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Configuration Setting Failure Theory Calculated Stress
Max3D Shear Maximum Shear Stress Maximum Stress Intensity
von Mises Maximum Energy of Octahedral Shearing Stress

Distortion
CAESAR II computes the selected stress at four points along the axis normal to the plane of
bending (outside top, inside top, inside bottom, outside bottom), and includes the maximum
value in the stresses report. The equations used for each of these yield criteria are listed
below. If von Mises Theory is used, the software computes the octahedral shearing stress,
which differs from the von Mises stress by a constant factor.
For codes B31.4, B31.4 Chapter IX, B31.4 Chapter XI, B31.8, B31.8 Chapter VIII,
and DNV, this setting controls which equation the software uses to compute the equivalent
stress. For these codes, the software uses the equations shown in the piping code to
determine the yield stress criterion in the Stresses Extended output report.
Stress Formulation
CAESAR II reports the largest stress using four calculation points through the pipe cross
section, as show in the following figure.
The four points are established by a line perpendicular to the bending moment acting on the
pipe (shown in red). Points 1 and 4 are on the outside surface of the pipe, where radial stress
is zero. Point 1 is in bending tension and Point 4 is in bending compression. Points 2 and 3
are on the inside surface of the pipe where radial stress is compressive (negative) pressure.
Longitudinal stress (Sl), hoop stress (Sh), radial stress (Sr) and shear stress (St) are
calculated at each position using the appropriate formulas.
Shear Radial
Position Longitudinal Stress (Sl) Hoop Stress (Sh) Stress (St) Stress (Sr)
The table formulas assume that this is a B31.3-style stress equation with Lamé hoop
stress.
These stresses are translated into the principal stresses S1, S2, and S3. The following shows
a graphical representation of a typical calculation of the four position points.
Determine the principal stress using the longitudinal stress (Sl), the hoop stress (Sh), and the
shear stress (St)—which sets the red line. The principal stress refers to the points where the
red circle crosses the normal stress axis (shear stress equals zero). Place the radial stress
(Sr) (which has a shear stress of zero) on the same axis. The largest intersection point is S1
and the smallest is S3.
Equivalent Stress, Octahedral Shearing Stress, von Mises Stress:
Use the S1, S2, and S3 values in the equation above to determine the octahedral shearing
stress at each position. CAESAR II reports the largest of these four values.
3D Maximum Shear Stress Intensity (S.I.):
S.I. = S1-S3
When you configure CAESAR II to report 3D maximum shear stress intensity, the software
reports the largest intensity (S1-S3).
Legacy Settings
B31.3 Implement Appendix P

Controls the implementation of the alternate rules in B31.3 Appendix P. This option produces
a code compliance operating load case, with allowable stress values.
B31.3 Use SL Formulation Para 320 (2010)
Controls what formula CAESAR II uses for computing longitudinal stress for sustained loads
(SL) for the B31.3 code. The 2010 Edition of B31.3 code introduced a specific formula for
computing SL. This code formula was previously optional and referred to as B31.3 Code Case
178.
The software defaults to automatically computing sustained loads using this formula. You can
change the B31.3 Use SL Formulation Para 320 (2010) configuration setting in the
Configuration Editor > SIFs and Stresses to False if you do not want CAESAR II to use
this formula, for example in the case of pre-2010 Edition jobs.
CAESAR II sets this configuration setting to True by default, which means the software
overrides the directives for F/A and torsion and uses this formula to calculate sustained case
stresses.
Include Axial Force in Expansion Stress

Enables the software to include calculated axial force in the expansion stress (SE). Choose
one of the following settings:
No
Exclude axial forces from the (Expansion) Displacement Stress Range value. (This is Se in
Eq. (17) of B31.3.)
|Sa| + Se
Include the absolute value of the axial force to the (Expansion) Displacement Stress Range,
and report the sum as the (Expansion) Displacement Stress Range, Se. This selection is
more conservative than (|Sa| + Sb)2.
(|Sa| + Sb)2
Include the absolute value for the axial force to the bending term in the (Expansion)
Displacement Stress Range equation (Se, Eq (17) in B31.3). This selection is less
conservative than |Sa| + Se. This option more closely follows theory.
Default
Follow the recommended setting for the axial force in expansion stress based on the piping
code you specified for the job. (For example, the B31.3 piping code recommends using the
(|Sa| + Sb)2 equation for axial force. So, when you set this configuration setting to Default, if
the job uses the B31.3 piping code, the software uses the (|Sa| + Sb)2 option for calculating
axial force in the expansion stress.)
SIF Multiplier for Sustained Stress Index

Modifies the stress index for sustained loads and occasional loads. The default setting is
0.0000, which indicates that the software uses whatever the currently active piping code
recommends for the SIF/Index multiplier. For example, if this configuration setting is set to
0.000 and you select B31.3 or B31.3 Chapter IX, the code defines the SIF multiplier as
0.7500.
With the release of CAESAR II 2014 and the implementation of B31.3 2012, the internal
interpretation of this existing configuration setting was changed. B31.3 2012 defines the SIF
multiplier value as 0.75. Other codes similar to B31.3 do not address this value. The default
value of this configuration setting was changed to 0.0000. This change enables CAESAR II to
internally set the multiplier to 0.7500 for B31.3 and to 1.0000 for other similar codes. The
following table summarizes these settings.
Option Configuration Sustained Moment Multiplier (I)

SIF Multiplier Setting
B31.3, B31.3 Ch IX, B31.4, Codes similar to B31.3

& B31.4 Ch XI Codes (such as: JPI, B31.5)
Option 0.0000 I = 0.75i I = i (similar to Option 4)

1
(default
)
Option 0.0001 I = 1.0 I = 1.0

2
Option 0.7500 I = 0.75i I = 0.75i
3
Option 1.0000 I=i I=i

4
This change does not affect all piping codes.
The following interpretations apply to B31.3 code prior to the 2010 Edition, so they are only
applicable if you need to analyze older jobs to the older code addenda:
B31.3 Interpretation 1-34 (February 23, 1981) File: 1470-1 states that for sustained and
occasional loads, you can use a SIF of 0.75i, but not less than 1.0. To comply with this
interpretation (1-34), type 0.7500.
B31.3 Interpretation 6-03 (December 14, 1987) File B31-87-022 permits you to ignore
the stress intensification for sustained and occasional loads. To comply with this
interpretation (6-03), type 0.0001.
Set/Change Password
You can set password protection for the configuration file using the Security command. By
setting a password on the primary configuration file, a corporate standard can be enforced
throughout the network. Subsequent use of the configuration module in other data folders will
allow only modification of display or other environment directives that do not affect calculated
results.
To set security on your configuration file:
1. Set up your configuration file and click Save and Exit in the top-left corner of the
Configuration Editor window to save the configuration settings.
2. From the Home tab, select File > Set Default Data Directory.
3. Browse and select the CAESAR II System subfolder in the Default Data Directory
Specification dialog box
Locate the System subfolder in the root folder based on your platform.
Windows 7/8/8.1: \Program Data\Intergraph CAS\CAESAR II\Version Number\System
Windows XP: \Documents and Settings\All Users\Application Data\Intergraph CAS\CAESAR

II\Version Number\System
Click Configure or Tools > Configure/Setup to open the Configuration Editor dialog box,
and then click on the Security drop-down arrow.
1. Select one of the following options, depending upon your current configuration:
New Password
Access Protected Data
Change Password
Remove Password
New Password
Specifies a new password. After typing a password, you can change configuration settings
from the program folder, or alter or remove the password.
Initially, New Password is the only option available.
When typing a new password, you are prompted for the new password a second time to
ensure the password was typed as expected the first time.
Access Protected Data

Allows you to modify protected options. This option is accessible only after a password exists.
The use of this option is not necessary if there is no previously specified password. If
no password has been set, you can modify all configuration settings.
Change Password
Allows you to change your current password. You must first type the correct existing
password. The current password may be changed at any time by anyone who has
authorization to do so.
After a password has been set, the software disables all computation controls, stress options,
and any other configuration options, which could affect the CAESAR II computations.
Remove Password
Deletes the current password. Anyone with authorization can remove the current password by
entering the correct existing password for this option. After a password is removed, all options
that appear in the Configuration Editor can be modified from any folder where you have
read/write access rights.
Piping Input
Main window ribbon: Home > Input > Piping Input
Shortcut key:
ALT+2 - Opens Auxiliary Data as a separate dialog box
Specifies piping parameters in the CAESAR II Classic Piping Input Dialog.
This dialog box describes the piping on an element-by-element basis. It consists of command
menus and toolbars and data fields containing information about each piping element. A
graphic representation of the model displays automatically. The model updates as you add
new elements.
Classic Piping Input Dialog Box

Groups piping data into blocks of related data on the left side of Classic Piping Input.
Double click >> in the upper right corner of any group to display additional input dialog boxes.
The right side of the piping input includes the Auxiliary Data panel with tabs which relate to
items selected by double-clicking check boxes on the left side. You can also access these
tabs by selecting a command in the Aux Tools Toolbar.
Using Function Keys to Navigate Classic Piping Input
Function keys help you to quickly type data without using the mouse to move to various
property fields. By default, when you place the cursor inside a field, pressing a function key on
the keyboard moves the cursor to the beginning of a group of properties according to the list
below.
Function Key Destination Property Group
F2 From Node Numbers
F3 DX Deltas
F4 Diameter Pipe Sizes
F5 Temp 1 Operating Conditions
F6 Material Materials
F7 Elastic Modulus (c) Elastic Properties
F8 Refractory Thickness Densities
F9 Line Number -
For additional shortcut keys used throughout the software, see Shortcut Keys.
Model Status
Model Status, the first tab of the Auxiliary Data panel, displays statistics about the model.
Current Element
Displays the current piping element number.
Total Elements
Displays the total number of piping elements in the model and the maximum possible number
of elements. The maximum number of elements is determined by the memory allocation for
the model.
# of <data type>
Displays the total quantity of a data type in the model, such as bends, restraints, allowable
stresses, or flanges, and the maximum possible number of the data type.
Help Screens and Units
Press the question mark key ? or the F1 function key while the cursor is in any of the input
data cells to display interactive help text for that item. Hover the cursor over a box to display a
tool tip indicating the current units.
Node Numbers
Shortcut keys:
F2 - Jumps to Node Numbers
ALT+1 - Opens Edit Node Numbers dialog box
Indicates the node numbers for the selected element on Classic Piping Input.
Each element is identified by its end node number. Because each input screen represents a
piping element, you must specify the element end points, called the From node and the To
node. The software uses these points as locations at which you can type or extract
information. You must specify a From and To node for all elements.
Double-click >> to display the Edit Node Numbers dialog box.
You can set the Auto Node Number Increment configuration setting in Home > Setup
> Configure on the main window ribbon and the software generates the From and To
node values automatically (to a value other than zero) based on the increment you
specify.
For information on controlling the display of node numbers, see Node Numbers.
From
Specifies the node number for the starting end of the element. Node numbers must be
numeric, ranging from 1 to 8,000,000. Typically, the From node number is automatically
generated by CAESAR II from the preceding element.
A node represents a distinct point in space. The same node can be used on multiple elements
to represent connectivity, such as at a branch connection. You can change a node number but
must not use the same node number in more than one location in a model.
The maximum number of nodes allowed in a piping model is a function of the memory
allocation configuration for the model. For the number of nodes allowed for your
memory allocation, see Total Elements on the Model Status tab of the auxiliary data
panel.
The maximum number of nodes allowed in a piping model is also a function of the node
number increment. For example, if your model numbers nodes by an increment of
10,000, the model can only have 800 nodes.
To
Specifies the node number for the end of the element. Node numbers must be numeric,
ranging from 1 to 8,000,000.
A node represents a distinct point in space. The same node can be used on multiple elements
to represent connectivity, such as at a branch connection. You can change a node number but
must not use the same node number in more than one location in a model
The maximum number of nodes allowed in a piping model is a function of the memory
allocation configuration for the model. For the number of nodes allowed for your
memory allocation, see Total Elements on the Model Status tab of the auxiliary data
panel.
The maximum number of nodes allowed in a piping model is also a function of the node
number increment. For example, if your model numbers nodes by an increment of
10,000, the model can only have 800 nodes.
Name
Assigns non-numeric names to the node points of an element.
Double-click the Name check box to display the Node Names tab in the Auxiliary Data
panel. You can assign names of up to 25 characters for the From and To nodes.
The software maintains consistency of node names between elements which share a node.
For example, if you provide a name for a To node, the same name displays for the same node
when it is the From node for another element.
Node Numbers controls how node number and node names display in the
graphic view. For more information, see Node Numbers.
Deltas
Shortcut keys:
F3 - Jumps to Deltas
ALT+2 - Opens Edit Deltas dialog box
Indicates the length of the selected element on the Classic Piping Input dialog box.
Type element lengths as delta dimensions according to the X, Y, and Z rectangular coordinate
system established for the piping system. The Y-axis represents the vertical axis in CAESAR
II.
CAESAR II treats each element as a vector. The vector length is equal to the element length.
The vector direction points from the From node to the To node.
The delta dimensions DX, DY, and DZ, are the measurements along the X, Y, and Z-axes
between the From node and the To node. In most cases you only need to use one of the
three options, because the piping usually runs along the global axes. Where the piping
element is skewed, you must make two or three entries. You must define at least one option
for all elements except zero-length expansion joints.
You can use offsets to modify the stiffness of the current element by adjusting its length and
the orientation of its neutral axis in 3-D space.
Double-click >> to display the Edit Deltas dialog box.
When you are using feet and inches for compound length and length units, valid
entries include formats such as: 3-6, 3 ft. -6 in, and 3-6-3/16.
DX
Specifies the X-axis component of the element length.
CAESAR II accepts [compound length]-[length]-[fraction] formats (such as feet - inch - fraction

