PRELIM REVIEWER The S-IV pattern provides the basis for many kinds of

sentences. For example, you can lengthen the

BASIC COMMUNICATION SKILLS (ENGL 111)
sentences by telling how, when or where without
changing the basic pattern

LESSON 1: LISTENING Example:

LISTENING The class studied diligently. ( how)

She wept bitterly last night. (when)
- the active process of receiving and responding to
spoken (and sometimes unspoken) messages The choir sang at the cathedral. (where)

- the ability to accurately receive and interpret

messages in the communication process 2. S-TV-DO (SUBJECT + TRANSITIVE +DIRECT OBJECT)
-a transitive verb is an action verb THAT REQUIRES A

TYPES OF LISTENING SUBJECT AND a DIRECT OBJECT

1. APPRECIATIVE LISTENING -DIRECT OBJECT ANSWERS THE QUESTION WHAT OR

WHOM
-Listening to enjoy, to appreciate or to have fun
-Direct object is a noun or pronoun that receives the
-Listening for pleasure
action.
2. EMPHATIC LISTENING
Example:
-Listening to provide emotional support for the speaker
The instructor discussed today's lesson.
-Listening with the intent to understand HOW the Paulo painted this picture last month.
speaker FEELS in addition to understanding his/her
ideas She joined the basketball team.

3. COMPREHENSIVE/ACTIVE LISTENING
3. S-LV-SC (SUBJECT + LINKING VERB+ OBJECT
-Listening to understand the message of the speaker
COMPLEMENT)
-Accurately understanding the meaning of the speaker's
SUBJECT COMPLEMENT
message while interpreting non-verbal symbols
-a word or phrase (usually an adjective phrase, noun
4. CRITICAL/ANALYTICAL LISTENING
phrase, or pronoun) that follows a linking verb and
-Listening to EVALUATE the message for purposes of
ACCEPTING or REJECTING it. describes or renames the subject of the sentence

S-LV-PN (SUBJECT + LINKING VERB+ PREDICATIVE

LESSON 2: BASIC SENTENCE PATTERNS
NOUN)
1. S-IV (SUBJECT + INTRANSITIVE VERB)
Example:
-an intransitive verb is a verb without a DIRECT OBJECT
Anne is the boss.
Example:
She is my mother.
The class studied. Wilna has been my friend for a long time.
She wept.

The choir sang.

S-LV-PA
(SUBJECT+LINKING VERB+PREDICATE ADJECTIVE)
Example:
During the storm, driving became difficult.
Her performance was phenomenal.
The corridor is too narrow.
•Plural subject = plural verb
Cow= singular, eats= singular
Ducks= plural, quack= plural
•Hint*= SVS- singular verbs have an S
Singular yes?- the verb has an “S”!
Singular no? The “S” has to go!

4. S-TV-DO-OC The subject and verb of a sentence must agree.

(SUBJECT+TRANSITIVE VERB+DIRECT OBJECT+OBJECT Singular subjects need singular verbs. If you use a
COMPLEMENT) plural subject, you need to use a plural verb.
OBJECT COMPLEMENT

a noun, pronoun or adjective which follows a direct 2. Don’t get confused by the words that come between

object and renames the it or tells what the direct the subject and verb.

object has become

Example: Example:

The class elected Nadine president. The detective who was called to the case is usually very

She cut her hair short. good.

The clown got the children too excited. The students who attended the class were very
attentive.

5. S-TV-IO-DO
3. Prepositional phrases between the subject and verb
(SUBJECT+TRANSITIVE VERB+INTRANSITIVE
VERB+DIRECT OBJECT) usually do not affect the agreement.

INDIRECT OBJECT Example:

The biker in this race is very competitive.
-comes between the transitive verb and the direct
object The bikers in this race are very competitive.

-it answers the question TO WHOM or FOR WHOM

4. If a sentence starts with “there” or “ here”, the
Example:
subject will always be placed after the verb.
We gave these men our money.
Example:
Mark surprised his sister with a reward.
There is a meeting today.
Pearl sent Tom a book
Here are the results from this past month.

LESSON 3:
5. Subjects can come after the verb in questions.
SUBJECT -VERB AGREEMENT
Example:
1. Subjects and verbs must agree in number.
•Does Betty always play with dolls?
•Singular subject = singular verb •How are the Bosco sticks today?
6. If two subjects are joined by “and”, they typically
require a plural verb.
Example:
•The puppy and the lady are friends.
7. If two subjects are separated by “and” refer to the
same thing, the verb is singular.
Example:
•Spaghetti and meatballs is my favorite pasta dish.
My neighbor and friend helps me to fix my car.
8. If both subjects are singular and connected by or,
nor, neither/nor, either/or and not only/but also, the
verb is singular.
Example:
•Sally or Bubba has stolen the scarecrow.
•Not only the guitar player but also the drummer was
soaked with sweat.
9. If both subjects are plural and connected by the
words or, nor, neither/nor, either/or, and not only/but
also, the verb is plural.
Example:
•Cookies or brownies are nice treats for your teacher.
10. If one subject is singular and one plural and are
connected by the words or, nor, neither/nor,
either/or, and not only/but also, use the subject that is
nearest the verb.
Example:
•Either my sisters or my mom has sent me a present
•Not only Bob but also the Smiths want some
hamburgers for supper.
11. Units of measurement usually use a singular verb.
Example:
•Six gallons of paint was used on the house.
•Five dollars is too much for a cup of coffee.
12. Collective nouns usually take a singular verb.
Example:
•The herd is stampeding.
The class was ready for the test.
A collective noun, such as "team" or "staff," can be
either singular or plural depending upon the rest of the
sentence. Typically, they take the singular form, as the
collective noun is treated as a cohesive single unit.
Example:
The jury has awarded the custody to the grandmother.
The jury members have been arguing for days,
13. Titles of books, movies, novels, etc. are treated as
singular.
Example:
Gone with the wind is my favorite movie of all time.
14. Two infinitives separated by and take a plural verb.
Example:
•To run and to read are my two favorite “Free-time”
activities.
15. Gerunds alone take a singular verb. Gerunds linked
by and take a plural verb.
Example:
•Dancing is not something everyone can do as well as I
can!
16. If the words each, every or no come before the LESSON 4:
subject, the verb is singular. IMPLICATION AND INFERENCE
Example: IMPLICATION
Each boy and girl has to take the test. -giving information
Every frog and toad turns into a prince -To strongly suggest the truth or existence of something
No paper and pen is required. that is not expressly stated.
- The speaker, or someone who is giving information,
17. Most indefinite pronouns take singular verbs. may imply something.
Example: - When we imply something, we’re hinting at what we
Everybody is happy. mean but not saying it directly
No one has a dime.
Nothing was going to help. INFERENCE
-receiving information
18. Both, few, many, others, and several take a plural -to deduce or conclude information from evidence and
verb. reasoning rather than from explicit statement of that
Example: information.
Several need to finish the race. The listener, or someone who is receiving information,
A few have the right answer. may infer something.
- When you come to a conclusion based on something
19. When the subject is all, any, more, most, none, or you think someone implied, you’re inferring.
some, this is the ONLY time you must look at the
object of the prepositional phrase to determine LESSON 5:
whether it is singular or plural. MOODS OF THE VERB
Example:
All of the chickens have laid eggs. 1. INDICATIVE MOOD
Some of the milk has spilled. -a verb form that makes a statement or asks a questions
-used when giving facts, opinions
20. The number, use singular verb.
A number, use plural verb. EXAMPLE:
Example: The sky is clear tonight.
The number of volunteers grows each year. He walks every day after lunch.
A number of people grow plants in their own home. Does he believe in the benefits of exercise?
2. IMPERATIVE MOOD
-Used in requests and commands.
-Imperative statements have an understood subject of
“you” and therefore take second‐person verbs.
Example:
Drive the car!
Please drive the car.
3. SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
-used in special kinds of statements.
-the most common use of the subjunctive mood is in
contrary‐to‐fact or hypothetical statements.
- If something is likely to happen, use the indicative. If
something is hypothetical, or contrary to fact, use the
subjunctive.
- used for expressing wishes, suggestions, or desires,
and is usually indicated by an indicative verb such as
wish or suggest, paired then with a subjunctive verb
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE
To express a suggestion, a necessity, or an indirect
command/order
Examples:
I demand he lower his voice.
I propose he work full time.
I suggest that Lee play the guitar.
PAST SUBJUNCTIVE
To express an untrue condition, a wish or a desire.
Examples:
I wish you were here.
If I were you, I wouldn't do that.
If I had been king, you would have been queen.
LESSON 6:
VERB TENSES
is a combination of “time” and “aspect” of an action.
● “time” refers to past and present--some would
include future
● “aspect” refers to simple, progressive, and perfect
SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
The present tense indicates that an action is taking
place at the time you express it, or an action that
occurs regularly.
Examples:
-We wear organic cotton shirts.
[an action taking place when it is expressed]
-I watch documentary each Sunday night.
[an action that occurs regularly]
SIMPLE PAST TENSE
The past tense indicates that an action is completed
and has already taken place.
Examples:
-Martin Luther King, Jr. gave his most famous speech in
1963. [an action completed in the past].
-As a girl, she wondered how her college degree would
help her career.
[an action that occurred once or many times in the
past but did not extend to the present].
SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE
The future tense indicates that an action will or is
likely to take place.
Examples:
-Later today I will rinse the dishes.
[a future action that will definitely occur]
-The defendant probably will plead innocent.
[a future action that is likely to occur]
PERFECT TENSES The progressive tenses express continuing action. You
Perfect tenses designate actions that were or will be can form them with the appropriate tense of the verb
completed before other actions. You can form the be plus the present participle.
perfect tenses with the appropriate tense form of the
helping, or auxiliary, verb have plus the past participle. PRESENT PROGRESSIVE TENSE
The present progressive tense indicates that
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE something is happening at the time you express it.
The present perfect tense refers to an action or state Example:
that either occurred at an indefinite time in the past or - The worker is hammering, and her foreman is
began in the past and continued to the present time watching lazily.
(This tense is formed by have/has + the past participle.
Examples: PAST PROGRESSIVE TENSE
-We have worn organic cotton shirts. The past progressive tense indicates two kinds of past
[an action that began in the past and is finished at the action.
present] Example:
-She has donated extensively to UNICEF. -Poe’s writing was becoming increasingly bizarre and
[an action that began in the past and extends into the dark. [a continuing action in the past]
present] - The mob tackled Jean-Luc Goddard while he was
introducing the film.
PAST PERFECT TENSE [an action occurring at the same time in the past as
The past perfect tense indicates an action occurring another action].
before a certain time in the past.
Example: FUTURE PROGRESSIVE TENSE
By 1995, Doctor Harvey had built the first artificial brain. The future progressive tense indicates a continuing
action in the future.
FUTURE PERFECT TENSE Example:
The future perfect tense indicates that an action will -The government will be monitoring the phones in the
be finished by a certain time. lab.
Example:
By Thursday, the President will have apologized for his
mistake.

