dependance that may be
placed on such a reckoning on land, could not, in all probability, have offered
itself; as the extent of each day’s progress was accurately determined by the
means adopted for carrying on the survey. And it may be useful to future
travellers, as well as to those persons who may have to compile maps from
camel journeys, to insert an abstract of the different days’ works, compared
with the latitude and longitude by observations, which will be found annexed.
By this Table it will be seen that the average rate of travelling has not
exceeded two miles and a half per hour, and that at the end of the journey
from Mesurata to Bengazi, a distance of four hundred and twenty-two miles,
there is only a difference of 9′ in the longitudes. This is an error so small, that
there are few persons who would object to the accuracy of the places laid
down by the means employed, and yet there are many who would feel
inclined to dispute the accuracy of the average rate. But the truth is that, in
travelling through countries in general, there are so many things to obstruct a
direct track, that, though an animal may actually pass over the ground at the
rate of three or three and a half miles per hour, as the camel in reality does,
yet, in estimating the distance for a traverse-table, great deductions must be
made, or our reckoning will far exceed the truth[21].
The journey round the Syrtis having satisfied us with respect to the rate
which might be allowed, and the accuracy that was to be expected under
general circumstances, we determined to ascertain what precision we could
arrive at when the direction of the road and nature of the ground were the
most favourable. For this purpose we kept a track from Bengazi to Ptolemeta;
and having occasion to go over the same ground a second time and return, we
had three measurements between the places independent of that of the
chronometers[22], which, as well as those of the intermediate stations, agree
together and with the truth, to an exactness which we did not expect; and will
serve to show that, under favourable circumstances, and when attention is
paid to the rates of the camels, the topography of a country may be laid down
sufficiently accurate for most purposes. We should have informed our readers,
that the track from Bengazi to Ptolemeta is particularly straight, and
encumbered with as few obstructions as are likely ever to occur in a country
where, properly speaking, no road exists.
 TABLE OF DISTANCES MEASURED BY CAMEL AND HORSE PACE.
Left. Arrived. Rate
Interval per Distance REMARKS, &c.
Place. Time. Place. Time. hour.
H. ′ H. ′ H. ′ Miles.
Teuchira 10 10 Wady 12 00 1 50 3½ 6¼ ⎫
Wady 12 00 Wady 1 00 1 00 „ 3½ ⎬ These distances are by horse pace.
Wady 1 00 A Fort 3 10 2 10 „ 7½ ⎭
Fort 4 00 Ptolemeta 6 25 2 25 2½ 6¼ This by camel pace.
Whole distance = 23½ From Teuchira to Ptolemeta.

Bengazi 7 00 Aziana 9 15 2 15 3 6¾ ⎫
Aziana 9 15 Birsis 5 08 7 53 3 23¾ ⎬ Camel pace.
⎭
Birsis 6 10 Teuchira 8 30 2 20 3 7
Whole distance = 37½ From Bengazi to Teuchira.

Teuchira 8 30 Wady El Assa 11 25 2 55 3 8¾ ⎱

Horse pace.
⎰
Wady El Assa 11 25 Ptolemeta 4 10 4 45 2¾ 13¼
Whole distance = 22 From Teuchira to Ptolemeta.

Ptolemeta 7 10 Wady El Assa 11 07 3 57 3¼ 13 ⎱

Horse pace; camels arrived an hour after.
⎰
Wady El Assa 11 07 Teuchira 1 45 2 38 „ 8⅛
Whole distance = 21⅛ From Ptolemeta to Teuchira.

Teuchira 7 00 Birsis 9 10 2 10 3 6½ ⎫
⎪
Birsis 9 10 Handoola 4 00 6 50 3 20¼ ⎬ Single camel.
Handoola 7 00 Aziana 8 00 1 00 2¾ 2¾ ⎪
Aziana 8 00 Bengazi 10 25 2 25 2¾ 6¾ ⎭
Whole distance = 36¼ Teuchira to Bengazi.