or meter - decimal - centimeters) as valid input values in most cells. You can use simple forms
of addition, multiplication, and division, as well as the exponential format.
The table below shows example formats and results for compound lengths using English units
(ft. and in.) and metric units (m. and mm.). The software defines units for your model through
the defined units file. For more information, see Database Definitions and Units File Name.
Example Dimension Format Example Results
6 6 in.
6 mm.
6-0 6 ft. 0 in.

or
6 m. 0 mm.
6'0
6- 6 ft. 0 in.
or
6 m. 0 mm.
6'
6.3- 6.3 ft.
or
6.3 m.
6.3'
6-10 6 ft. 10 in.

or
6 m. 10 mm.
6'10
6-10-1/4 6 ft. 10-1/4 in.

or
6'10-1/4 6 m. 10-1/4 mm.
Addition: 10 ft. 5-1/4 in.
6-10-1/4+3-7 9 m. 17-1/4 mm.
Subtraction: 3 ft. 1 in.
-12-3+15-4 3 m. 1 mm.
Multiplication: 5 ft. 3 in.
6.3*10 63 mm.
Division: 9 ft. 4.53 in.
337.6/3 112.53 mm.
For addition, you can add two or more positive operands.
The software does not directly support subtraction because a dash (-) after a number
indicates a unit for a compound length. As a result, you cannot subtract a positive
amount, such as 15-4-12-3. You must add a negative amount (such as -12-3+15-4), and
you can use only two operands.
When units for length and compound length are the same, using the dash (-) is not
recommended. For example, if both units are mm, then 6-10 results in 6 mm 10 mm.
The software displays the values as the sum of 16 mm.
To see the global coordinates of all nodes in the model, open the Coordinates list. For
more information, see List and X Coordinate, Y Coordinate, Z Coordinate.
For more information on element length, see Deltas.
DY
Specifies the Y-axis component of the element length.

6 6 in.
6 mm.
6-0 6 ft. 0 in.

or
6'0 6 m. 0 mm.
6- 6 ft. 0 in.
or
6 m. 0 mm.
6'
6.3- 6.3 ft.
or
6.3 m.
6.3'
6-10 6 ft. 10 in.

or
6 m. 10 mm.
6'10
6-10-1/4 6 ft. 10-1/4 in.

or
6 m. 10-1/4 mm.
6'10-1/4
6-10-1/4+3-7 9 m. 17-1/4 mm.
-12-3+15-4 3 m. 1 mm.
6.3*10 63 mm.
337.6/3 112.53 mm.
DZ
Specifies the Z-axis component of the element length.

6 6 in.
6 mm.
6-0 6 ft. 0 in.

or
6 m. 0 mm.
6'0
6- 6 ft. 0 in.
or
6 m. 0 mm.
6'
6.3- 6.3 ft.
or
6.3 m.
6.3'
6-10 6 ft. 10 in.

or
6 m. 10 mm.
6'10
6-10-1/4 6 ft. 10-1/4 in.

or
6'10-1/4 6 m. 10-1/4 mm.
6-10-1/4+3-7 9 m. 17-1/4 mm.
-12-3+15-4 3 m. 1 mm.
6.3*10 63 mm.
337.6/3 112.53 mm.
Offsets
Indicates whether the software corrects modeled dimensions of an element back to its actual
dimensions. Double-click the Offsets check box on the Classic Piping Input dialog box to
select or clear this option.
Typical units (depending on your unit system):
in
mm
cm
Specify the distances from the position of the From node in 3-D space to the actual From end
of the element.
Specify the distances from the position of the To node in 3-D space to the actual To end of
the element.
If you leave any offset direction distances blank, the software defaults them to zero.
Thermal expansion is “0” for the offset portion of an offset element. No element flexibility is
generated for the offset portion of the element. The following figure shows a common usage
for the offset element.
Length
Specifies the distance between the To node and the From node.

6 6 in.
6 mm.
6-0 6 ft. 0 in.

or
6 m. 0 mm.
6'0
6- 6 ft. 0 in.
or
6 m. 0 mm.
6'
6.3- 6.3 ft.

or
6.3 m.
6.3'
6-10 6 ft. 10 in.

or
6 m. 10 mm.
6'10
6-10-1/4 6 ft. 10-1/4 in.

or
6 m. 10-1/4 mm.
6'10-1/4
6-10-1/4+3-7 9 m. 17-1/4 mm.

-12-3+15-4 3 m. 1 mm.
6.3*10 63 mm.
337.6/3 112.53 mm.
Direction Cosines
Specifies the X, Y, and Z components or element direction cosines.
For an element aligned with the X-axis,
Cos X ..... 1.0
Cos Y ..... <Blank>
Cos Z ..... <Blank>
For an element aligned with the Y-axis,
Cos X ..... <Blank>

Cos Y ..... 1.0
Cos Z ..... <Blank>
For an element aligned with the Z-axis,
Cos X ..... <Blank>
Cos Y ..... <Blank>
Cos Z ..... 1.0
Pipe Sizes
Shortcut keys:
F4- Jumps to Pipe Sizes
ALT+3 - Opens Edit Pipe Sizes dialog box
Indicates the pipe dimensions for the selected element on the Classic Piping Input dialog
box. Type the dimensions for the element.
Mill tolerance is used only for the IGE/TD/12 piping code. Seam weld is used only for the
IGE/TD/12 piping code. These options carry forward from one element to the next during the
design session; you only need to type values for those elements at which a change occurs.
You can specify nominal pipe sizes and schedules. CAESAR II converts these values to
actual outside diameter and wall thickness. Outside diameter and wall thickness are required
data inputs.
Nominal diameters, thicknesses, and schedule numbers are a function of the pipe
size specification. Click Home > Setup > Configure on the main window ribbon to select
ANSI, JIS, or DIN as the piping size specification.
Double-click >> to display the Edit Pipe Sizes dialog box.
Diameter
Specifies the pipe diameter.
in
mm
cm
For ISO 14692 2017: For all other pipe codes:
1 - Diameter 1 - Diameter
2 - Wt/Sch 2 - Wt/Sch
3 - Sheath Thk 3 - Insul Thk

4 - Liner Thk 4 - Refract Thk
5 - Total wall thickness
Type the nominal diameter and the software converts it to the actual outer diameter
necessary for the analysis. If you do not want the conversion:
Use a modified UNITS file with the nominal pipe schedules turned off
Specify diameters whose values are off slightly from a nominal size (in English units the
tolerance on diameter is 0.063 in.)
Available nominal diameters are determined by the active pipe size specification, set by the
configuration software. The following are the available nominal diameters.
ANSI Nominal Pipe ODs, in inches (file ap.bin)
½ ¾ 1 1 ½ 2 2 ½ 3 3 ½ 4 5 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 42
JIS Nominal Pipe ODs, in millimeters (file jp.bin)
15 20 25 32 40 50 65 80 90 100 125 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650
DIN Nominal Pipe ODs, in millimeters (file dp.bin)
15 20 25 32 40 50 65 80 100 125 150 200 250 300 350 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1200
1400 1600 1800 2000 2200
ISO 14692 2017
Diameter is the outer diameter minus two times Sheath Thk.
ISO-14692 2017 distinguishes between the reinforced wall thickness and the total
wall thickness. The reinforced wall thickness does not include the liner (inside) and sheath
(outside) the reinforced wall. In CAESAR II, define the reinforced dimension (not including the
liner and sheath) for Diameter and Wt/Sch, and separately define Refract Thk, Refract
Density, Liner Thk, and Liner Density.
Seam Welded
Indicates whether the piping element is seam welded
B31.1 / B31.3
If the B31.1 or B31.3 piping codes are active, select the Seam-welded check box to activate
the Wl box. Wl (the weld strength reduction factor) is used by the software to determine the
minimum wall thickness of the element.
IGE/TD/12
If the IGE/TD/12 piping code is active, select the Seam welded check box when straight
pipes are seam welded. This option affects the stress intensification factor calculations for that
pipe section due to seam welded fabrication.
WI Factor
Specifies the WI factor.
+Mill Tol % / Wl / Ovality %

+Mill Tol %
Specifies the positive mill tolerance. This option is only enabled when IGE/TD/12 is active. It
is used when the Base Stress/Flexibility On option of the Special Execution Options is set
to Plus Mill Tolerance. In that case, piping stiffness and section modulus is based on the
nominal wall thickness increased by this percentage. You can change this value on an
element-by-element basis. The software defaults to a value of 12.5.
Wl
For the B31.1 and B31.3 piping codes, specifies the weld strength reduction factor (Wl), to be
used in the minimum wall calculation for straight pipe.
Ovality %
For the DNV 2017 piping code, specifies the percentage of pipe ovalization. DNVGL-ST-F101
addresses the minimum and maximum allowable percentages of ovalization of piping to
prevent collapse. The software defaults to a value of 0.5.
Wt/Sch
Specifies the thickness of the pipe as the wall thickness, wt, or as a pipe schedule.
in
mm
cm
You can type a schedule indicator (such as S, XS, or 40), which the software converts to the
proper wall thickness. Available schedule indicators are determined by the active piping
specification, set by the configuration software. If you type the thickness, the software uses
your value.
For ISO 14692 2017: For all other pipe codes:
1 - Diameter 1 - Diameter
2 - Wt/Sch 2 - Wt/Sch
3 - Sheath Thk 3 - Insul Thk
4 - Liner Thk 4 - Refract Thk

