Republic of the Philippines FOUNDED 1907
NEGROS ORIENTAL STATE
UNIVERSITY
Dumaguete, Bais, Guihulngan, Mabinay, Pamplona, Siaton and Bayawan-Sta.Catalina
Final Examination in CITUC 201- Criminology Training Unit Course 4
Name: Tag-at, Cheramie L. Sec. & Time: A – 7:00 – 8:00
Essay type of exam 10 points each no.
1. Explain the principles of military
leadership listed and discuss their
significance in fostering effective leadership
within military organizations.
• There were 11 principles of military
leadership that subordinate must uphold in
order to foster effective leadership within
military organization such as nothing
happens without example, even if the
example is your own because as a leader,
you must set yourself as a good example and
role model to your subordinate in order for
them to follow you. Next is teach the basic,
then teach them again because as a leader
you have to teach first the basic to your
subordinate and be patient to teach again and
surely the list will goes on. Next is to take
frequent moments to acknowledge and
recognize the sacrifices your service
members and families are making because
as a leader, complementing the services of
your members and the effort they make will
brought nothing but happiness to them and
excitement to work with you as well as a
team. Next is there is nothing more
important than accomplishing the mission,
except for taking care of your people
because accomplishing mission is same as
reaching success in a team. Next is, the best
leaders are able to show, when appropriate,
both confidence and humility. Yes, this is
absolutely true, a good and true leaders must
possess confidence in every decision and
ideas he have enable to accomplish goal
appropriately. He must also act with
humility to his subordinate because that's
what a true leaders stands for. Next will be,
good ideas have no rank because not just the
leader will share an idea but the member
Republic Act 9299
also. It is also called sharing of ideas in
order to accomplished goal. Next will be,
Leadership is not a thing; it is a relationship
because in order to have a good leadership,
you as a leader must maintain good
relationship with your team for you to
deliver instructions successfully. Next is
never let the sun go down on a soldier’s pay
problem because it is your main
responsibility as a leader to ensure that your
soldier are in safe. When there is a problem
with your soldier, help them solve as a team.
Next is, Take care of the little things and the
big things will take care of themselves. Next
is, A core function of every military
organization is to develop leaders. And
lastly, Everything takes 8 times as long as
you think it will. Applying these eleven
principles of military leadership is truly
significant in effective leadership within
military organizations because military
leaders often make crucial decisions during
difficult, stressful situations that impact lives
and through the help of these principles
leaders can easily handle things out in
difficult situation to achieve their goals.
2. Explain the principles of modern military
leadership outlined, and analyze their
significance in shaping effective leaders
within military organizations, with reference
to historical examples.
• The principles of modern military
leadership outlined are, Lead from the front;
Have self-confidence, not egoism; Moral
courage and Physical courage. These
principles are significant in shaping effective
leaders within military organizations and by
applying these principles, leaders taught to
lead by example. They must inspire their
soldiers to perform deeds of heroism and
sacrifice. Leaders taught to have self-
confidence not egoism in order to have a
successful teamwork in a military
organizations. Lastly, a soldier's life is
fraught with danger, that's why moral and
personal courage is a requirement for every
military leader and soldiers, who do their
duty regardless of fear and risk to life or
limb, perform bravery on the battlefield. As
a result, there are numerous examples of the
American soldiers’ courage. Leaders taught
to have moral and physical courage to
accomplish all mission successfully
whatever risk it takes.
3. Discuss the doctrine of superior/command
responsibility in international criminal law,
examining its elements, application, and
significance in holding individuals
accountable for crimes committed by their
subordinates.
• The doctrine of superior/command
responsibility talk about superior
responsibility. It is a form of responsibility
for omission to act: a superior may be held
criminally responsible under that doctrine
where, despite his awareness of the crimes
of subordinates, he culpably fails to fulfill
his duties to prevent and punish these
crimes. Under customary international law,
the elements of the doctrine are the same as
a matter of law (though not necessarily at
the evidential level) regardless of the nature
of the authority which the superior
exercised.
4. Discuss the vision, mission, and goals of a
"military-friendly" education support
program for military and veterans, using the
example of the University of Southern
Mississippi, and explain their significance in
promoting the academic and professional
development of this student population.
• Their vision is a nationally recognized
comprehensive "military-friendly" education
support program (application, admission,
matriculation, graduation and professional
placement) that successfully attracts military
veterans, service members, dependents
(family members) and survivors to pursue
their academic and professional
development interests. Their mission is to
establish sustainable conditions for a
"military-friendly" education support
program that provides veterans, service
members (active duty, Reserve Component
and National Guard), dependents (family
members) and survivors (VSDS) the
opportunity to pursue a degree at the
University of Southern Mississippi. Their
goals is to actively love, care for and meet
the needs and interests of our veterans,
active-duty service members, their families
and survivors. The Military-friendly
educational support program offer a high-
quality education experience that men and
women who serve our nation deserve to
experience.
5. Discuss the challenges and importance of
strategic planning in organizational
leadership, and analyze the guidance and
framework provided in the article "Strategic
Planning: A How-to-Guide.
• The process of developing and writing a
strategic plan is widely regarded as the most
challenging and frustrating task that leaders
and managers are called on to execute. This
process is so challenging because teams and
leaders need to ask and discuss—and answer
—many difficult questions. And in some
