Vertebrate

Respiration
Alwin Sison
 what is
respiration?
Respiration is a metabolic process in which an organism's living cells use oxygen to obtain energy
(in the form of ATP) and release carbon dioxide as a byproduct of the oxidation of complex
organic molecules or in simpler terms breathing in oxygen and breathing out carbon dioxide.

-Some examples of respiratory systems of vertebrates

 what is a
vertebrate?
Any vertebrate animal, which is the predominant subphylum of the phylum Chordata or in simpler
terms, any animal with a backbone.

-Some examples of vertebrates

 Vertebrate
respiration
Respiration through the lungs in terrestrial, aquatic and aerial vertebrates.

-Some examples of vertebrates

 three major types of
respiratory structures in the
vertebrates
Gills Iea -integumentary
exchange areas
Lungs
Respiration (or breathing) is the term for the process of
Branched organs with a huge number of capillaries are seen on the A type of respiration known as integumentary exchange regions,
exchanging gases. In the process of respiration, carbon dioxide, a
side of fish heads. Water flows over the fish's gills when it opens its sometimes known as cutaneous respiration, involves the exchange of
waste product of metabolism, exits the blood, and oxygen from the
mouth, allowing it to draw down dissolved oxygen from the water and gases across the skin or exterior integument of an organism rather
incoming air enters. The lung has three surfaces, three boundaries,
expel carbon dioxide. Gills, however, are not just found in fish. Gills than the gills or lungs. Many amphibians rely on cutaneous respiration,
and an apex. Above the first rib, the apex is located. The anterior,
are found in mollusks, crustaceans, certain worms, some insect larvae, or breathing via the skin, To take up some or all of their oxygen and,
posterior, and inferior borders are among the three borders. A
and a few amphibians. particularly for carbon dioxide emission, to release it. IEAs are
cardiac notch is formed in the left lung by the front border of the
present in all insects, amphibians, fish, sea snakes, turtles, and, to a
lung and the pleural reflection. Lungs are a feature of mammals,
lesser extent, mammals.
birds, and reptiles as well as some amphibians, fish, and snail species.
 Evolutions of Paired
lungs
All life on Earth initially sprang from the sea. However, some vertebrates, like fish,
began acquiring limbs and other traits that enabled them to investigate life on land
some 400 million years ago. The lungs, which provided animals the ability to breathe
above water, were one of the most important elements to evolve.