From To
Teuchira Ptolemeta 23½ By first measurement.
Ditto Ditto 22 By the second.
Ditto Ditto 21⅛ By the third.
Ditto Ditto 22⅕ Mean.
Actual distance 22 By observations of latitude and longitude.

Teuchira Bengazi 37½ By second measurement*.

Ditto Ditto 36¼ By third.
36⅜ Mean.
Actual distance 34½ By latitude and longitude.

And by these the whole distance,

From To
Bengazi Ptolemeta 59½ By one measurement.
Ditto Ditto 57⅜ By the other.
58½ Mean.
Actual distance 56½ By latitude and longitude.
*The first measurement from Bengazi to Teuchira is omitted, in consequence of the camels having deviated a little from the road
afterwards travelled.
 POSITION OF PLACES BY OBSERVATION.

TABLES OF LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE.

Names of Places. Latitude N. Longitude E.
° ′ ″ ° ′ ″
Bashaw’s Castle, Tripoli 13 10 42 4 Im.
Mergip Tower 32 39 11 R
Tabia Point 32 33 41 + 14 22 20 Ch.
Mersa Zeliten 32 30 20 ☉ 14 33 18 Ch.
Ditto 14 31 18 +
Town of Zoraig 32 26 48 R 14 52 20 R.
Cape Mesurata 32 25 01 ☉2 15 10 19 3 Im.
Date-tree at Aara 32 10 15 ☉ 15 24 49 +
Ditto 15 25 14 Ch.
Melfa Sand-hills 32 03 43 ☉ 15 29 08 +
Soolub 31 45 40 ☉ 15 29 29 Ch.
Ditto 15 28 08 +
Maháda 31 31 57 ⚹ 15 40 45 Ch.
Ditto 15 37 58 +
Jebba Ruin 31 33 23 + 15 32 18 +
Jaireed 31 23 27 ⚹2 15 52 26 Ch.
Ditto 15 50 21 +
M’Had Hassàn 31 16 53 ⚹ 16 06 40 Ch.
Ditto 16 04 40 +
Jiraff 31 13 27 ⚹3 16 23 31 Ch.
Mersa Zafferan 31 12 48 ☉ 16 41 29 Ch.
Jedeed 31 12 43 ⚹3 16 47 40 Ch.
Shwaisha 31 10 42 ⚹4 17 02 18 Ch.
Medina Sultan 31 07 25 ⚹☉ 17 15 18 Ch.
Nahim 31 04 23 ⚹2 17 26 58 Ch.
Boosaida 30 59 39 ⚹☉5 17 39 15 5 Im.
Shedgàn 30 55 30 ⚹2 17 51 27 Ch.
Howyjer Rock 30 55 37 ☉ 17 57 46 +
Shegga 30 49 17 ⚹2 18 4 47 Ch.
Hoodea 30 44 13 ☉⚹3 18 17 55 „
Mahirrīga 30 34 21 ⚹3 18 30 38 „
Linoof 30 23 51 ⚹3 18 44 18 „
Muktarr 30 17 43 ⚹3 18 59 18 „
Bushaifa (Rock) 30 17 40 ⚹ 19 12 05 +
Sechereen (Bottom of the Gulf) 30 16 00 ⚹3 19 18 33 Ch.
Gartubba 30 18 48 ⚹3 19 32 15 „
123 30 22 22 ☉&⚹ 19 32 31 +
Braiga Sand-hills 30 23 39 ⚹2 19 39 45 „
Ditto 19 39 19 +
Oorartow 30 25 59 ☉
Tabilbey 30 28 53 ⚹3 19 46 06 Ch.
Ishaifa Rock 30 36 18 + 19 52 56 +
 TABLES OF LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE.
Names of Places. Latitude N. Longitude E.
Ain Agan 30 33 57 ⚹3 19 50 42 Ch.