cases there were questions that are
unanswerable. But for those who sit down to
start this process, there are not many simple
resources available to guide them through
what can either be arduous and painful or
enlightening and uplifting. The intent of this
article “Strategic Planning: A How-to-
Guide” is to offer a framework for starting
the process of developing a strategic plan
and proposing several ideas about strategic
planning in general. Strategic planning starts
by asking why bother, environmental scan,
set strategic goals, roles and responsibilities.
6. Discuss the military decision-making
process and its importance in planning and
decision-making in the military. Explain the
steps involved and how they contribute to
understanding the situation, developing
courses of action, and producing operation
plans or orders.
• Military decision-making process is an
alternative planning methodology to
understand the situation and mission develop
a course of action, and produce an operation
plan or order (ADP 5-0). It is importance for
it helps leaders apply thoroughness, clarity,
sound judgment, logic, and professional
knowledge to understand situations, develop
options to solve problems, and reach
decisions within military organizations. The
MDMP consists of seven steps. Each step of
the MDMP has various inputs, a method
(step) to conduct, and outputs. The outputs
lead to an increased understanding of the
situation facilitating the next step of the
MDMP. Commanders and staffs generally
perform these steps sequentially; however,
they may revisit several steps in an
alternative fashion as they learn more about
the situation before producing the plan or
order. Commanders initiate the MDMP upon
receipt of or in anticipation of a mission.
Commanders and staffs often begin planning
in the absence of a complete and approved
higher headquarters’ operation plan
(OPLAN) or operation order (OPORD). In
these instances, the headquarters begins a
new planning effort based on a WARNORD
and other directives, such as a planning
order or an alert order from their higher
headquarters. This requires active
collaboration with the higher headquarters
and parallel planning among echelons as the
plan or order is developed.
7. Discuss the Tactical Decision-Making
Process (TDMP) in the military, its steps,
and its importance in tactical planning and
decision-making.
• The Tactical Decision-Making Process is
the military version of the decision-making
process tailored to the unique needs of the
military. It consists of four essential steps:
Mission Analysis, Course of Action
Development, Course of Action
Analysis/Comparison, and Decision &
Execution. TDMP is very important in
tactical planning and decision-making
because it allow leaders to make quick and
effective decisions in order to achieve goals.
It also help leaders to demonstrate
proficiency both orally and in writing.
8. What are the main leadership theories and
styles, and how do they contribute to
effective leadership in different contexts?
• The main leadership theories and styles
include the great man theory which states
that "excellent leaders are born, not
developed". The trait theory states that
"certain natural qualities tend to create good
leaders". The behavioral theory focuses on
how a person’s environment, not natural
abilities, forms him or her into a leader. The
transactional theory or management theory
studies leadership as a system of rewards
and penalties. The transformational theory
or relationship theory studies effective
leadership as the result of a positive
relationship between leaders and team
members. And the situational theory argues
that the best kind of leader is one who is
able to adapt her style based on the situation.
This theory may respond to a situation by
commanding, coaching, persuading,
participating, delegating or however they
think is necessary.
9. How do leadership theories, such as the
trait theory, behavioral theory, and
transformational theory, contribute to our
understanding of effective leadership?
Discuss the key concepts and principles of
each theory and provide examples of how
they can be applied in different
organizational contexts.
• Trait theory states that certain natural
qualities tend to create good leaders. Having
certain qualities does not necessarily mean
someone has strong leadership skills,
however some leaders may be excellent
listeners or communicators, but not every
listener or communicator makes an excellent
leader let say for instance, the late Steve
Jobs was known for his charisma. His ability
to passionately articulate his visions made
people want to follow his lead. Next is, the
behavioral theory of leadership that focuses
on how a person’s environment, not natural
abilities, forms him or her into a leader. One
of the key concepts of behavioral theory is
conditioning. Conditioning states that a
person will be more likely to act or lead in a
certain style as a result of environmental
responses to behavior. A great example of
the behavioral theory is looking at a task-
oriented leader vs. a people-oriented leader.
If there's a problem with a team, a task-
oriented leader will look at the process to
see if something needs to be adjusted with
the workflow. Next is, transformational
theory. It states that transformational leaders
motivate and inspire through their
enthusiasm and passion. They are a model
for their teams, and they hold themselves to
the same standard they expect of others.
This happens when the leader leads by
example and becomes a shining example of
corporate culture, employee ownership, and
independence in the workplace.
10. Compare and contrast different
leadership styles, such as autocratic,
democratic, and laissez-faire. Discuss the
advantages and disadvantages of each style
and explain how they can impact team
performance and organizational outcomes.
Provide real-life examples to support your
analysis.
• An autocratic style makes decisions with
little or no input from others. The advantage
of these style is ensures faster decision
making while the disadvantage is lacks
creativity. However, democratic style
considers the opinions of others before
making a decision. The advantage of this
style help improve communication and trust
while the disadvantage is resulting in slow
decision-making process. Lastly the, laissez-
faire in which delegates tasks and provides
little supervision. The advantage of this style
is that subordinates practice leadership and
independence while the disadvantage is that
fails to be effective if the team lacks
knowledge or has less experience. This can
result in poor job performance and
decreased job satisfaction.

Goodluck and God Bless!!!

Prepared by:

JANO B. MUECO, RCrim

Instructor