5 - Total wall thickness
ANSI B36.10 Steel Nominal Wall Thickness Designation
S - Standard
XS - Extra Strong
XXS - Double Extra Strong
ANSI B36.10 Steel Pipe Numbers
10 20 30 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
ANSI B36.19 Stainless Steel Schedules
5S 10S 40S 80S
JIS Pipe Schedules
1990 Steel Schedules: 10 20 30 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
1990 Stainless Steel Schedules: 5S 10S 40S
DIN Pipe Schedules
None
Only the S (standard) schedule applies to wall thickness calculations for DIN.
ISO 14692 2017
The pipe thickness, not including the sheath thickness and the liner thickness:
Total wall thickness - (Sheath Thk + Liner Thk)
ISO-14692 2017 distinguishes between the reinforced wall thickness and the total
wall thickness. The reinforced wall thickness does not include the liner (inside) and sheath
(outside) the reinforced wall. In CAESAR II, define the reinforced dimension (not including the
liner and sheath) for Diameter and Wt/Sch, and separately define Refract Thk, Refract
Density, Liner Thk, and Liner Density.
-Mill Tol % / Tvar %
-Mill Tol %
Displays the negative mill tolerance. This value is read from the configuration file and used in
minimum wall thickness calculations. Also, for IGE/TD/12, this value is used when the Base
Stress/Flexibility On option of the Special Execution Options is set to Plus Mill Tolerance.
In that case, piping stiffness and section modulus is based on the nominal wall thickness,
decreased by this percentage. You can change this value on an element-by-element basis.
Tvar %
Specifies the percentage variation of the reinforced pipe wall thickness.
The minimum reinforced pipe wall thickness (t) = Wt(1 - Tvar%). For more
information on Wt, see Wt/Sch.
Corrosion
Specifies the corrosion allowance used to calculate a reduced section modulus. There is a
configuration option available to consider all stress cases as corroded. For more information,
see All Cases Corroded.
in
mm
cm
Pipe Density
Displays the pipe density value. The appropriate pipe density is filled in automatically when
you provide a proper material number. You can override this value at any time. The software
then duplicates the value through the rest of the input.
lb/in3
kg/cm3
kg/dm3
kg/m3
Fluid Density
Defines the fluid density. Specify the fluid density when the internal fluid the piping system
transports significantly affects the weight loads.
lb/in3
kg/cm3
kg/dm3
kg/m3
When the specific gravity of the fluid is known, you can type that instead of the density. For
example, you could type 0.85SG. Specific gravities are converted to the appropriate densities
immediately on input. To type specific gravity, follow the numeric value with the letters SG (no
spaces). The software automatically converts this value to density.
Propagate Parameters
Indicates whether to propagate the property changes. Clear this check box to indicate that
properties apply to the current element only.
Operating Conditions
Shortcut keys:
F5 - Jumps to Operating Conditions
ALT+4 - Opens Edit Operating Conditions dialog
Double-click >> - Opens Edit Operating Conditions dialog
Specifies the temperatures and pressures for the selected element on the Classic Piping
Input dialog. Each temperature group ( such as T1) and pressure group (such as P1) creates
a load for use in building static analysis load cases. The software uses the loads to build
recommended load cases (such as W+T1+P1)
You can specify up to nine temperatures and ten pressures (nine operating cases plus the
hydrostatic test pressure) for each piping element. The temperatures are actual temperatures,
not changes from the ambient temperature. The software uses the temperatures to obtain the
thermal strain and allowable stresses for the element from the material database. Pressures
are gauge values and cannot be negative. Both thermal and pressure data carries forward
from one element to the next until changed.
As an alternative, you can directly specify the Thermal Expansion coefficients if the absolute
values are less than the Alpha Tolerance. Thermal strains have absolute values on the order
of 0.002 and are unitless.
Typing a value in the Hydro Press field causes the software to build a hydro case in the set
of recommended load cases.
CAESAR II uses an ambient temperature of 70°F, unless changed using the Special
Execution Parameters option. For more information, see Ambient Temperature.
Temperature
Specifies a temperature for each operating condition. The temperature fields allow up to nine
different operating cases. The error checker validates temperature values to ensure that they
are within the code allowed ranges.
ºF
ºC
You can exceed the ranges by typing the expansion coefficient in the temperature field in
units of length/length. When you are using material 21 (user-defined material), type a thermal
expansion coefficient instead of a temperature.
Temperature values, whose absolute values are less than the Alpha Tolerance, are taken to
be thermal expansion coefficients. Alpha Tolerance is a configuration parameter of 0.05 by
default. For example, if you wanted to type the thermal expansion coefficient equivalent to
11.37in./100ft., the calculation would be:
11.37in./100ft. * 1 ft./ 12in. = .009475 in./in.
A cut short does no more than reduce the length of a pipe element to zero. For
example; if you wanted 8.5 cm of cold spring you could put in an 8.5 cm long element and
then thermally shrink its length to zero. This allows the cold spring to be manipulated as an
individual thermal case rather than as a concentrated force.
To edit operating conditions 4 through 9, double-click >> to display the Edit Operating
Conditions dialog.
The software automatically suggests load cases according to IGE/TD/12 Appendix 7. Use the
following conventions for the specification of the operating conditions.
T1 – Maximum Temperature
T2 – Minimum Temperature
T3 – Minimum Summer Temperature
T4 – Maximum Winter Temperature
T5 – Maximum Temperature (flow induced) (optional)
T6 – Minimum Temperature (flow induced) (optional)
P1 – Maximum Incidental Pressure
P2 – Maximum Operating Pressure
P3 – Compressor Operation
P4 – Demand Pressure
HP – Hydrotest Pressure
Thermal Expansion
Displays the corresponding thermal strain values when you type operating temperatures in
the temperature fields. This is a read-only property.
in/in
mm/mm
cm/cm
When the thermal expansion coefficients are not available in the material database, you can
type thermal strain in the Temperature field if the absolute values are less than the Alpha
Tolerance in the configuration. You can type up to nine thermal strain values in units of
length/length in the temperature field on the Edit Operating Conditions dialog. The software
displays these values in the Thermal Expansion fields.
Pressures
Specifies operating pressures. There are 10 pressure fields, which allow up to nine operating
and one hydrotest pressure cases. When you type multiple pressures, be careful with the
setup of the analysis load cases. Review the recommended load cases provided by the
software carefully before proceeding.
lb/in²
Bar
KPa
MPa
Specify operating pressures 4 through 9 through the Edit Operating Conditions dialog,
accessed by clicking the >>..
Type a value in the Hydro Press field to signal CAESAR II to recommend a hydrotest load
case.
Type the design gage pressure (that is, the difference between the internal and external
pressures).
The software disables the Bourdon effect (pressure elongation) by default because it
assumes the job to be non-conservative. If you want to enable the Bourdon effect, you
can do so by using the Special Execution options. For more information, see New Job
Bourdon Pressure.
The Bourdon effect is always considered in the analysis of fiberglass reinforced plastic
pipe (Material ID=20).
CAESAR II automatically suggests load cases according to IGE/TD/12 Appendix 7. You must
use the following conventions for the specification of the operating conditions.
T1 – Maximum Temperature
T2 – Minimum Temperature
T3 – Minimum Summer Temperature
T4 – Maximum Winter Temperature
T5 – Maximum Temperature (flow induced) (optional)
T6 – Minimum Temperature (flow induced) (optional)
P1 – Maximum Incidental Pressure
P2 – Maximum Operating Pressure
P3 – Compressor Operation
P4 – Demand Pressure
HP – Hydrotest Pressure
Component Information
Specifies details for special components (such as bends, rigid elements, expansion joints,
and tees), which require additional information. Select or clear these options by double-
clicking the applicable component check box on the Classic Piping Input dialog box.
Bend
Double-click Bend if the active element ends in a bend, elbow or mitered joint. This displays
the auxiliary panel on the right side of the screen. CAESAR II usually assigns three nodes to
a bend to define the near, mid, and far nodes on the bend. For more information, see Bend.
Rigid
Double-click Rigid if the active element is much stiffer than the connecting pipe, such as a
flange or valve. This displays the auxiliary panel to collect the component weight. For more
information, see Rigid.
For rigid elements, CAESAR II follows these rules:

When the rigid element weight is defined as a value other than zero, CAESAR II
computes any extra weight due to insulation and contained fluid. The software then
adds that value to the defined weight value.
The weight of fluid added to a non-zero weight rigid element is equal to the same weight
that would be computed for an equivalent straight pipe. The weight of insulation added
is equal to the same weight that would be computed for an equivalent straight pipe
multiplied by 1.75.
If the weight of a rigid element is zero or blank, CAESAR II assumes that the element is
an artificial construction element rather than an actual piping element. In this case, the
software does not calculate an insulation or fluid weight for that element.
The stiffness of the rigid element is relative to the diameter wall thickness. Make sure
that the diameter on a rigid element indicates the rigid stiffness to generate.
Expansion Joint
Double-click Expansion Joint if the active element is an expansion joint. This displays the
auxiliary panel used to collect stiffness parameters and effective diameter. For more
information, see Expansion Joints.
Expansion joints can be modeled as zero-length (with all stiffnesses acting at a single point)
or as finite-length (with the stiffnesses acting over a continuous element). In the single-point
case, you must type all stiffness. In the continuous element case, you must omit either the
lateral or angular stiffness.
SIF & Tees
Double-click SIF & Tees if the active element has special stress intensification factors (SIFs).
CAESAR II automatically calculates these factors for each component. For more information,
see SIFs & Tees.
Bends, rigids, and expansion joints are mutually exclusive. For more information, see
Rigid and Expansion Joints.
Bend
Indicates that the element is entering a bend. Select or clear this option by double-clicking the
Bend check box on the Classic Piping Input dialog box.
You can place Intermediate node points at specified angles along the bend, or at the bend
mid-point (M).
Radius
Displays the bend radius. CAESAR II assumes a long radius by default. You can override this
value or select a value from the list.
in
mm
cm
Long
Indicates a long radius bend. The radius is equal to 1.5 times the nominal diameter.
Short
Indicates a short radius bend. The radius is equal to the nominal pipe diameter.
3D
Indicates a 3D bend. The radius is equal to 3 times the nominal diameter.
5D
Indicates a 5D bend. The radius is equal to 5 times the nominal diameter.
Type
Specifies the bend type.
For most codes, this refers to the number of attached flanges: 1 - Single Flange and 2 -
Double Flange. A bend should be considered flanged if there is any heavy or rigid body
within two diameters of the bend that significantly restricts the bends ability to ovalize. If there
are no flanges on the bend, then do not specify a value for Type.
For BS 7159 or UKOOA codes with fiberglass reinforced plastic (FRP) pipe, this entry refers
to the material laminate type. The laminate type affects the calculation of flexibility factors and
stress intensification factors.
1 - CSM (Chopped Strand Mat)
All chopped strand mat (CSM) constructing with internal and external surface tissue
reinforced layer.
2 - VM & Woven Roving
Chopped strand mat (CSM) and woven roving (WR) construction with internal and external
surface tissue reinforced layer.
3 - CSM & Multi-Filament
Chopped strand mat (CSM) and multi-filament roving construction with internal and external
surface tissue reinforced layer.
For ISO 14692 2005, only 3 - CSM & Multi-Filament displays.
For ISO 14692 2017, only 1 - Hand Lay displays. For more information, see Hand Lay.
Angle 1, 2, 3
Displays the angle, a, in degrees, to a point on the bend curvature. You can place additional
nodes at any point on the bend curvature provided the added nodes are not within five
degrees of each other. You can change the 5º node-spacing limit by using the configuration.
For more information, see Minimum Angle to Adjacent Bend.
The element To node is always physically located at the far end of the bend. By
default, CAESAR II places a node at the midpoint of the bend (designated by the letter M in
this box) as well as at the zero-degree position (start) of the bend, if possible.
Node 1, 2, 3
Displays the node number associated with the extra point on the bend. CAESAR II places
unique node numbers in these boxes whenever you initiate a bend. New, unique node
numbers must be assigned to the points whenever you add points on the bend curvature. If
numbering by fives and the To node number for the bend element is 35, a logical choice for
the node number for an added node at 30 degrees on the bend would be 34. You can treat
the added nodes on the bend like any other nodes in the piping system. Nodes on the bend
curvature may be restrained, displaced, or placed at the intersection of more than two pipes.
Nodes on a bend curvature are most commonly used as an intersection for a dummy leg or
for the location of a restraint. All nodes defined in this manner are plotted at the tangent
intersection point for the bend.
Miter Points
Specifies the number of cuts in the bend if it is mitered. The software checks if the value
creates cuts that are closely or widely spaced. If the bend is determined to be widely spaced,
and the number of miter cuts is greater than one, the bend should be broken down into “n”
single cut widely spaced miters, where “n” is the total number of cuts in the bend. The number
of cuts and the radius of the bend are all that is required to calculate the SIFs and flexibilities
for the bend as defined in the B31 codes. The bend radius and the bend miter spacing are
related by the following equations:
Closely Spaced Miters
R = S / (2 tan θ )
q = Bend Angle / (2 n) where n = number of miter cuts

Widely Spaced Miters
R = r2 (1.0 + cot q) / 2.0
r2 = (ri + ro) / 2.0
θ = Bend Angle / 2.0
Fitting Thk
Specifies the thickness of the bend if that thickness is different than the thickness of the
matching pipe. If the thickness is greater than the matching pipe wall thickness, then the
inside diameter of the bend is smaller than the inside diameter of the matching pipe.
in
mm
cm
CAESAR II calculates section modulus for stress computations based on the properties of the
matching pipe as defined by the codes.
The pipe thickness is used twice when calculating SIFs and flexibility factors; once as Tn, and
once when determining the mean cross-sectional radius of the pipe in the equation for the
flexibility characteristic (h):
h = (Tn)(R) / (r2)
Tn = Thickness of bend or fitting
R = Bend radius
r = Mean cross-sectional radius of matching pipe
= (OD - WT) / 2
OD = Outside Diameter of matching pipe
WT = Wall Thickness of matching pipe

Most codes use the actual thickness of the fitting (this entry) for Tn, and the wall thickness of
the matching pipe for the calculation of the mean cross-sectional radius of the pipe (the WT
value). More specifically, the individual codes use the two wall thicknesses as follows:
Code For Tn For Mean Radius Calculation
B31.1 Fitting Fitting
B31.3 Fitting Matching Pipe
B31.8 Ch Fitting Matching Pipe

VIII
SECT III Fitting Matching Pipe

NC
SECT III Fitting Matching Pipe

ND
Z662 Matching Pipe Matching Pipe
NAVY 505 Fitting Fitting

B31.1 Fitting Fitting
(1967)
SWEDISH Fitting Matching Pipe
BS 806 N/A N/A
STOOMWE N/A N/A

ZEN
RCC-M C/D Matching Matching Pipe

Pipe
CODETI Fitting Fitting
NORWEGI Fitting Fitting

AN
FDBR Fitting Fitting
BS 7159 Fitting Fitting
UKOOA Fitting Fitting
IGE/TD/12 Fitting Fitting
EN-13480 Fitting Matching Pipe
GPTC/Z380 Fitting Matching Pipe

The bend fitting thickness (FTG) is always used as the pipe thickness in the stiffness matrix
calculations. However, the thickness of the matching pipe (WT) is always used in the bend
stress calculations.
Tbend
For ISO 14692 2017, defines the wall thickness, tbend, of the bend.
in
mm
cm
The code uses Tbend to calculate the average wall thickness (tb) of the reference laminate:
tb = (2b/a)(tbend + toverlay) + [1-(2b/a)]tbend
where a is the bend angle. For more information, see Angle 1, 2, 3.
If you do not define Tbend, then the software uses the pipe wall thickness, Wt. For more
information, see Wt/Sch.
For information on bend parameters, see Figure B.1 and Figure B.2, section B.2.2, in
ISO 14692-3:2017.
K-Factor
Specifies the bend flexibility factor. The software calculates the factor according to the current
piping code. You can type a value to override this calculation.
The software uses Eh/Ea to calculate the K-Factor. You can also adjust K-Factor by
changing the value of Eh/Ea.
b
Specifies the angle, b, subtended by the overlap length of lamination (for a laminated joint) or
by the end thickness of the bell end (for an adhesive-bonded joint). If you do not define a
value, the software uses 0.
For information on bend parameters, see Figure B.1 and Figure B.2, section B.2.2, in
ISO 14692-3:2017.
Seam-Welded
Indicates that the bend is seam welded.
B31.3
If the B31.3 piping code is active, the Seam Welded check box is used to activate the Wl box
for bends. The Wl box is the weld strength reduction factor used to determine the minimum
wall thickness of the bend element.
B31.3 Chapter IX
Not used.
IGE/TD/12
Used by IGE/TD/12 to calculate the stress intensification factors due to seam welded elbow
fabrication as opposed to extruded elbow fabrication. This option is only available when
IGE/TD/12 is active.
Overlay Thk
For a laminated joint, specifies the thickness of the lamination. If you do not define a value,
the software uses 0.
in
mm
cm
Wl for Bends
For B31.1 and B31.3, defines the weld strength reduction factor (Wl) for bend elements. This
value is used in the minimum wall thickness calculations.
EpTp/(EbTb)
Specifies the ratio EpTp/EbTb, where: Ep is the axial modulus of the attached pipe; Eb is the
axial modulus of the bend; Tp is the average wall thickness of the attached pipe; and Tb is the
average wall thickness of the bend.
If you do not define EpTp/(EbTb), the software uses a default value of 1.0. This value affects
the calculation of the flexibility factor for bends.
Rigid
Specifies rigid element data, usually for a valve or a flange. Select or clear this option by
double-clicking the Rigid check box on the Classic Piping Input dialog box.
The Rigids auxiliary panel tab defines options for the rigid element.
CAESAR II automatically includes 1.0 times the fluid weight of equivalent straight pipe and
1.75 times the insulation weight of equivalent straight pipe.
The rigid element stiffness is proportional to the matching pipe. For example, a 13 in. long 12
in. diameter rigid element is stiffer than a 13 in. long 2 in. diameter rigid element. This fact
should be observed when modeling rigid elements that are part of a small pipe/large vessel,
or small pipe/heavy equipment model. The stiffness properties are computed using 10 times
the thickness of the rigid element. For additional details, see Technical Discussions.
Type the rigid element length in the DX, DY, and DZ fields.
Rigid Weight
Defines the weight of the rigid element.

lb
The value should always be zero or positive and should not include the weight of any
insulation or fluid. If you type no weight, then the software models the element as a
weightless construction element. Rigid elements with zero weight are modeling constructs
and do not have fluid or insulation weight added.
If you use the valve and flange database, then the software sets the value for Rigid
Weight. For more information, see Valve Flange Database.
Rigid Type
Specifies a rigid type.
If you use Valve Flange Database , then the software sets the value for Rigid Type. For
more information, see Valve Flange Database.
The software graphically displays the rigid type in the model view.
Unspecified (0) Valve (1)
Flange (2) Flange Pair (3)

Flanged Valve (4)
When you select Flange-Valve-Flange in Valve Flange Database , the software creates a
valve and a pair of flanges. For more information, see Valve and Flange Database: <database
name> Dialog Box.
If you have not specified a value for Element Name, then the software defines
Element Name with the value for Rigid Type. No change is made to Element Name when
Rigid Type is Unspecified.
Expansion Joint
Indicates that you are supplying expansion joint data. Select or clear this option by double-
clicking Expansion Joint on the Classic Piping Input dialog box.
This auxiliary panel tab controls options for expansion joint stiffness parameters and effective
diameter. For a non-zero length expansion joint, you must omit either the transverse or the
bending stiffness.
Setting the effective diameter to zero deactivates the pressure thrust load. Use this
method in conjunction with setting a large axial stiffness to simulate the effect of axial tie-rods.
Zero Length Expansion Joints
Specifies zeroes in the DX, DY, and DZ fields (or leave the fields blank) for hinged and gimbal
joints. Use 1.0 to define completely flexible stiffness and 1.0E12 to define completely rigid
stiffness. You must type all stiffnesses.
Finite Length Expansion Joints
Specifies the expansion joint vector in the DX, DY, and DZ boxes. Because the transverse
stiffness is directly related to the bending stiffness for finite length expansion joints, type only
one of these stiffnesses. CAESAR II calculates the other stiffness automatically based on
flexible length, effective ID, and the other stiffness. In general, type the transverse stiffness
and leave the bending stiffness blank.
Bellows Stiffness Properties
Specifies the expansion joint parameters.
Translation - Typical units (depending on your unit system):
lb/in
N/mm
N/m
N/cm
Rotation - Typical units (depending on your unit system):

in•lb/deg
N•m/deg
If the element length is zero, then you should define all stiffnesses. If the element length is not
zero, then you should leave blank either the Bending Stif or the Trans Stif box. CAESAR II
automatically calculates the stiffness that you did not type. You can type all stiffnesses for
rubber expansion joints
If the torsional stiffness value is not specified, CAESAR II uses a default value of
0.10000E+06 in•lb/deg or 0.11298E+05 N•m/deg.
Bending STIFFNESSES from EJMA (and from most expansion joint manufacturers) that are
used in a finite length expansion joint model should be multiplied by four before being used in
any piping software. Bending STIFFNESSES from EJMA (and from most expansion joint
manufacturers) that are used in a ZERO length expansion joint model should be used without
modification.
Use 1.0 for bellows stiffnesses that are completely flexible.
Use 1.0E12 for rigid bellows stiffnesses.
Zero length expansion joints can be used in many modeling applications, such as defining
struts or hinged ends. The orientation of zero length expansion joints is taken from the
element that precedes the expansion joint if the To node of the preceding element is equal to
the From node on the expansion joint element. If the preceding element does not go into the
expansion joint, then the orientation is taken from the element that follows the expansion joint
if it properly leaves the joint.
Effective ID
Specifies the effective inside diameter for pressure thrust from the manufacturer's catalog. If
left blank, or zero, then no axial thrust force due to pressure is calculated.
in
mm
cm
For all load cases, including pressure, CAESAR II calculates the pressure thrust force tending
to blow the bellows apart. Many manufacturers give the effective area of the expansion joint:
Aeff. The Effective ID is calculated from the effective area by:
Effective ID = (4Aeff / p)1/2
Reducer
Specifies reducer data. Select or clear this option by double-clicking Reducer on the Classic
Piping Input dialog box.
The Reducer auxiliary panel tab defines options for the reducer.
The software assigns the Diameter 2, Thickness 2, and Alpha values to the To node of the
reducer. The diameter and wall thickness at the From node of the reducer element are taken
from the current piping element data.
CAESAR II constructs a concentric reducer element made of ten pipe cylinders, each of a
successively larger or smaller diameter and wall thickness over the element length. CAESAR
II calculates SIFs according to the current piping code (for more information, see Code
Compliance Considerations) and applies these internally to the Code Stress Calculations.
These SIFs are dependent on the slope of the reducer transition (among other code-specific
considerations), Alpha. If Alpha is left blank, then the software calculates this value based on
the change in pipe diameter over 60% of the element length. If specified, Diameter 2 and
Thickness 2 are carried forward when the next pipe element is created as Diameter and
Wt/Sch. If not specified, Diameter 2 and Thickness 2 are assumed to be equal to Diameter
and Wt/Sch on the following element dialog box.
If there is no value for Alpha is specified on the dialog box, CAESAR II reports the alpha
value in the Errors and Warnings dialog box.
Diameter 2
Specifies D2, the diameter at the To node of the reducer element. The value carries forward
as the diameter of the following element. Nominal values are converted to actual values if that
feature is active.
If left blank, the software uses the diameter from the following element as Diameter 2.
Thickness 2
Specifies T2, the wall thickness at the To node of the reducer element. The value carries
forward as the wall thickness of the following element. Nominal values are converted to actual
values if that feature is active.
If this option is left blank, the software uses the thickness from the following element as
Thickness 2.
Alpha
Specifies a, the slope, in degrees, of the reducer transition. If left blank, CAESAR II assumes
the slope equal to the arc tangent 1/2(the change in diameters) / (length of sloped portion of
reducer).
TD/12. This entry is a required input for IGE/TD/12.
Because all reducers are different, the actual length of sloped portion of reducer is unknown
unless you define it. Because of this, if Alpha is not specified, CAESAR II assumes that the
length of sloped portion of reducer is equal to 60% of the total reducer length. If you leave the
Alpha value blank, then CAESAR II defaults to arc tangent 1/2(the change in diameters) /
(0.60 x element length).
R1
Specifies R1, the transition radius for the large end of the reducer as shown in Appendix 4,
Table 8 of IGE/TD/12 Code. This option is available only when IGE/TD/12 is active.
R2
Specifies R2, the transition radius for the small end of the reducer as shown in Appendix 4,
Table 8 of IGE/TD/12.
SIFs & Tees
Defines SIF and tee data. Select or clear by double-clicking the SIFs & Tees check box on
the Classic Piping Input dialog box.
The SIFs/Tees auxiliary panel tab controls options for stress intensification factors (SIFs), or
fitting types, for up to two nodes per element. If you select components from the list, the
software automatically calculates the SIF values according to the applicable code unless you
override this behavior. Certain fittings and certain codes require additional data. Boxes display
as appropriate for the selected fitting.
There are two basic component types:
Three element intersection components
Two element joint components
A fully defined intersection model requires that three pipes frame into the intersection node
and that two of them are co-linear. Partial intersection assumptions are made for junctions
where you have coded one or two pipes into the intersection node, but these models are not
recommended. Two element joint components can be formed equally well with one or two
elements framing into the node.
You only need to type the intersection or joint type and properties on one of the elements
going to the junction. CAESAR II duplicates the intersection characteristics for all other pipes
framing into the intersection.
Fully review the warning messages coming from CAESAR II during error checking.
These messages detail any assumptions made during the assembly and calculation of
the intersection SIFs.
To view and change the stress intensification factors calculated by the software, use the
Intersection SIF Scratchpad and the Bend SIF Scratchpad.
Input Items Optionally Affecting SIF Calculations (Except for ISO 14692)*
The available intersections and joint types, along with the other parameters that can affect the
stress intensification factors for the respective component, are shown in the table that follows.
Tees (see Intersection Types in the CAESAR II Quick Reference Guide)
1 Reinforced Pad Thk Ftg Ro Crotch

Fabricated
Tee
2 Unreinforced Ftg Ro Crotch

Fabricated
Tee
3 Welding Tee Ftg Ro Crotch
4 Sweepolet Crotch
5 Weldolet Crotch
6 Extruded Ftg Ro Crotch

Welding Tee
Joints
7 Girth Butt Weld D Or ID

Weld
8 Socket Weld Fillet

(No Undercut)
9 Socket Weld Fillet

(As Welded)
10 Tapered Weld D
Transition
11 Threaded
Joint
12 Double
Welded Slip-
On
13 Lap Joint
Flange
(B16.9)
Special Components
14 Bonney Forge
Sweepolet
15 Bonney Forge Weld ID

Latrolet
16 Bonney Forge
Insert
Weldolet
17 Full Ftg Ro Weld ID

Encirclement
Tee
This list does not include input items effecting SIF calculations for ISO 14692. For
more information on ISO 14692, see Input Items Optionally Affecting SIF Calculations for ISO
14692.
Node
Specifies the node number where the stress intensification exists. CAESAR II displays the To
node of the current element by default. You can type any node in the system, but it is most
often at a pipe intersection or joint.
If the node is at an intersection, CAESAR II calculates SIFs for all pipes going to the
intersection if the intersection Type is specified. You only need to type the intersection type
once. CAESAR II finds all other pipes framing into the intersection and applies the appropriate
SIFs.
If the node is at a two-pipe joint, such as a butt weld, CAESAR II calculates SIFs for the two
pipes going to the joint node if the joint Type is specified. You only need to specify the joint
type once. CAESAR II finds the other pipe completing the joint and applies the appropriate
SIFs.
If the node is not at an intersection or a joint then, leave the Type box blank and type user
defined SIFs in the SIF(i) and SIF(o) boxes. Entries in the SIF(i) and SIF(o) boxes only apply
to the element on which they are defined.
User defined stress intensification factors must be greater than or equal to one.
CAESAR II calculates and displays code-defined SIFs in the Intersection SIF scratchpad.
Access this scratchpad from the Classic Piping Input dialog box by clicking Environment >
Review SIFs at Intersection Nodes or Intersection SIF scratchpad on the Input Tools
toolbar. You can modify parameters used in the scratchpad so that you can observe the
effects of different geometries and thicknesses. Most changes made in the scratchpad can be
automatically transferred back into the model.
If the node is on any part of the bend curvature, then the following applies:
You cannot override code calculated SIFs for bends by default. A configuration option
exists to override this default. For more information, see Allow User's SIF at Bend. If you
set Allow User's SIF at Bend to True, then you can specify SIFs for bend To nodes.
The SIFs specified in this way apply for the entire bend curvature.
CAESAR II applies user-defined SIFs to straight pipe going to points on a bend

curvature regardless of any parameter in the setup file. This option is commonly used to
intensify injector tie-ins at bends, or dummy legs, or other bend attachment-type of
supports.
Type
Specifies the type of tee or joint.
Non-FRP piping codes

Select one of six types of tees and ten types of joints. These elements correspond to 1 to 6
and 7 to 16 in the table Input Items Optionally Affecting SIF Calculations (Except for ISO
14692)*.
BS 7159 and UKOOA
Select Moulded or Fabricated. A moulded tee corresponds to either the Welding (3) or
Extruded (6) welding tee Type. A fabricated tee corresponds to a tee Type of Reinforced (1).
IGE/TD/12
Select one of 11 types of tees and joints. For specialized diagrams of tee type with this code,
see IGE\TD\12 Reference.
ISO 14692 2005
Select one of three types of tee and joints: Tee (1), Qualified Tee (3), and Joint (2). Select 1 -
Tee for the software to use the method specified in the ISO 14692 code for non-qualified tees.
Select 2 - Joint for CAESAR II to use the calculations specified in the code for joints and
fittings. Select 3 - Qualified Tee for the software to use the code-specified calculation for
qualified service stress for tees (including the pressure stress multiplier, mpst).
ISO 14692 2017
Select 1 - Tee for a SIF of 1.5 or 2 - Other for a SIF of 1.0.
ASME NC and ND piping codes
These codes do not include equations for SIFs with a tee Type of Sweepolet (4), Weldolet
(5), or Extruded (6). When you specify one of these tee types, CAESAR II uses B31.1
equations.
You must define a tee as the appropriate tee in Type for the proper application of in-
plane and out-of-plane SIFs along the tee's local axis. Otherwise, the software assumes the
tee is a pipe and apples SIFs along the pipe's local axis.
In-Plane SIF (ii)
Indicates the in-plane stress intensification factors (SIFs) for a bend or an intersection.
Specify this value for any point in the piping system by selecting the SIFs & Tees check box
on the Classic Piping Input dialog box. Type the node number to which the stress applies.
Then, specify the In-Plane SIF (ii) value on the SIFs/Tees tab.
If you do not specify a value in the In-Plane SIF (ii) and Out-Plane SIF (io) boxes,
CAESAR II performs code-related calculations.
For more information on stress intensification factors (SIFs) in CAESAR II, see Stress
Intensification Factors Details.
In-Plane Index (Ii)
Indicates the in-plane sustained stress index (Ii) value.
Specify this value for any point in the piping system by selecting SIFs & Tees on the Classic
Piping Input Dialog. Type the node number to which the stress index applies. Then, specify
the In-Plane (Ii) value on the SIFs/Tees auxiliary tab.
For more information on stress intensification factors (SIFs), see Stress Intensification
Factors and Stress Indices Details.
For more information on using local coordinate systems to define in-plane and out-
plane, see Tee Elements and Stress Intensification Factors (SIFs) in CAESAR II Local
Coordinate Definitions.
If you do not specify a value for In-Plane Index (Ii) box, CAESAR II sets the value to the
greater value of either 0.75 multiplied by the In-Plane SIF value (ii) or 1.0.
Out-Plane SIF (io)
Indicates the out-of-plane stress intensification factors (SIFs) for a bend or intersection.
Specify this value for any point in the piping system by selecting the SIFs & Tees check box
on the Classic Piping Input dialog box. Type the node number to which the stress applies.
Then, specify the Out-Plane SIF (io) value on the SIFs/Tees tab.
If you do not specify a value in the In-Plane SIF (ii) and Out-Plane SIF (io) boxes,
CAESAR II performs code-related calculations.
Intensification Factors Details.
Out-Plane Index (Io)
Indicates the out-of-plane sustained stress index (Io) value.
Specify this value for any point in the piping system by selecting the SIFs & Tees on the
Classic Piping Input Dialog. Type the node number to which the stress index applies. Then,
specify the Out-Plane Index (io) value on the SIFs/Tees auxiliary tab.
For more information on stress intensification factors (SIFs), see Stress Intensification
Factors and Stress Indices Details.
For more information on using local coordinate systems to define in-plane and out-
plane, see Tee Elements and Stress Intensification Factors (SIFs) in CAESAR II Local
Coordinate Definitions.
If you do not specify a value for In-Plane Index (Ii) box, CAESAR II sets the value to the
greater value of either 0.75 multiplied by the In-Plane SIF value (ii) or 1.0.
Torsion SIF (it)
Indicates the torsional SIF (it) value for a bend or an intersection.
specify the Torsion SIF (it) value on the SIFs/Tees auxiliary tab.
If you do not specify a value in the Torsion SIF (it) box, CAESAR II sets the value to
1.0 by default.
Intensification Factors and Stress Indices Details.
Torsion Index (It)
Indicates the sustained torsional moment index (It). You can use this index value (along with
the torsional moment due to sustained loads) to determine the amount of stress that is due to
sustained torsional moment.
Specify this value for any point in the piping system by selecting SIFs & Tees on the Classic
Piping Input dialog. Type the node number to which the stress index applies. Then, specify
the Torsion Index (It) value on the SIFs/Tees auxiliary panel tab.
If you do not specify a value for Torsion Index (It), CAESAR II sets the value to 1.0
by default.
Axial SIF (ia)
Indicates the longitudinal (axial) SIF (ia) value on a bend or at an intersection.
Classic Piping Input Dialog. Type the node number to which the SIF applies. Then, specify the
Axial SIF (ia) value on the SIFs/Tees auxiliary tab.
The B31.3 code indicates that, in the absence of more applicable data, the Axial SIF
(ia) value is 1 for elbows, pipe bends, and miter bends. The ia value is the same as the Out-
Plane SIF (io) value for all other components.
Axial Index (Ia)
Indicates the sustained longitudinal (axial) force index (Ia). You can use this index value
(along with the longitudinal force due to sustained loads and the dimensions of a cross-
sectional area of the pipe) to determine the amount of stress that is due to sustained
longitudinal force.
specify the Axial Index (Ia) value on the SIFs/Tees auxiliary tab.
If you do not specify a value in the Axial Index (Ia) box, CAESAR II sets the value to
1.0 by default.
Pressure SIF (ip)
Indicates the pressure SIF (ip) value for a bend or an intersection.
Classic Piping Input Dialog. Type the node number to which the stress pressure applies.
Then, specify the Pressure SIF (ip) value on the SIFs/Tees auxiliary tab.
If you do not specify a value in the Pressure SIF (ip) box, the software sets the value to
1.0 by default.
For ISO-14692 2005, the software only uses Pressure SIF (ip) for mitered bends and
uses the unqualified bend value of 1.3. You can type another value, such as the
qualified bend value of 1.0.
Pressure Index (Ip)
Indicates the sustained pressure index (Ip).
specify the Pressure Index (ip) value on the SIFs/Tees auxiliary tab.
If you do not specify a value in the Pressure Index (Ip) box, CAESAR II sets the
value to 1.0 by default.
Pad Thk
Specifies the thickness of the reinforcing pad for reinforced fabricated or full encirclement tees
(intersection type #1 and #17, respectively). The pad thickness is only valid for these
intersection types. If the thickness of a type #1 or type #17 intersection is left blank or the
value entered is zero, the software uses the SIFs for an unreinforced fabricated tee.
In most piping codes, the beneficial effect of the pad thickness is limited to 1.5 times the
nominal thickness of the header. This factor does not apply in BS 806 or Z184 and is 2.5 in
the Swedish piping code.
Ftg Ro
Specifies the fitting outside radius for branch connections. This option is used for reduced
branch connections in the ASME and B31.1 piping codes, Bonney Forge Insert Weldolets,
and for WRC 329 intersection SIF calculations. Configuration options exist to invoke the WRC
329 calculations and to limit the application of the reduced branch connection rules to
unreinforced fabricated tees, sweepolets, weldolets, and extruded welding tees. If omitted,
Ftg Ro defaults to the outside radius of the branch pipe.
CROTCH R
Specifies the crotch radius of the formed lip on an extruded welding tee, intersection type 6.
This is also the intersection weld crotch radius for WRC329 calculations. Specifying this value
can result in a 50% reduction in the stress intensification at the WRC 329 intersection. If you
attempt to reduce the stress riser at a fabricated intersection by guaranteeing that there is a
smooth transition radius from the header to the branch pipe, then you may reduce the
resulting stress intensification by a factor of 2.0.
WELD (D)
Specifies the average circumferential weld mismatch measured at the inside diameter of the
pipe. This value is used for butt welds and tapered transitions. This is the average; not the
maximum mismatch. You must verify that any maximum mismatch requirements are satisfied
for your code.
Socket Cx / Fillet
Specifies the fillet leg length. This option is used only in conjunction with a socket weld
component. The value is the length of the shorter leg for an unequal leg fillet weld. If a fillet
leg is given, both socket weld types result in the same SIF. See Appendix D of the B31 piping
codes for further clarification. When no value is defined, the software uses zero.
Weld ID
Specifies the weld identifier value. Select 0 - As Welded or 1 - Finished/Ground Flush.
If you specify a value of 1 - Finished/Ground Flush, then the software considers the weld to
be ground flush on the inside and out and it calculates the SIF as 1.0.
For more information on how input parameters are used to compute SIFs for girth butt welds,
see Mismatch - Average / Weld (d).
This property only applies to:
Bonney Forge Sweepolets
Bonney Forge Insert Weldolets
Butt Welds in the Swedish Piping Codes
IGE/TD/12
Butt Welds in the IGE/TD/12 code
B1; Wc
Specifies values that depend upon the code that you are using.
ASME Class 2 and ASME Class 3
Defines the primary stress index used for the given node on the current element.
Unless you otherwise over ride this value, the following values are applied for ASME Class 2
and Class 3 piping:
Straight Pipe: B1 = 0.5 B2 = 1.0
Curved Pipe: B1 = -0.1 + 0.4h; but not <0 or >0.5
B2 = 1.30/h**2/3 but not <1.0; h = tR/ rm**2
Intersections: B1 = 0.5
Butt Welded Tees: B2b = 0.4(R/T)**2/3 but not < 1.0
B2r = 0.5(R/T)**2/3 but not < 1.0
Branch Connections: (r < 0.5R)
B2b = 0.50 C2b but not < 1.0
B2r = 0.75 C2r but not < 1.0
C2b = 3(R/T)**2/3 (r/R)**1/2 (t/T)(r/FTG ro)

but not < 1.5
C2r = 1.15(r/t)**1/4 but not < 1.5
B31.1 / B31.3
Defines the weld strength reduction factor (Wc) used to reduce the allowable stress for the
sustained load case. When you do not define a value, the sofware uses the material database
value.
The software ignores this value when you set Ignore B31.1/B31.3 Wc Factor to
True in the Configuration Editor.
B31.3 Chapter IX
Not used.
BS-7159 and UKOOA
Defines the pressure stress multiplier (m) if it is different than the code requirements. For
straight pipe, m = 1.0; for bends and tees, m is defined in Figures 7.1 and 7.12 of the BS 7159
Code.
IGE/TD/12
Override the cyclic pressure stress intensification factor Ip(Cyc) if it is different than the code
calculations (calculated according to Table 9, Figure 5, and Figure 7 of the code).
B2
Specifies the primary stress index for the given node on the current element. This entry is only
applicable for ASME Class 2 and 3 piping.
If omitted, B1 and B2 are defaulted as follows:
Straight Pipe: B1=0.5 B2=1.0
Curved Pipe: B1=-0.1+0.4h; but not <0 or >0.5
B2=1.30/h2/3; but not <1.0; h=tR/rm2
Intersections: B1=0.5
Butt-Welded Tees: B2b=0.4(R/T)2/3 but not <1.0
B2r=0.5(R/T)2/3 but not <1.0
Branch Connections: (r<0.5R)
B2b=0.50 C2b but not <1.0
B2r=0.75 C2r but not <1.0

C2b=3(R/T)2/3 (r/R)1/2 (t/T)(r/FTG ro) but not
<1.5
C2r=1.15(r/t)1/4 but not <1.5
You can use the SIF(IN) and SIF(OUT) boxes to override the CAESAR II calculated values for
any intersection. Override values only apply for the single element on which they are defined.
SIFs can be calculated for partial intersections and dummy legs.
When IGE/TD/12 is active, the SIF/TEE dialog box changes its appearance to
accommodate specialized SIF parameters. Refer to the supplementary IGE/TD/12
documentation for further information.
Code Options (B31.1 & B31.8)
B31.1
(B31.1 2018 only)
Indicates that the tee meets the dimensional criteria of B31.1 Figure D1 as well as Notes 10a,
10c, 10d, 10e, and 10f. This allows the software to use the branch equation when determining
the SIF value for the tee. This option relies on setting the Reduced Intersection and No
RFT/WLT in Reduced Fitting SIFs options on the Configuration Editor.
B31.8
Indicates that the software should use B31.8 Notes 6, 9, or 10, as applicable, when
determining the SIF value for the tee.
ASME NC and ND
Indicates that the tee meets the dimensional criteria of ASME NC/ND, Figure 3673.2(b)-2 and
Notes 10 and 11. This allows the software to use the branch equation when determining the
SIF value for the tee. This option relies on setting the Reduced Intersection and No RFT/WLT
in Reduced Fitting SIFs options on the Configuration Editor.
ASME NC/ND 3673.2(b)-1 Note 3
Indicates that the material for the ASME NC/ND tee is ferrous, which allows the software to
compute the Y value based on the highest specified temperature value.
Properties Used for SIF Calculations with FRP Piping Code ISO 14692
The ISO 14692 code provides a limited number of tee and joint types for fiberglass reinforced
pipe (FRP).
1 - Tee
The software uses the method specified in ISO 14692 for non-qualified tees.
2 - Joint
The software uses the calculations specified in the code for joints and fittings.
3 - Qualified Tee
The software uses the code-specified calculation for qualified service stress for tees
(including the pressure stress multiplier, mpst).
User-Defined SIFs Anywhere in the Piping System
SIFs for non-intersection points are normally taken to be 1.0 unless the piping element is a
bend. If the SIF should be greater than (1.0), then you can type the non-unity SIF in the
Intersection Auxiliary box without specifying the intersection type. A user-defined SIF only
acts at the node on the current element.
IGE\TD\12 Requirements
IGE\TD\12 requires different information than the other codes used in CAESAR II. When
IGE\TD\12 is active, the SIFs/Tees Auxiliary field changes to accommodate specialized SIF
parameters. For more information regarding the specialized parameters refer to the text and
figures at the end of this section.
Node
Specifies the node number where the stress intensification exists. CAESAR II displays the To
node of the current element by default. You can type any node in the system, but it is most
often at a pipe intersection or joint.
If the node is at an intersection, CAESAR II calculates SIFs for all pipes going to the
intersection if the intersection Type is specified. You only need to type the intersection type
once. CAESAR II finds all other pipes framing into the intersection and applies the appropriate
SIFs.
If the node is at a two-pipe joint, such as a butt weld, CAESAR II calculates SIFs for the two
pipes going to the joint node if the joint Type is specified. You only need to specify the joint
type once. CAESAR II finds the other pipe completing the joint and applies the appropriate
SIFs.
If the node is not at an intersection or a joint then, leave the Type box blank and type user
defined SIFs in the SIF(i) and SIF(o) boxes. Entries in the SIF(i) and SIF(o) boxes only apply
to the element on which they are defined.
User defined stress intensification factors must be greater than or equal to one.
CAESAR II calculates and displays code-defined SIFs in the Intersection SIF scratchpad.
Access this scratchpad from the Classic Piping Input dialog box by clicking Environment >
Review SIFs at Intersection Nodes or Intersection SIF scratchpad on the Input Tools
toolbar. You can modify parameters used in the scratchpad so that you can observe the
effects of different geometries and thicknesses. Most changes made in the scratchpad can be
automatically transferred back into the model.
If the node is on any part of the bend curvature, then the following applies:
You cannot override code calculated SIFs for bends by default. A configuration option
exists to override this default. For more information, see Allow User's SIF at Bend. If you
set Allow User's SIF at Bend to True, then you can specify SIFs for bend To nodes.
The SIFs specified in this way apply for the entire bend curvature.
CAESAR II applies user-defined SIFs to straight pipe going to points on a bend