Allum Limàrish 30 35 88 ☉
Shiebah 30 38 35 ⚹3 19 58 23 Ch.
Gara Island (N. E. end) 30 47 20 + 19 57 24 +
Rhowte Elassouad 30 50 00 ⚹3 20 05 51 Ch.
Ditto 20 06 28 +
149 Rock 30 53 32 + 20 06 20 +
Shawhan 31 02 44 ⚹3 20 12 26 Ch.
Carcora Sand-hills 31 26 23 ⚹2 20 02 50 Ch. 2
Ditto 20 02 45 +
Point of Mersa 31 28 25 + 20 00 30 +
Amara Marabot 31 54 57 ⚹2 19 58 19 Ch.
Ditto
Bengazi Castle 32 06 54 ☉4
Tochira (S. E. end of the town) 32 31 44 ⚹2 20 33 23 Ch. 2
Ditto (Mean) 20 34 10 R. 3
Tomb at Ptolemeta 32 42 12 ⚹2 20 55 08 Ch. 2
Ditto 20 54 57 R. 3
Cyrene (Tents near small Theatre) 32 49 38 ⚹3 21 49 05 Ch.
Mersa Suza (or W. end of the Town) 32 54 53 ⚹4 21 55 57 Ch. 2
Castle at Derna 32 46 18 ⚹3 22 40 48 Ch.
El Hilàl (small Ruin on the Cape) 32 55 48 ⚹2 22 11 00 Ch.
Ditto 22 11 45 +
Bujebara (Cape), or Ejeburni 32 53 13 ⚹3 22 24 52 Ch.
Ditto 22 23 30 +
Cape Rasat 32 56 50 —
Cape, N. E. Ptolemeta 32 46 38
Rock off El Hyera 32 50 20 + 22 34 12 R.
Cape N. E.
N .—Ch. stands for chronometer; + intersections of bearings and latitudes, or ∠’s; Im. for
observations with satellites of Jupiter; R. reduction by camel pace, or otherwise; and the figures
denote the number of observations, of which the results are a mean.
 OBSERVATIONS FOR VARIATION.
Date. Place. Latitude. Longitude. Variation W. Remarks, &c.
° ′ ″ ° ′ ″ ° ′ ″
Oct. 8 Tripoly 32 54 00 13 10 27 17 07 40 Azimuth. Kater’s Compass.
Nov. 10 Sidi Abdelati 32 42 25 16 31 00 Azimuth.
Nov. 17 Zeliten 32 29 04 16 43 52 Azimuth.
Nov. 24 Mesurata 32 22 41 15 10 35 16 57 00 Azimuth.
Dec. 1 Mesurata 32 22 41 15 10 35 17 12 36 Azimuth.
Dec. 6 Soolup 31 45 40 16 19 40 Azimuth.
Dec. 14 Zafferan 31 12 21 16 39 04 Azimuth.
Dec. 26 Hoodea 30 44 24 15 26 45 Azimuth.
Dec. 31 Braiga 30 23 40 14 21 20 Azimuth. Theodolite.
Jan. 3 Braiga 30 23 40 14 28 53 Azimuth. Kater’s Compass.
Feb. 16 Bengazi 32 10 18 20 03 00 14 44 13 Azimuth. Theodolite.
March 26 Bengazi 32 07 07 20 03 00 14 51 0 Amplitude. Kater’s Compass.
July 25 Bengazi 32 06 41 20 03 00 15 13 40 Azimuth. Kater.
June 20 Apollonia 32 54 53 14 12 40 Azimuth. Ditto.
June 11 Apollonia 32 54 53 14 29 00 Amplitude. Ditto.
June 12 Apollonia 32 54 53 14 33 00 Amplitude. Ditto.
June 19 Apollonia 32 54 53 14 27 30 Amplitude. Ditto.
June 1 Derna 32 46 24 14 30 10 Azimuth. Ditto.
 FOOTNOTES:

[1]In justice to Mr. Arnold, we must say that these two watches gave
results beyond our most sanguine expectations.
[2]We had no opportunity of ascertaining the height of this range.
[3]Neither of these afford shelter for shipping.
[4]Monsieur Lauthier informs us that there is good anchorage in this bay
in six fathoms water, muddy bottom, at a quarter of a league distance from
the shore.
[5]This distance is by estimation.
[6]A large rock cod was taken alive among the rocks, by one of our party.
[7]This was ascertained from several observations of the depression of the
visible horizon, corrections for spheroidal figure of the earth, and northern
deviation being made, and ¹⁄₁₁ allowed for terrestrial refraction.
[8]The height of this range is ascertained trigonometrically.
[9]See Wilkins’s Vitruvius.
[10]The following remarks on the ports and vessels of the ancients are
drawn from the Archæologia of Potter; and we have thought it not irrelevant
to the subject to bring them together on the present occasion.
[11]Diodorus, lib. xii.
[12]The harbour at Ptolemeta presents an example of works of this
description.
[13]

——— Gemuit sub pondere cymba

Suctilis, et multam accepit rimosa paludem.—Æneid, vi. 414.

[14]

Invenies aliquo cum percussore jacentem,

Permixtum nautis aut furibus aut fugitivis.—(Sat. viii.)

[15]This engine appears to have been invented by Anacharsis the

Scythian, and although one somewhat similar is said to have been employed
by Archimedes against the enemy’s fleet at Syracuse, it is difficult to
conceive how it could be used with advantage at sea; except, perhaps, by a
vessel very considerably heavier than that against which it might be
employed.
[16]The rate given by Scylax between Leptis Magna and Abrotonum, is
even lower than this,—being under thirty geographic miles per day; that is,
supposing Tagiura (which is fifty-eight miles from Lebida) to occupy the site
of Abrotonum.
 [17]Because his fleet was composed, in a great part of vessels ill
calculated for long voyages; and the sailing of the slow-goers would naturally
regulate that of the rest.
[18]The constant yawing to which the vessels of the antients must from
their build have been necessarily exposed, in a far greater degree than even
our light colliers, (their upper works being lofty, sails small, and floor flat,)
would also materially contribute to retard their progress.
[19]Jam vero nec vela satis esse majora navigiis. Sed quamvis amplitudini
antemnarum singulæ arbores sufficiant, super eas tamen addi velarum alia
vela, præterq; alia in proris, et alia in puppibus pandi, ac tot modis provocari
mortem.
[20]“And here I cannot chuse but marvell much at some men, who making
such profession of learning, and namely, in the skill and science of
agriculture, as they have done; yea, and seeking thereby to win all their credit
and name of erudition and litterature; have, notwithstanding, omitted many
things requisite thereunto, without any mention made, or one word spoken of
so many hearbes and simples, which either come up of themselves, or grow
by meanes of man’s hand: considering that the most part of them are in
greater price and reputation, yea, and in more use and request for the
maintenance of this our life, than either corne or pulse, or any fruits of the
earth whatsoever.”
“And to begin first at those that are knowne commodities, and so
notorious, as that the use thereof not only reacheth all over the maine and
continent, but extendeth also to the very seas, and overspreadeth them: what
say we to line or flax, so commonly sowed as it is? yet may it not be raunged
either among the fruits of the field, or hearbes of the garden. But what region
(I pray you) or part of the earth is without it? and what is there so necessarie
for this life of ours in all respects? Againe, is there any thing in the whole
world more wonderfull and miraculous, than that there should be an hearbe
found of this vertue and propertie as to bring Egypt and Italie together?
Insomuch, as Galerius, Lord Deputie in Egypt under the Romanes, was
knowne to set saile from the firth of Messina in the Streights of Sicilie, and in
seven daies to arrive at Alexandria: Babilius also governour there likewise, in
six; and that by the meanes of the said hearbe? Moreover, what say you to
this, which was seen no longer since than the summer past; when Valerius
Marianus a Senatour of Rome, and late Lord Pretour, embarked and took ship
at Puteoli, and in nine daies sailed to the said Alexandria, and yet he had but a
very mild and still wind to helpe him in that voiage? Is not this a strange and
sovereign hearbe thinke you, that in a seven-night space can fetch Gades from
as far as the Streights of Gibraltar, or Hercules’ pillars, into the harbour of
Ostia in Italie? can shew (I say) the kingdome of Catalogne in Spain before
the said port-town in foure daies, Provance in three, and Barbarie in twain?
For C. Flaccus, lieutenant under Vibius Crispus the Pro-consull, did as much
as I speak of, and that with no great forewind, but a most gentle and mild
gale. Oh the audacious boldnesse of this world, so rash, so full of sin and
wickednesse, that man should sow and cherish any such thing as might
receive and swallow the winds, stormes, and tempests; as if the float and tide
alone were not sufficient to carrie so prowd a creature! But now are we
growne to this passe, that sailes bigger than the ships themselves will not
serve our turnes. For albeit one must be sufficient to carrie the biggest crosse-
yard that can be devised, yet are not we content with a single maine-saile
thereupon, unlesse we set up saile upon saile, top and top-gallant: unlesse (I
say) wee have foresailes and sprit-sailes in the prow, misns also hoisted up
and desplaied in the poupe; and all to set us more forward upon our death,
and to hasten our end. Finally, is there ought againe so admirable, as that of
so small a graine as the lini-seed, there should grow that which is able to
carrie too and fro in a moment, this round globe of the earth; the same being
so slender a stalke as it is, and not growing high from the ground?
considering withall, that twisted it is not entire and whole in the stem: but
before it can be occupied it must bee watered, dried, braked, tew-tawed, and
with much labour driven and reduced in the end to bee as soft and tender as
wooll: and all to doe violence to nature and mankind even in the highest
degree, in such sort, as a man is not able to proceed so farre in execration as
is due unto this invention. The first deviser whereof I have inveighed against
in convenient place elsewhere, and not without desert: as who could not bee
content that a man should die upon the land, but he must perish upon the sea,
to feed hadockes there, without the honour of sepulture.”
“In the booke but next before this, I gave warning and advertised men, that
for to enjoy corne and other victuals necessarie for this life and suffisance and
plentie, we should beware of wind and rain. And now behold, man is so
wicked and ungracious, his wit so inventive, that he will be sowing, tending,
and plucking that with his own hand which cals for nothing else at sea but
wind; and never rests till burning bee come. See moreover how well this
unhappie hand of his speeds, for there is againe commeth up sooner, or
thriveth faster than this flax? And to conclude, that wee may knowe how
nature her-selfe is nothing well pleased therewith, and that it groweth maugre
her will, it burnes the field wherein it is sowed; it eateth out the heart of the
ground, and maketh it worse, wheresoever it comes; this is all the good it
doth upon land.”
[21]In caravans where the road lies over a wide expanse of desert, and
where it is the interest of every man to accomplish as much distance in a day
as he can, the average will of course far exceed that which was made good by
our party.
[22]See the Table annexed.
 Transcriber's note:

The changes indicated in the Errata have been done.

pg 18 Changed: he tells “us, are of to: tells us, “are
pg 28 (footnote 14) Changed: degli antrichi geografi to: antichi
pg 110 Changed: they invaribly choose to: invariably
pg 119 (footnote 6) Changed: Buonaccinoli to: Buonacciuoli
pg 133 Changed: to built the rude tombs to: build
pg 229 (footnote 23) Changed: circuit o the coast to: of the coast
pg 237 Changed: similiarity of the names to: similarity
pg 296 Changed: to which which we had to: to which we had
pg 378 Changed: which appeas to have to: appears
pg 397 Changed: from Barca to Angela to: Augela
pg 477 Changed: from Derna to Appollonia to: Apollonia
pg xv of Appendix Changed: firing a salnte to: salute
pg xxxiii of Appendix Changed: fifity geographic miles to: fifty
pg xxxvii of Appendix Changed: Rabilius to: Babilius
Minor changes in punctuation and quotation mark placement have been done
silently.
Other spelling errors or inconsistencies have been left unchanged.
New original cover art included with this eBook is granted to the public domain.
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