Scanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScannerCOMBUSTION Combustion /s Tre chemica/ reaction A onyger with a substance to produce feat. Tt /s very Important in mechanical engineering as ik js, /n most cases, The means by Which heat /s plodvced Jer Mie Production B werk Brom heat engines «Wis heat Is usally produced by burping 2 Buel in dit os Semelimes jn pure oxygen. Fue/s usvaly cont2ir carbon» hydrogen yp and semetimes, tr2ces Z sulphur. Coals 28 most. LY carbon vo While liquid and (JPSCoUs Gels ze Aydrecarbons. The first objective 's to determine the zit necessary Eo burn Completely & give mets Gwe! tn erder to do That_, The general embustion equations are discussed , and The composition HA Drese jE /s shown That re air rs giver area air necessary Zor combustion could be calculated. Combustion Eqations ee ee OS ‘4 5 In Ue Zollowing » lhe peaction eqations ZB hydrogen carbon, siiphity and The it combindZions are discussed - Scanned with CamScannerMydragen ih ii Hydreger unites wilh oxygen according to Tre Gover) equation >} pe 0, 2 28 BES CT wy Lis means That, two molecules hydrager rea two Wilh one molecile Sf M7? to Zeorm molecules G water Vyaper - According Ee pvegadro’s baw, Tre number Z molecule per urit volume under giver conditions f Lemperatyr and pressute (5 The s2me Let 2! fdeal Geses Assume THis pumber to be Cn) molecules |r>. Multiplying al The terms a equation (2) by C7) we gel 1 ono. oh molecules per nd (mik volume) ne Co. H20 Te chemical symbol represents a molecu/e- Where The last eqvatior would Then have The Gollowing meaning « _ ang eae Clb) 28 Bla t i? Bo,: tt should be noted That This trve wher The water vapor CH2® 15 at The same initial temperature and pressuves 25 its “y constituents» and Laat iE obeys aie pers ge ewation B state, at This + ee “since. one molecule has Ue same volume Zor perfecl gs es at Te Same conditions o& Lemp: and pressure » Eqs fon Clb) can be puk In Lhe Zorn é yelation is only » Scanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScanner-Zz sppichent oxygen fs nok available, Lye cembus tien B Ca&then 1s intsmp tac Dfen predvces C2¥bon monoxide (CO) jnsLeced 2C0 beer apaca ey “= 2 molecule. B CH/melecv/e BZ 0,—>- 2 melecv//es of co ~ ~-Chy volume J Cle , piel 2X12 ky BC+ 2X16 ky Bo, » 2x28Kg CO Soars : We Arrant = 77 Gey weight) La 9 Bo + $s Far Ek Ges) + Zz means rat ‘ky B carbon (C) requires & c F oxyzen (02) and predices B 4g B c2rben moroxide le 3- T3 carbon monoxide (Co) /s butnl Zur lhers Bais Conver£ed inte carbon Hoxide (Coz), vs BAS) 32. 2432 20CO +O, —>2 Co, e cg 2 molecles g ees / molecule g Q,—>-2 molecule B Co ~~--Ghyvelume. or 2428ky Co +2ky G0, —r2.xbh ky Gf Con — = lay weight ie: oa ecole bsilig goth Ga og gaoe & Mreregore, | ky of Carbon monoxide (co) Vequires a Borgen (02) and produces kg Z carbon divxide . Yigal : eeWhen seipher belns wil oxygen» Wt predices svipher dioxide (Se, )» Tis rs represented by The Zrellowing chemica/ equation 3 * + 2 $2 44 rf ‘4 V9 S pO, — Pr Fe2 [molecule BS + | molecvde Ba >| molecule Ze Se. teas ay voJume) or 32K 85 FLX Ky ff ly > Cheeky J Sor ~ —-Chy weight ) hestky BI+'9 Bo, 2 kg GSer | Zp offer words, | kg sulphur requires |kg a oxygen Zor cornp!) combuslion Ee produce 2ky F sulphur Aoxide (5e2)» aCe cr! ep Di Na OIE br ee e\ 2245 F * Combustion J gaseods: Beds « Gaseous Ziels dre vsvally measured by Volume Om) rather fran by weight Ckg) - | The Zollowing 2re Lhe importank£ chemical equation. Zrem The subject point view: wir