The majority of land animals, including people, have two lungs located one on each side
of the chest. In return for exhaling carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, the lungs
take oxygen from the air and transmit it to the bloodstream. The origin of this crucial
organ is a contentious subject. This is primarily due to how poorly fossilized lung
tissue is preserved.
 Evolutions of Paired
lungs
Our knowledge about the morphological and genetic development of the lung is, however, highly biased towards
amniotes, and consequently, the original form of this evolutionary novelty among osteichthyans remains largely elusive.
One hypothesis, formed and supported by studies on tetrapods (particularly mammals and birds), assumes that the lung
evolved through a modification of the pharyngeal pouch, as the lung bud develops at the pharynx-oesophageal junction
during embryonic development. Consequently, this view predicts that the primitive lungs appeared as bilaterally paired
organs at the caudolateral part of the pharynx. Indeed, in embryology, the lungs of living tetrapods have been mostly
described as paired derivatives of the respiratory tube, arising from paired and small hollow swellings. Previous studies
on amphibians have also proposed that the lung bud develops from paired rudiments of the ventral portions of the
eighth pharyngeal pouches. Additionally, the plesiomorphic state of the lungs has been mostly described as paired
organs. On the other hand, another hypothesis does not constrain the evolutionary origin of the lung to the serial
homolog of the pharyngeal pouch. In this view, although the possibility that the primitive lung developed on the
pharyngeal endoderm is not excluded, the primitive lung is considered to appear on the floor of the pharynx, or more
generally, on the floor of the foregut. This scenario does not predict bilaterally paired forms of primitive lungs.
 Picture examples of
evolution of paired lungs
 parts of the human
respiratory system
Nose Mouth Pharynx
The mucociliary system, which is used in the nasal An opening that pulls air into your respiratory system. The tunnel from the base of the skull to the level of the
cavity, serves to protect the respiratory tract in sixth cervical vertebra is known as the pharynx, also
addition to humidifying, warming, filtering, and acting known as the throat. the esophagus, or tube leading to
as a conduit for inspired air. The receptors for the stomach, and the trachea, which begins behind the
olfaction (sense of smell) are also found in the nasal nose and terminates at the top of the neck. By taking in
cavity. air from the nasal cavity and food, water, and oxygen
from the oral cavity, it supports both the respiratory and
digestive systems.
 parts of the human
respiratory system
Larynx Trachea bronchi
The larynx, commonly referred to as the voice box and Your airway system includes your trachea, also known The trachea's function is to carry air from the mouth and
found in both humans and animals, is an organ in the as your windpipe. Your lungs get oxygen-rich air nose to the lungs; however, the bronchi are responsible
neck. In humans and other vertebrates, the larynx's through channels called airways. Additionally, they for distributing that air throughout the lungs until it
main job is to prevent the lower respiratory tract transport carbon dioxide, a waste gas, from your lungs. reaches the respiratory bronchioles and alveolar sacs
from inhaling food into the trachea while breathing. It Air enters your body through your nose, passes (these organs are part of the respiratory zone).
also houses the vocal chords and serves as a voice box through your larynx, and then descends through your

for phonation, the production of sounds. windpipe.

 Lungs
The fundamental components of the respiratory system, the lungs' primary job is to allow for the
exchange of gases from the outside world into the blood. Through the alveoli, oxygen is delivered
into the capillary network, where it can enter the arterial system and ultimately perfuse tissue.
During respiration, carbon dioxide, a metabolic waste product, exits the blood and oxygen from
the incoming air enters. A diminished ability of the lungs to exchange gases is referred to as a
lowered lung function.
 REspiration
disorders/diseases
Asthma pulmonary
fibrosis Pneumonia
Lung damage is a side effect of asthma. a long-term The lace-like tissue around the lungs' air sacs, or A severe respiratory infection that damages the lungs
illness that causes the bronchial airways in the lungs alveoli, becomes injured, thickened, and scarred in is known as pneumonia. When a healthy person breathes,
to shrink and swell, making breathing challenging. pulmonary fibrosis, a lung condition. Breathing little sacs in their lungs called alveoli fill with air. The
Wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, shortness of becomes more challenging as the lungs scar and alveoli are stuffed with pus and fluid when someone has
breath, and fast breathing are some of the stiffen, and not enough oxygen can reach the pneumonia, which makes breathing difficult and reduces
symptoms. bloodstream. oxygen intake.
 REspiration
disorders/diseases
Lung cancer Covid-19
Lung cancer is the name for cancer that first appears in the The SARS-CoV-2 virus is the infectious disease known
lungs. In addition to lymph nodes and other body organs as coronavirus disease (COVID-19).
including the brain, lung cancer can also start in the lungs. Lung The majority of virus-infected individuals will
cancer can potentially spread from other organs. Metastases experience a mild to severe respiratory disease and will
are cancer cells that have spread from one organ to another. recover without the need for special care. However,
Small cell and non-small cell lung cancers—which include some people will get serious illnesses and need to see a
adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma—are the two doctor. Serious sickness is more likely to strike older
basic categories into which they are typically divided. These persons and those with underlying medical illnesses
distinct forms of lung cancer develop differently and respond including cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, or
to various therapies. Compared to small cell lung cancer, non- chronic respiratory diseases. COVID-19 can cause
small cell lung cancer is more prevalent. anyone to become very ill or pass away at any age.
Thank you for
listening!