PROGRESSIVE TENSES PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSE

- also called the perfect continuous tense The emphatic forms of a verb are often used to give
- used to say that an event or action is, was, or will be greater emphasis to the idea expressed by the verb.
continually occurring (progressive) but that it is, was, or The auxiliaries DO, DOES and DID are used to give
will be completed at a later time, or that it relates to a additional emphasis.
later time (perfect).
-To form the perfect progressive, use the appropriate PRESENT EMPHATIC TENSE
tense of the verb have with been and the progressive The present emphatic tense is formed by adding the
(-ing) tense of the main verb. basic present form of the verb to the present tense of
the verb to do (do or does).
PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE Example:
The present perfect progressive tense indicates action He does run fast.
continuing from the past into the present and possibly I do call.
into the future.
Example: PAST EMPHATIC TENSE
- The teacher has been grading since yesterday The past emphatic tense is formed by adding the basic
afternoon. present form of the verb to the past tense of the verb
to do (did).
PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE Example:
The past perfect progressive tense indicates that a past He did call me last night.
action went on until another occurred. He did come to work yesterday.
Example:
Before her promotion, Nico had been working on
restoring open space on campus.

FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

The future perfect progressive tense indicates that an
action will continue until a certain future time.
Example:
-On Tuesday I will have been working on this paper for
six weeks.

EMPHATIC TENSES