curvature regardless of any parameter in the setup file. This option is commonly used to
intensify injector tie-ins at bends, or dummy legs, or other bend attachment-type of
supports.
Type
Specifies the type of tees or joints.
Do/r3
Specifies the Do or r3 values for each component type
in
mm
cm
Forged Tee to BS 1640
Specifies the Do value. For more information on Do, see IGE\TD\12 Reference.
Weldolet
Specifies the r3 value. For more information on r3, see IGE\TD\12 Reference.
Drawn/Extruded Tee
Specifies the Do value. For more information on Do, see IGE\TD\12 Reference.
Weldoflange
T/Th/Tb
Specifies the following terms for each component type:
in
mm
cm
Specifies the T value. For more information on T, see IGE\TD\12 Reference.
Weldolet
Specifies the theta (q) value in degrees. For more information on theta, see IGE\TD\12
Reference.
Drawn/Extruded Tee
in
mm
cm
Specifies the T value. For more information on T, see IGE\TD\12 Reference.
Weldoflange
Specifies the theta (q) value in degrees. For more information on theta, see IGE\TD\12
Reference.
Te/Tb
Specifies Te or Tb based on component type.
in
mm
cm
Fabricated Tee with Pad
Specifies the Te value. For more information on Te, see IGE\TD\12 Reference.
Specifies the Tb value. For more information on Tb, see IGE\TD\12 Reference.
Weldolet
Drawn/Extruded Tee
Full Encirclement Tee
Specifies the Te value. For more information on Te, see IGE\TD\12 Reference.
Long Weldneck Flange
Weldoflange
rp/do
Specifies rp or do based on the component type.
in
mm
cm
Fabricated Tee
Specifies the rp value. For more information on rp, see IGE\TD\12 Reference.
Specifies the do value. For more information on do, see IGE\TD\12 Reference.
Weldolet
Drawn/Extruded Tee
Specifies the do value. For more information on do, see IGE\TD\12 Reference.
Weldoflange
r2/rc
Specifies r2 or rc values based on the component type.
in
mm
cm
Fabricated Tee
Specifies the rc value. For more information on rc, see IGE\TD\12 Reference.
Sweepolet
Weldolet
Drawn/Extruded Tee
Weldoflange
r1/Tc/Lh
Specifies r1, Tc, or Lh based on the component type.

in
mm
cm
Fabricated Tee
Specifies the Tc value. For more information on Tc, see IGE\TD\12 Reference.
Sweepolet
Weldolet
Drawn/Extruded Tee
Specifies the Lh value. For more information on Lh, see IGE\TD\12 Reference.
Weldoflange
L1/Lb
Specifies L1 or Lb based on the component type.
in
mm
cm
Fabricated Tee
Specifies the L1 value. For more information on L1, see IGE\TD\12 Reference.
Weldolet
Drawn/Extruded Tee
Specifies the Lb value. For more information on Lb, see IGE\TD\12 Reference.
Weldoflange
IGE\TD\12 Reference
Use the figures below to identify the specialized parameters.
Forged Tee
Weldolet
Drawn/Extruded Tee
Weldoflange
Full Encirclement Tee

Sweepolet
Fabricated Tee
Fabricated Tee with Pad

Weld ID
Specifies the weld identifier value. Select 0 - As Welded or 1 - Finished/Ground Flush.
If you specify a value of 1 - Finished/Ground Flush, then the software considers the weld to
be ground flush on the inside and out and it calculates the SIF as 1.0.
For more information on how input parameters are used to compute SIFs for girth butt welds,
see Mismatch - Average / Weld (d).
This property only applies to:
Bonney Forge Sweepolets
Bonney Forge Insert Weldolets
Butt Welds in the Swedish Piping Codes
IGE/TD/12
Butt Welds in the IGE/TD/12 code
Stress Concentration Factors
Overrides the stress concentration factors calculated according to the IGE/TD/12 Code
equations. Any values typed here apply only to the element on which they have been
specified except when entered on a bend node. In that case, they apply throughout the bend.
For branches of tees, any bending SCFs specified here must include the "w" term.
Fatigue Class
Overrides the fatigue class calculated according to the IGE/TD/12 Code equations. Any
values selected here apply only to the element on which they have been specified except
when entered on a bend node. In that case, they apply throughout the bend.
Boundary Conditions
Indicates you are supplying information on items which restrain (or impose movement on) the
pipe, such as restraints, hangers, flexible nozzles, or displacements. Select or clear these
options by double-clicking the applicable check box on the Classic Piping Input dialog box.
Though not required, it is recommended that you define such information on the dialog box
which has that point as the From node or To node. This is of benefit if the data must be
located for modification. The auxiliary panel tabs allow you to specify up to four restraints
(devices which in some way modify the free motion of the system), one hanger, one nozzle, or
two sets of nodal displacements per element. If needed, you can define additional conditions
for any node on other elements.
Restraints
Aux Tools toolbar: Restraints
Related commands:
Right-click menu: Restraint > Delete Restraint
Right-click menu: Restraint > Edit Restraint
Indicates that you are specifying restraint data. Select or clear this option by double-clicking
the Restraints check box on the Classic Piping Input.
The Restraints tab of the auxiliary panel controls data for up to six restraints for each
element. Node number and restraint types are required. All other information is optional. If you
omit the stiffness, the software defaults the support to a rigid component. Enter a support tag
name in the Tag field. You can also import support tag and a Support GUID using keywords in
the PCF restraint mapping file. CAESAR II adds the support tag after you import the PCF file.
You can specify as many as six restraints for an element. If you need to specify more than six
restraints on one element, you can place the additional restraints on any other element.
Specify skewed restraints by typing direction cosines with the type, such as X (1,0,1) for
a restraint running at 45 degrees in the X-Z plane.
Do not use restraints in the following situations:
Imposed Displacements - Specify displacements for the point using the

Displacements auxiliary panel in Piping Input.
Flexible Nozzles - Use the Nozzles Flex check box to open the Nozzles auxiliary
panel to input the vessel or tank characteristics required by WRC 297, PD 5500,
or API 650 to calculate local nozzle flexibilities. You can also specify custom
nozzle flexibilities using the Custom Nozzle Type option. After the software
calculates the nozzle stiffnesses, CAESAR II automatically inserts the necessary
restraints and flexibilities into the piping model.
Hangers program-designed or pre-defined spring hangers - Use the Hangers

check box to open the Hanger auxiliary panel in Piping Input.
For information on controlling the display of restraints, see Restraints.
Node
Specifies the node number where the restraint is to act. The node number does not have to
be on the current element.
CNode
Specifies the connecting node. Restraints with connecting nodes (CNodes) can be used to tie
one node in the piping system to any other node in the system. If left blank, then the software
ties the restraint node by the restraint stiffness to a fixed point in space. If the CNode is
specified, then the software ties the restraint node by the restraint stiffness to the connecting
node.
In all cases, CNodes associate nodal degrees of freedom. Additionally, you can use CNodes
to geometrically connect different parts of a model graphically. CAESAR II controls this option
through the Connect Geometry through CNodes configuration setting.
Type
Specifies the restraint type. You can select a restraint from the list in the Restraints auxiliary
panel in Piping Input. For more information, see the Restraints section of the CAESAR II
Applications Guide.
Restraint Type Description Example
ANC Anchor
Modifiers:
Stiffness
Gap
Mu The anchor is
at the center of the
pipe for a rigid
stanchion. Otherwise,
the anchor is at the
base of the stanchion.
X, Y, or Z Translational Double Acting X support
Modifiers:
Stiffness
Gap
Mu
+X, -X, +Y, -Y, +Z, -Z Translational Directional +Y support with slide
plates
Modifiers:
Allows movement in
Stiffness
the positive Y direction
and restrains
Gap
movement in the
Mu negative Y direction.
The plus or minus

sign (+/-) on the restraint
specifies the direction of free
movement.
RX, RY, or RZ Rotational Double Acting 1) RZ, X, and Y
Modifiers:
Stiffness
Gap 2) RX, RY, X, and Y.

Hinged-end rod free to
rotate about the Z-
axis. Restrains all
except RZ.
+RX, -RX, +RY, -RY, +RZ, -RZ Rotational Directional +RZ, X, and Y
Modifiers:
Stiffness
Gap
The plus or minus

sign (+/-) on the restraint
specifies the direction of free
movement.
GUIDE Guide, Double Acting Guide (or X) and Y
Modifiers:
Stiffness
Gap
Mu
This can also
GUIDE only restricts be X instead of
the pipe’s lateral movement in GUIDE.
the horizontal plane and does
not contain a vertical
component or a pipe axial
component.
LIM Double Acting Limit Stop LIM with gap (or X with
gap) and +Y
Modifiers:
Gap between support
Stiffness
and each limit stop
Gap
Mu
A limit stop is axial to

the pipe but may not align
with a global axis when For more information,
elements are non-orthogonal. see Gap.
This can also

be X with gap instead
of LIM with gap.
+LIM, -LIM Directional Limit Stop +LIM with gap in the

direction of the From
Modifiers:
node to the To node
(also +Y)
Stiffness
Gap between support
Gap
and the limit stop
Mu
A limit stop is axial to

the pipe but may not align
with a global axis when
elements are non-orthogonal.
For more information,
see Gap.
This can also

be +X with gap instead
of +LIM with gap.
XROD, YROD, ZROD Large Rotation Rod YROD or +YROD
Modifiers:
+XROD, +YROD, +ZROD,
Stiffness
Length
Fi
All rods are This can also

directional. If there is no sign be +YROD instead of
it is assumed to be positive. YROD.
-XROD, -YROD, -ZROD Large Directional Rotation -YROD

Rod
Modifiers:
Stiffness
Length
Fi
X2, Y2, Z2 Translational Double Acting X2 soil stiffness with a

Bilinear load limit
Modifiers:
K1
K2
Fy
For more information,
see Stif, K2, and Mu.
+X2, -X2, +Y2, -Y2, +Z2, -Z2 Translational Directional The directional
Bilinear restraint allows
movement in the
Modifiers:
specified direction.
K1
K2
Fy
RX2, RY2, RZ2 Rotational Double Acting RX2, RY2

Bilinear
Modifiers:
K1
K2
Fy
+RX2, -RX2, +RY2, -RY2, +RZ2, - Rotational Directional Bilinear The directional
RZ2 restraint allows
Modifiers: rotation in the
specified direction
K1
about the specified
K2 axis.
Fy
XSPR, YSPR, ZSPR Bottom Out Spring YSPR
Modifiers:
Stiffness
XSNB, YSNB, ZSNB Translational Double Acting YSNB

Snubber
Modifier:
Stiffness
+XSNB, -XSNB, +YSNB, -YSNB, Directional Snubber The directional
+ZSNB, -ZSNB restraint allows
Modifier:
movement in the
specified direction.
Stiffness
ANC
Specifies an anchor restraint. This type of restraint is defined for all degrees of freedom at the
node.
X, Y, or Z
Specifies restraints which can be preceded by a (+) or (-). If you type a sign, it defines the
direction of allowed free displacement along the specified degree-of-freedom. For example, a
+Y restraint is a restraint against movement in the minus -Y direction. It is free to move in the
plus Y direction.
X (cosx, cosy, cosz) or X (vecx, vecy, vecz)
Specifies translational skewed restraints. These values can be preceded by a (+) or (-). If you
type a direction vector such as vecx, vecy, or vecz, CAESAR II converts the direction vector
into the corresponding cosines.
RX, RY, or RZ
Specifies rotational restraints which can be preceded by a (+) or (-). If you type a sign, it
defines the direction of allowed free displacement along the specified degree-of-freedom.
Guide
Specifies a transverse restraint that can be skewed.
LIM
Specifies limit stops. These are axial restraints that can be preceded by a (+) or (-). If you type
a sign, it defines the direction of allowed free displacement along the element longitudinal
axis.
XROD, YROD, ZROD
Specifies translational, large rotation, rod, or hanger-type restraints. These values can be
preceded by a (+) or (-) sign to indicate the orientation of the pivot point about which the rod
swings. A (+) is assumed. In the case of a YROD, this implies that the pivot point is above the
pipe. The rod or hanger length is also required.
XROD (COSX, COSY, COSZ) or XROD (VECX, VECY, VECZ)
Specifies translational skewed, large rotation rod, or hanger type restraints.
X2, Y2, Z2
Specifies bilinear restraints. These are restraints that have two different stiffnesses associated
with them. The stiffness is dependent upon the loading on the restraint. Bilinear restraints can
be preceded by a (+) or a (-).
RX (cosx, cosy, cosz) or RX (vecx, vecy, vecz)
Specifies rotational skewed restraints.
XSPR, YSPR, ZSPR
Specifies spring supports. These values can be preceded by a (+) or a (-).
A bottom out spring requires additional input. The additional input includes the spring rate,
allowed travel, and initial load. If the allowed travel in the direction of support is exceeded, the
spring bottoms-out.
XSNB, YSNB, ZSNB
Specifies snubbers, which are restraints that engage only during quick movements such as
those induced by a shock. They only act on the piping system in the occasional load case.
Snubbers can be preceded by a (+) or a (-).
Because CAESAR II cannot perform load stepping, static analysis with snubbers requires a
preliminary manual analysis to determine thermal movements. Here is the procedure.
1. Analyze a hot operating case without your occasional loads.

2. Take the displacements from this analysis at the snubbers and put them back into the
input.
3. At the location where the snubbers are defined, define a CNODE and put these
displacements on the CNODE.
4. For your real analysis, apply these displacements to all load cases. Because they are
on the far side of the snubber, they won't affect anything unless the load case is called
OCC, which activates the snubber stiffness.
So:
When you run your standard OPE case (W+T1+P1+D1), the snubber node displaces as
before. There are no restraints because the load case is OPE, not OCC.
When you run the operating + occasional case (W+T1+P1+D1+WIND1), the snubber
node displaces along with its CNODE. There is a difference in these two displacements
due to the WIND1 load and the snubber stiffness, because the case is now set as OCC.
K2
Specifies the yield stiffness, K2, of a bilinear restraint. Type a positive value. Type a value of
1.0 for very small stiffnesses. The software treats a K2 value of zero as rigid.
When the load on the restraint exceeds Fy, the stiffness, Stiff, on the restraint
changes from K1 to K2.
Gap
Specifies a gap value based on the selected restraint Type.
GAP
in
mm
cm
Specifies the distance along the restraint line of action that the restrained node can travel
before resistance to movement begins. The gap value must be positive. The gap is given in
degrees for rotational restraints. If the translational restraint is not preceded by a sign, then
the restraint is double acting and the gap exists for both positive and negative displacements
along the line of action. For example, if a 0.25 in. gap is specified at a +Y restraint, then the
restrained node can move freely 0.25 in. in the minus Y direction before restraint occurs. The
gap specification does not affect the amount of free displacement that can occur along the
positive Y direction in this example.
You can type two restraints having the same line of action but with different signs at the same
node when you define windows of allowed movement. Be careful to remember to form the
window with signs on restraints rather than with signs on gaps. A gap is a measure of length
in CAESAR II. A gap is always positive.
Examples:
TYPE GUI GAP 1/4 ... One-quarter inch gap on either side of the guided restraint.
TYPE +Y GAP 3.0 ... Three-inch gap below the support that must be closed before the
+Y support begins acting.
TYPE RX GAP 5.0 ... Five-degree gap about the X axis about which the pipe may rotate
freely before rotational restraint occurs.
TYPE = XROD YROD ZROD
Len
in
mm
cm
Specifies the swinging length of the rod or hanger. This is the distance along the restraint line
of action from the restrained node to the pivot point. The restraint swings about the pivot
point. If a CNODE is defined then the restraint swings about the CNODE. Len is a required
entry.
TYPE = X2 Y2 Z2 RX2 RY2 RZ2

K2
lb/in
N/mm
N/m
N/cm
in•lb/deg
N•m/deg
Specifies the yield stiffness of a bilinear restraint. When the load on the restraint exceeds Fy,
the stiffness on the restraint changes from K1 to K2. Type a negative value to model shallow
trench or groove-type pipeline supports. CAESAR II treats K2 values of zero as rigid. Type 1.0
for very small stiffnesses.
TYPE = XSPR YSPR ZSPR
"x"
in
mm
cm
Specifies the distance traveled along the spring axis before bottom-out occurs. In the case of
a typical YSPR, this is the movement in the negative Y direction before the spring bottoms
out.
TYPE = XSNB YSNB ZSNB
To graphically display restraint gaps, use the Restraint legend. For more
information, see Legends Toolbar and Using Legends to Check Your Model.
Stif
Specifies stiffness associated with any support, guide, limit stop, rod, or spring that can be
defined as a restraint. If you leave this option blank then the defined restraint is considered
rigid. The default rigid restraint stiffness is 1.0E12. Avoid stiffnesses greatly in excess of
1.0E15.
lb/in
N/mm
N/m
N/cm
in•lb/deg
N•m/deg
K1 is the initial stiffness of a bilinear restraint (for example, X2). If the restraint is not rigid,
then you can type any positive stiffness.
If you specify a stiffness value for an anchor, the translational degrees of freedom at the
anchored node receive the specified value, and the rotational degrees of freedom receive a
factored value using the ratio of rotational stiffness divided by translational stiffness. The ratio
is determined by the units you define for the model.
Units File Rotational Translational Ratio

(.FIL) Stiffness Stiffness
ENGLISH 1 1 1
DEUTSCH 0.11298 0.175127 0.64513
BAR 0.11298 0.175127 0.64513

FRANCE 0.11298 0.175127 0.64513
JAPAN 0.11298 175.12 6.4516e-4
MM 0.11298 175.12 6.4516e-4
SI 0.11298 1.75127 0.064513
TUV 0.11298 0.175127 0.64513
Mu
Specifies the following values:
TYPE = X Y Z GUI LIM
MU - Specifies the static friction coefficient. Friction provides resistance to movement along
the direction normal to the restraint line of action. The magnitude of the friction force is equal
to MU * Fn, where Fn is the normal force on the restraint. You can automatically assign a
friction coefficient to every new translational restraint by assigning a value to the Coefficient
of Friction box in the configuration. For more information, see Coefficient of Friction (Mu).
TYPE = XROD YROD ZROD
lb
Fi - Specifies the initial spring load. Leave this box blank for a rigid YROD. If you use YROD
to model a spring hanger, type the hanger stiffness into the STIF box. Type the initial cold load
on the hanger.
TYPE = X2 Y2 Z2 RX2 RY2 RZ2

lb
Fy - Specifies the yield load. If the load on the support is less than Fy then the initial stiffness
K1 is used. If the load on the support is greater than Fy then the second stiffness K2 is used.
TYPE = XSPR YSPR ZSPR
lb
F - Specifies the initial spring cold load. This input is required and is almost always positive.
TYPE = XSNB YSNB ZSNB
na - Not Applicable. This box is not used when the restraint TYPE is snubber.
Tag (Restraint Tag)
Specifies the restraint identifier or name. Type to manually create a new name. You can
import and export tags through a .pcf file or a neutral file.
The tag:
Displays in piping input, model graphics, and Isogen.
Exports to applicable output reports and MDB files.
Duplicates with the restraint or hanger when you duplicate the element.
GUID (Unique Component Identifier)
Displays the software-assigned GUID for the restraint.
GUID is a display-only value in the Restraints list input. For more information, see
List.

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Configuration Setting Failure Theory Calculated Stress

Max3D Shear Maximum Shear Stress Maximum Stress Intensity

von Mises Maximum Energy of Octahedral Shearing Stress

Equivalent Stress, Octahedral Shearing Stress, von Mises Stress:

3D Maximum Shear Stress Intensity (S.I.):

B31.3 Implement Appendix P

Include Axial Force in Expansion Stress

SIF Multiplier for Sustained Stress Index

Option Configuration Sustained Moment Multiplier (I)

B31.3, B31.3 Ch IX, B31.4, Codes similar to B31.3

Option 0.0000 I = 0.75i I = i (similar to Option 4)

Option 0.0001 I = 1.0 I = 1.0

Option 1.0000 I=i I=i

This change does not affect all piping codes.

To set security on your configuration file:

Windows XP: \Documents and Settings\All Users\Application Data\Intergraph CAS\CAESAR

Access Protected Data

Initially, New Password is the only option available.

Access Protected Data

ALT+2 - Opens Auxiliary Data as a separate dialog box

Specifies piping parameters in the CAESAR II Classic Piping Input Dialog.

Classic Piping Input Dialog Box

Function Key Destination Property Group

F2 From Node Numbers

F5 Temp 1 Operating Conditions

F7 Elastic Modulus (c) Elastic Properties

F8 Refractory Thickness Densities

Displays the current piping element number.

F2 - Jumps to Node Numbers

ALT+1 - Opens Edit Node Numbers dialog box

Double-click >> to display the Edit Node Numbers dialog box.

ALT+2 - Opens Edit Deltas dialog box

Double-click >> to display the Edit Deltas dialog box.

CAESAR II accepts [compound length]-[length]-[fraction] formats (such as feet - inch - fraction

Example Dimension Format Example Results

6-0 6 ft. 0 in.

6-10 6 ft. 10 in.

6-10-1/4 6 ft. 10-1/4 in.

Addition: 10 ft. 5-1/4 in.

6-10-1/4+3-7 9 m. 17-1/4 mm.

Subtraction: 3 ft. 1 in.

Multiplication: 5 ft. 3 in.

Division: 9 ft. 4.53 in.

337.6/3 112.53 mm.

For addition, you can add two or more positive operands.

For more information on element length, see Deltas.

CAESAR II accepts [compound length]-[length]-[fraction] formats (such as feet - inch - fraction

Example Dimension Format Example Results

6-0 6 ft. 0 in.

6-10 6 ft. 10 in.

6-10-1/4 6 ft. 10-1/4 in.

Addition: 10 ft. 5-1/4 in.

6-10-1/4+3-7 9 m. 17-1/4 mm.

Subtraction: 3 ft. 1 in.

Multiplication: 5 ft. 3 in.

Division: 9 ft. 4.53 in.

337.6/3 112.53 mm.

For addition, you can add two or more positive operands.

For more information on element length, see Deltas.

CAESAR II accepts [compound length]-[length]-[fraction] formats (such as feet - inch - fraction

Example Dimension Format Example Results

6-0 6 ft. 0 in.

6-10 6 ft. 10 in.

6-10-1/4 6 ft. 10-1/4 in.