porwlei va setty s Coty, t 2B 4G, —» 225, 1 Ts 16; 2X28 ky Bo + 2x kg Bo, 7-24 kg F Cor 1kq g co + Eig Gaiety cor chy weight) Ki 2 volumes fro +1 Volome Go, >-2 Volumes B Cor | 2g cot MG or +20 B.co,— Ceyvelome | Zn other werds,2 volumes Co require |volume GF O2z ond plodvces 2 volumes G Coz: = Scanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScanneral oO ini ; rReciretice! OF Hinimem Bir pequiredl Zet complete PW ieD ad Dalia ars combustion ? z EE 57, ley Sapa yeo, eee ee Lt js shown in The previous equations Lha£ Ler ys enough supply oxygen 1s essential Gor Lhe. complete combustion » and hence Zor obtaining maximum amount heat Zrom 2. Ziel. The Frecretical er minimum weighk or volume of oxygen require! Zor complete combustion 2Aevliled!d Zter Lie chemie. 1 ff Buel may Beane andlysis g Tre Buel s The wejght of oxyger ZB Tre Zue/ reqired by each J the constituents may be calculated Brom The chemite! equalians described begore- For 2// engineering ca/culalions, He compos 1b. Ff air rs faker as Follows; Nitrogen (n2)=F7h 2 Oger (0,)=237 by weight and Nitragen (wy) = 791, Oxygen Lo= 217 hy volume Since oxygen has to be obtained Zrom atmosphere air then: For obtaining | kg Ff or~yger> The amount ff j j = lh = 4- Ones Cid sla! NZ air rewired ee = 4:35 ky Asie epee Similarly r obbeining |? forygen, Che a Go Ms Fé mm amount Gf air vequjred = Leo =4- zie LHe, lee teh PUL G pelle lee cea I * 5Scanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScanner‘ - K5)leg er bh, 5 c valve ue) sy Fe FOO Pye ytgsoey Zt is defined ASS yy, ey ni Cai Tena» AE) popped dng gle siAbsl 253? ea ‘berated jn kz by complete combuskion Bly B Buely selid or hiquid For gaseous Zuels > Lhe pormel pra express CaloriZic yalve in ky]m? Gages re, Ss Zandard Pressule and Lemperatere ~ CalriZte Valve rs gurTher clessiZiet ass C1) Gress or higher colori gic yalve CH.ov) Be cae vane CRY: C1) Higher calor gic valde UCP: Higher calorigre value G Buel 1s The total heat liberated in Kgl. pi guels conkzzining Hyhteger? in Ihe available Zorm will Sy SEES and Zorr steam during The process GB combys Len zy Gre products SB combvstion are caoled ZB 7i&s intial. Lemperature_, re steam Bormed 25 2 result B cembustien poll Condens&~ Thus maximum heat ts abstracted - TRS heat valve jis called ~ High” calor Pe VERS. eet Gee. 1s Le (2) Lower calorific valle * Lower caloriZ/e valve 1s The difperence belweev valve ard the heat absorbed high levi Zi ie ee, eo: ture) in pevir. jts stage changed Le velpor, Zhe constitvents Aoveg beer supplied wren Pemperature. - The arounrtl fatent heat Thus required wilh depend uper pressure 2)Scanned with CamScanner-xample Cl) 2 A Buel has The Zollowing composiLion by welght . carbon Bit» Hydrogen IFS A 5 EXYger Za cakviate The Trectetical air supply per 6g GA¢eY ee weight = products off cembuslion per 9 of els solution 3 given dettt > 7 ssume Kg s¢ . Weight F carbon wn lke ZB Geel 1s C= 86% =2- EK ‘ wejght gphyaogen in ky BB Is 3 He = U-F5 fo = ONS 1A ee wept G orjer in 1ky Bp gue is? 0, = 2-25 ~0-0225' 9 a Bpepreties! air supply per 7g. na => | kg & carbon requires & eae ae es lkg & hydragen requires 8 kg F OXF A complete combustion » But 00225 fF Oz js Alfezdy present jn Dre Fuel, oe tod P Ing -- Tetea/ oxygen supplied PE KG GAY" oes ne Suc e S fa > 5353 =z (0138) + 300-175) Sp soZe sis =; peas 3 Lye/ aa Doom Pa Jied = 2e.xtotel ogen os Treoretical air svpPr supplied DspwrPis Soper )s. YUL es = Heax 32075 = 138-98 ky weight gp products combustion: lei 3b> ws Scanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScanner( PM Yodetdls AL ot phat! er ct seal Se nVersion SF velumetVic araysis_into weight analy sis d yavimeZ ric 2raly 5/5)! D Aiainieaaey when I Volumebyic. Composi£/er Feary Gel Jas is Knowl _» jt can be converted Le gravimetric compo s/ tie by applyig Avagadro~s /dw_» ZAVS > : Ze volume Geach constituent by /£s5 awn _ Meitipl » uf nnS weight » Thi's gives Te veperLTonal wets pituents - Bs ine vide each weight by | 4 di 2. Add up These Wey Ats and Pris tetas pf onpressti De 2 perecrE?™ | 3-7his gives Fe openers aren By HELIA | ee ey é Exacple lO pnt analysis eek Ae te poke PE se ord Maso + Calevleote re Zoe ges composi tien by weight - PPX EN Pee Caylee | solution: consider | ma Te Glue ges > [volume 77 | Mojecuiay|propertierdl weight in I, i | \Constizvent j p> A perky &. @ bY ee weight weight es weight 2) (a) c=axp | dac/zc | bx bl = |61b 0-202. 2h Con \lo-e | 44e VP Sa16 orig eae ae 24-1, al “i 701 X28 [2228 =0+0093 | PPA ieee eg ra [260 =0-0525 30+ Ade zee a 0.F3-58} FP 587, Scanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScannerExcess Gr: a To ensure complet and rapid combustion 2 2 2ueh pace oe BZ ar, P AXCe55 SP The. Hee OCU I SUPULS 5 jy ual pPPCIFLE.. F, is dele Tre pect Hat Ths wir cles pol Came. in contact oe The guel pat less Ind (2 jusl Minimem Qmev, ar ss supplied Beeb will rat Pe meri a aE ac The amount GB excess Bir supphed yayses wile The type B Zuel and Giting conditions. ZL ay appleacth Fe “2 valve GF feo/. bul The ene tendency fs ty we 25 to 50 Yo OXCeSS ar, ¥ Weight Ff CHbon sr Blue Bases gered The weight Gf carbon Contained in Ike GF ee exhaust gases may be calevlaled Brom The weight — PF carbon dioxide and caybon menoxide present tn Tera - “2 hg G carben produces “Ly GF carbon dioxide -~ Nence 1 ky FZ carbon dioxide. will Contain 3 Ilkg G carbon - Alsa, | ky G carbon produces Ekg carbon — monoxide » hence / kg & carbon moroxide ci contain < ky & carbon ee ee : «Weight G carbon por ky F Prue gor He, == +3 Gis £1 eee Where Coz : Bo =represent The wentibes EFCHben dioxide and carben monoxide presen ey, flue gases pCa Tis ts SVE LR eM ID ) eae Scanned with CamScanner 6Scanned with CamScannereee! igi Zia, We vitimale 2noysls diy Cael burnt in a boil Pburner;: Cc Sano oe 9 and necombisTibles Fhe by weight - Determine pre weigAt Bary GE JOSES Pr Kg Gf coal burnt i2 Dre volumeLnit ee osition Pie 13 2 C02. Ga Pia 9 Co BIDS 71» O, & Tek and 2 8/4 - Solution: iver data 2 pes Mires O33 Wejght GB carbon in Iky af Guel C) = 0° B4 13 2! weit B hydrogen in \hg B Buel (He) = 0-09 KF Weight Bp Incombustrbles in Ky 5 Guel= 0- oF kp DWE Volume coz sn | nF of Fhe g2s=2- 0875 > Z 2 Volume B CO Mn IF G tue J25=0:0225 oad rips! volume O2 in / pe GBA 25 = 0-08 7? Volume Gr Tipe: GB Glue g2s =o-sl ood Tre conversion & volumetric analys!s Bp Atue jas } £0 Weight analysis Zor Tre wejyht op carbon present in 1ko & Ghia g25 25 Poilows ; nstitenh Volume 1 Holecu jay |Prepeyzra! [Wei gne Z wnstitve Na 13> Z, WejghE weit... in Key per bg BAe. a t | wr | jo=2xb aos . - 0-08 75x Le = F-84385 — Boj; 4 Coz |0-0875 44 BES 2: 1296, Kg eS aces Oy | O08 | 32 pr6x32=2:56 |23E = 0-08 bhtg Nag | 2-8! 238 rSAZB=22.68 2 B=0 +7626 by Total fo00 Ss: 29.72 f-©000 Ka | I EK MSI} ee | co |oe-0225| 28 © pozesnz8= 0-63[0:63, (0.0214) 1g ) q 1 1 Scanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScannerpe experiment en 2 boilers Te IY Fuuc. coo ae % Deal Was obtzined 257 CO IB 59 a te» C1 C4 Na Sd.7-Y,+ The C23S analy s/s by weighE wes reperted 25) C bat.) He 42 to 2 O, 4:5h 3 Moisture 15 % and ash 13.9 Ip» Determines 1+ TReereLical Jir reguired to burp | Gcal, 2- Wet 3 air actually supplied per kg G Coals and 3+ he ImeunL F&F excess air syuppl'ed per 4 G Coal burnt « Sofution ; Given datZ: ‘3 Velume GCo2 In | 10" ; JAS = 0+/3 2 ae volume aoe in Ira Doak = 0.3, = 07003 Mm “aw Volume G 02 Jo 1 m* hue gas = 6 = 0-06 r* ye. Volume B AG in 1 3? Glue gas = 80 - =0-8F ens + weit JC in 1ky G Coal =62-4 24 kg vg weight Z fe In kp G coz) = 4-2 % =0.042 2a weil F Q ir V9 F Gal = Bos L= 01045 kg weight G moisture jn 4g Beods= ISK =O1S kg i Weiyht a 25h in 149 A Coal 13-9, =O: 139 Fg : ‘ i, i al 1 TReoretical air reguired to burp tkg G Co ae = Wee 4 C+8 hh 4 -2,) Kg = = ($x0-62448%0-042 —0- 045) Ky cue Siar as Weight G air actvally supplied per ky x coal 1's obtained 49 converLing Dre Vo limeLt re analyss G Glue gos Le weppht ond/ys/s 4s Follows ¢ 2} Scanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScannerbie Steam ube USCS Coal ip (ts Gwrndce «The i coal (by wejg Pt) 2s received "HOLS SIF task (or, Soe Excess ar supplied /'5 B07, - Beteroipes Zhe Ca DB ar Le be supplreg, an wit 3B Sescous produclk Zormed per ] 59 GF Coal bint. Le Mee ie? | elieion. Dien date; 4 Weijsht B carbon in | ky F coal (<)= 78 7 = 0-78 ky ) Weight & hydregen in Ikg B Coal (a= 3% =0703 KY a Weight B oxygen in kg 6B coal (0,)= 37% = 0-03 ky = weight B Sulpher in (kp Coal (s)=1A=0-01 ky _ Weryht 2sh aes Goal = 12 t= Or), fo Weight B Poistvre in 1kg Gcodl= 5% = 0:05 ky Excess air supplied = 307. io A Weyhl Bair Co be supplied perky G cal burt: 2 TReoretical air required to burn 1k9 GCoel— Molstiye 5 y, > | Peleg = LEECH EM + 5— Eig we ; = lee (8. x0- 1810-0340: Blige) ane iene | ial atgloe? sma =lo kg onus Excess air supplied perky G oe Or. Zexio= 3kg ~ weight Bair to be supplied per kg a ey bern Darr? i air | y AQ oes iets eee / fps toe * WeighE GF goseous preducl Zormed per lg Acals a PPOs Predocl Berored are C22 21207 ac excess oxygen cand nitragen» We knew Fat ‘ SAIN EWHOb Myo Clery 6” Lanes iy Fire pe Use ee etn Scanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScannermpl (Io) ae Ze! o}l hes The Zellowing anelysis hy weight ; j PIC S5% ) Hy 12.57, : es ; The 20,27 nd Te. residue p.5%, - Aan ; af Bh 723 fas The Zollowing composiLiy Sane VOWNE CO, F713 CON' ¥ 0, FFF f, Ard Vo i “A 82-23, « Determine. the. alr— gue! ratio . y | Solution: 7 i Jiven dat2: | | Weight BC in iky G Buel = 85 /- , su Weip—ht F Az in Ky B Buel = 12-5 Weight B ©2 in Iky'af Guel= 2 7. | | Weight B Yeside in |ky Gf uel = 0-57. = 0,005 ky | {Volume og Coz in 1m GF Glie 725 =9 7. Sores f ‘\,, Volume GF Co in Im? 3 glue gos=| 7- = 0+0] ro? Volume & 02 in Im 99 Blue gas = FFF), = 2-08 F7m | Cle G Ne 10 In 3 Blue gas =82+23/.= 02-8223 m i “Minimum air required per ky & Goel =108. (8.6420 ak — (FX0.55+8 X0+/25—0102) Fy =4 Ky : i | Convert Tre volumetric analysis B_dty ue RE GEA eo yok 202 Ue endys’s 23 Zeliows woe heb Volume 77 [Nolecular|prepor zien al weg pt 17 1Ry Per % weight] ons Zitverdl 2) Os weigh |weiyrk i Pou ae analysis i) c=2xb |d=clzc _le=dxloo ae gE, aals- BRD Sl Con | o-09 |iatee=ad? = eB] 13-3-{bore E ~pfo-0l Kae co | ov [area Zier LEE easel 0.957 [== 2 oFF FRED 12.49 2° 903 | o0F?F | 32 Bees 244 0835)) B35 UE eerie es o- 8223X28 [23.02 +5, y Ny 6+8223 | 28 =23002 prawsd iD Tee Total | 7-000 29:75 | Too Ky | 100 Ae ls At 30} Scanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScanner