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Grammar Grammar Grammar

Unit 25: The same as/ Like N Unit 28: Question Words Unit 29: Correcting/ Insisting and Suggesting

1. N-하고 같다 ("It's the same as...") (1) Adverbs: Placed before A/V or after N 1. A/V-잖아(요) ("You should know.../ I TOLD you...)
Can use N-(이)랑/ 과/ 와 *when placed after noun, attach 이다 Past: A/V-었/았잖아(요)
Can also use 비슷하다 (to be similar) 1. 누구: Who? Future: A/V-(으)ᄅ 거잖아(요)
2. N 같다 ("It's like...") Used as 누가 with A/V Implies that the listener should've 'already" known of the
3. N1 같은 N2 ("A N2 like N1") adjective 2. 언제: When? stated fact
4. N-처럼/같이 A/V ("A/V like N") adverb 3. 뭐: What? Used when correcting what someone else said OR when
5. N-만큼, Clause-(으)ᄂ/는/(으)ᄅ 만큼 ("As much as 뭐가 (adv.; used with descriptive verbs) insisting that what you are saying is correct
N/Clause...") "What is pretty?" 뭐가 예쁘다? 2. A/V-(으)ᄂ/는/(으)ᄅ 줄 알았다 (2) ("I knew you are, were,
4. 어디(에/서): Where? would...")
Unit 26: Indefinite Pronouns N 어디(에) 있다 ("Where is N?") Negative: 알았다 --> 몰랐어 OR
5. 왜: Why? 안 before phrase
1. W6 + ᄂ가
*왜 N-이다? ("Why N?") Stress is on "알다"
뭔가= something
6. 어떻게: How (something is done)? 2. N2 말고 N1 ("Not N2 but N1")
누군가= someone
7. 얼마나: How much A/V? Used with all verbs EXCEPT 이다
어딘가= somewhere
Can also use 얼마큼/ 얼마만큼 이다: N-이/가 아니고 ("[It.s] Not N"; separate clause/ own
언젠가= someday
11. 몇 (+counter): What (numerical/quantity)?/ How many? sentence) OR
Stress on question word will mean the same
(N) 몇+counter-이다? N2-이/가 아니라 N1-이다 ("It's N1, not N2")
2. 아무 (any)
(N) 몇+counter A/V? 3. V1-지 말고 V2 ("Don't do V1 but do V2")
~나: positive sentences
*Particles are added to N. If there's no N, particles are added 4. V-는 대신에 (1) ("Instead of V...")
아무나 (anybody); 아무거나 (anything); 아무데나 (anywhere)
to counters. *sub-clause: goes first in a sentence
Can also be used in negative sentences to mean "Not (just)
8. N 어때(요): What/how about N? How is N like? 5. N-(이)라도 ("At least N")
anybody, etc."
Used when suggesting OR asking opinion about N 6.. V-자 ("Let's...")
~도: negative sentences
9. V-는 거 어때(요): What about V? Casual only
아무도 (nobody); 아무거도 (nothing); 아무데도 (nowhere)
Used when suggesting an action to be done Present tense can express the same thought (more polite)
(2) Adjectives: Placed before N; or before A/V as a 7. 아무리 A/V-아/어도 ("No matter how....")
noun clause 8. A/V-아/어도 ('No matter if...")***
Unit 27: Transition Words
9. 무슨: What N/ what kind of N?
Placed @ beginning of sentence Can also mean "which N?" but only used when option is
1. 그리고: and unlimited or unpredictable
2. 그래서; 그러니까: so 10. 어느/ 어떤: Which N (out of these options)?
End sentence with 아/어서, (으)니까, or 때문에 when starting a Used when options are given; answer can be predicted
sentence with "Because..." *12. 얼마예요: How much (price)?
Usually as a response to a question Placed after N: 음식이 엄마예요? ("How much is the food?")
3. 그러나; 그런데 (근데); 하지만; 그렇지만: but
4. 그러면 (그럼): Well then/ if that's the case/ then
5. 그래도: Nevertheless
6. 대신에: Instead/But in return
7.아무래도/ 어차피: Anyway, either way
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Unit 30: Indefinite Adverbs (Frequency) Unit 33: Conditions (2) and Uncertainty  Unit 36: Possibility and Ability (2)

1) Positive sentences 1. V-자마자 ("As soon as...") 1. A/V-(으)ᄅ 수도 있다 ("I might...")

1. 가끔: sometimes 2. N-에 따라(서) 다르다 ("It depends on...") Possibility that something might happen
2. 자주: often Can be used with clauses in -는지 form or -느냐 form Negative: 안 A/v-(으)ᄅ 수도 있다 ("I might not...')
3. 항상: always 3. N-마라 다르다 ("It depends on...") 못 A/V-(으)ᄅ 수도 있다 ("I might not be able to...")
Written Same as -에 따라(서) 다르다 Can also use: V-(으)ᄅ지도 모르다
4. 맨날: always, all the time Only used with nouns Past tense: ~았/었을 ("might have")
Spoken; 매일 (everyday) 4. Clause~느냐에 따라 다르다 ("It depends on [clause]...") Usually supported with reason to show contrast
(2) Negative sentences More common in spoken Korean than -는지에 따라 2. A/V-(으)ᄅ 리(가) 없다 ("It's impossible.../It can't be.../No way
5. 별로 (1): seldom, rarely 5. A/V-(으)ᄂ/는/(으)ᄅ지 안 A/V-(으)ᄂ/는/(으)ᄅ지 ("Whether that...")
6. 전혀 (1): not at all, never or not...") Past: A/V-었/았을 리가 없다
7. 거의 (2): almost not at all, almost never Past tense: A/V-었/았는지 Future: Same as present; time adverbs indicate the future
Usually followed by 알다 or 모르다 3. V-(으)ᄅ 수 밖에 없다 ("I have no choice but to...)
Unit 31: Basic Adverbs of Degree 6. Clause-는지 잘 모르겠어요 ("I'm not sure [if]...")
*-는지 indicates uncertainty; can be used with W6: turns Unit 37: To gradually become/do
1) Positive Sentences questions into statements
1. 아주: very 1. A-아/어/여지다 (1) ("To [gradually] become...")
2. 정말/ 진자: really 잘 모르겠다: "I'm not sure." (fixed expression) Descriptive verbs only
진짜(로)/ 정말(로)? ("Really/ For real?") *A-아/어/여지고 싶다 ("I want to become [A]")
(2) Negative Sentences Unit 34: About, For (the sake of) 2. V-게 되다 ("I end up...")
3. 별로 (2): not really/ particularly/ much Unintended or unplanned action/result
1. N-에 대하다, A/V-는 것에 대하다 ("About...")
4. 전혀 (2): not at all Action verbs only
Adjective: 대한
Written; 하나도 (Spoken) 3. A/V-(으)ᄅ수록 ("The more A/V1, the more A/V2")
Adverb: 대해(서)
2. N-를/을 위하다, A/V-기 우하다 ("For [the sake of].../ In order 갈수록: "It keeps..." (fixed expression; adverb)
Unit 32: Quantifiers (Compare/Contrast)
to...")
Unit 38: More Phrases
*Adverbs* Adjective: 위한
1. 더: more Adverb: 위해(서) 1. 아무튼 (anyway)
더 많은 N (more N) Transitional word; introduces a new topic
2. 덜: less Unit 35: To be good/bad at Different from 어차피
더 is used more often 2. 그래(요) (Really/ Really?; It is so/ Is it so?)
Adverbs
3. 제일: most, best Can also be used when agreeing with someone (means "okay")
1. 잘 V ("I'm good at.../I do...well")
Spoken; 가장 (Written) 3. 괜찮다 (It's okay/ I'm okay)
잘 하다
4. 훨씬: much A/V~er 4. 어떻게 생각해(요)? (What do you think?)
2. 잘 못 V ("I'm bad at...")
훨씬 덜: much less A/V "어떤 것 같아요?" means the same
잘 뭇 하다
5. 무슨 말이에요? (What do you mean?)
*Action verbs only
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Unit 39: Expressing Misthoughts Unit 43: Turning Quotes to Adjectives Unit 48: Expressing Wonder

1. A/V-(으)ᄂ/는/(으)ᄅ 알았다 (3) ("I thought...")
Not the same as -는 것 같았다 or -는 것을 생각했
2. A/V-(으)ᄂ/는/(으)ᄅ 줄 몰렀다 (2) ("I didn't think/ know
I am/was/would...")
Other form: 안 A/V-(으)ᄂ/는/(으)ᄅ 알았다
Unit 40: Comparison Expressions
1. N-에 대신에 (2) ("Instead of (noun)...")
2. A/V-(으)ᄂ/는 편이다 ("It's rather/somewhat/kind of...")
Can be used with N-보다 ("Rather... than...") OR
N-에 비해서 ("Rather...compared to...")
3. N1 대 N2 ("N1 versus/vs. N2")
4. N1-하고 N2 중에서 ("Between N1 and N2..."); comparison
N 사이에서 ("Among N...")
N1하고 N2 사이에 ("Between N1 and N2"); location
Implies that something is surprisingly A for being a N
Unit 41: Convenience
1. V-기(가/에) 쉽다 ("It's easy to...)
*Particles 가/에 can be dropped
2. V-기(가/에) 어렵다 ("It's hard/difficult to...")
3. V-기(가/에) 편리하다 ("It's convenient to...")
4. V-기(가/에) 불편하다 ("It's inconvenient to...")
5. V-기(가/에) 좋다 ("It's good to...")
Unit 42: Conditions (3)
1. 대신에 ("But in return,...")
Used as a transition word; placed @ the beginning of
sentence
2. V-고 있는 중이다 ("I'm in the middle of...")
V-는 중이다 (shorter version)
Emphasized version of "-고 있다" (present progressive tense)
3.V-는 김에 ("While you're at it,...")
Suggestive (While doing V1, [might as well] do V2 too)
Past tense: ~(으)ᄂ 김에
Future tense: ~는 김에 (same as present)
1. A/V/N Plain Form~는 N 1. A-(으)ᄅ까 (생각)하다? ("I wonder if N will be a certain
Indicates that the description/adjective is based on what way?")
someone said or heard 2. A/V-(으)ᄅ까 싶다? ("I wonder if N will be a certain way/ I
*V~(느)ᄂ다는  wonder if V will happen?")
*A~다는 Can also use A/V-나 싶다 (more curiosity and softer)
*N~(이)라는
Unit 49: Expressing Regret
*2. A/V/N Plain Form~는 것을 알다/ 모르다 ("I know [the fact]
that...") 1. A/V-느라고 ("Because...")
It does not necessarily indicate that the fact/info was learned or ONLY used when the result is negative
heard from someone Gives a sense of regret
Fixed structure 2. V-(으)ᄅ 걸 (그랬다) ("I should've...")
First person only; "그랬다" is optional
Unit 44: Asking/Explaining (w/ 똣) Second Person: V-지 그랬다
Third (or any) person: V-었/았야 됐다
1. A/V Plain Form~는 똣이다 ("It means that..../ Does it mean
3. A/V-았/었겠다 ("I would've...")
[that]...?")
Expresses that something would've happened or would've
Used for explaining or asking the meaning of something
been a certain way. 
*똣= meaning
Can also use A/V-았/었을 것이다
Unit 45: Emphasizing Verbs and Nouns
Unit 50: Adjectives in Past Tense
1. A/V-기(는,를,도) 하다 ("I DO...")
More emphasis: A/V-기(는, 를, 도) A/V 1. A-았/었던
Tense is expressed through the ending verb 2. V-던
2. A/V-다니까 ("I [already] said...") Unfinished past
Emphasizes the info that has been said to the listener before Ex. 좋아하던 음식 "Food that I liked (and still like)" -->
Sentence ending unfinished; opinion from the past continues to present
3. N-까지 ("Even, also N") 3. V-았/었던
Emphasized "~도" Finished past
Ex. 좋아했던 음식 "Food that I used to like (but not anymore)"
--> finished action; past description does not continue to
Unit 46: Expression of Completion present
1.다: all/ completely (adverb)
2. 덜 (1): less/ incompletely (adverb)
Use past tense of A/V to mean "incompletely"
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Unit 47: Intentions/Purpose and Plans (2)--- Revisit + More Unit 43: Turning Quotes to Adjectives Unit 51: Expressing "Through"

1. V-(으)려고 하다 ("I plan to...") 1. A/V/N Plain Form~는 N 1. N-을/를 통해(서) ("Through N")
Tentative plan subject to change Indicates that the description/adjective is based on what Physically going through OR
Conjugating 하다 to 해요 is unnatural when referring to one's someone said or heard Way of doing something (strictly "through")
own plan (first-person). *V~(느)ᄂ다는  2. V-(으)ᄆ+(으)로써 ("Through V")
Third-person: "It's about to..."; can use 해요 *A~다는
Can also use V-(으)ᄅ까 (생각)하다 (less established) *N~(이)라는 Unit 52: Causatives
*Past tense: ~(으)려고 했다 = the plan did not go as expected
2. V-을/를 생각이다 ("I'm thinking of...") *2. A/V/N Plain Form~는 것을 알다/ 모르다 ("I know [the fact] 1. A/V-게 하다 ("I made/let N...")
Same as above but more direct. that...") Receiver (N) of action is marked with 이/가 or 을/를
3. V-기로 했다 ("I decided to...") It does not necessarily indicate that the fact/info was learned or Can be used for imperatives ("Make S do V") 
Established plan like plain future tense heard from someone OR for suggesting permission ("Let S do V")
Add to As as -아/어 지다 Fixed structure 2. A/V 시키다 
4. N-을/를 위해(서), V-기 위해(서) (“in order to”) For -하다 verbs ONLY
The speaker will do 2nd clause for sake of 1st Receiver marked with 한테, 에게, or 께
Unit 44: Asking/Explaining (w/ 똣)
Written
1. A/V Plain Form~는 똣이다 ("It means that..../ Does it mean Unit 53: Conjecture (2)
Can be used with imperatives and suggestions (except ~하
[that]...?")
자)
Used for explaining or asking the meaning of something 1.V-나 보다, A-(으)ᄂ가 보다 ("I guess...")
Add to As as -아/어 지다
*똣= meaning Past: A/V-었/았나 보다
5. V-(으)러 가다/오다 (“in order to”)
Assumption based on direct observation
Expresses the purpose of movement; used with moving
Unit 45: Emphasizing Verbs and Nouns 2. A/V~다고 생각(을) 하다 ("I think...")
verbs only
More direct/assertive than -(으)ᄂ/는 것 같다
Place/Destination comes before verb --> 1. A/V-기(는,를,도) 하다 ("I DO...")
3. A/V-지 싶다 ("I think...")
("V-(으)러 N-에 가다/오다"); "V-(으)러" is sub-clause More emphasis: A/V-기(는, 를, 도) A/V
Also stronger nuance
Can be used with imperatives Tense is expressed through the ending verb
Expects listener's confirmation/agreement
6. V-(으)려고 (“so that/in order to”) 2. A/V-다니까 ("I [already] said...")
Do 2nd clause in order to do the 1st clause; expresses the Emphasizes the info that has been said to the listener before
Unit 54: Indefinite Pronouns (2)
purpose of doing the action Sentence ending
Spoken 3. N-까지 ("Even, also N") 1. 아무 (2) (any)
No imperatives and suggestions Emphasized "~도" 아무때나: anytime
7. A/V-게 ("so that") 아무 말도/ 이야기도: no word/ mention
Expresses the purpose of the action in suggestions and 아무렇지도 않다: to be alright/ okay/ unaffected by
Unit 46: Expression of Completion
imperatives. 아무한테도: to nobody
Spoken 1.다: all/ completely (adverb) 아무렇게나: any way; however you like it
More formal: A/V~도록 (1) 2. 덜 (1): less/ incompletely (adverb) *아무(런) N-도 없다: there is no N (of any kind)
Use past tense of A/V to mean "incompletely"
Fixed expression: 아무것도 아니에요 ("It's nothing.")
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Unit 55: Emphasizing Emotions
Unit 58: Expressing Possibilities Unit 60: Explaining
1. A/V Plain Form-니 ("I'm [insert emotion] because [I heard
that]...") 1. V-(으)ᄅ 수도 있다/없다 ("It may/might.../ It may/might 1. V-아/어 보니(까) ("Having done/Because I tried...")
이다= (이)라니 not...") Usually followed by a suggestion or opinion about something
Second clause is usually an emotional reaction Can also use: V-(으)ᄅ 지도 모르다 2. A/V-(으)ᄂ/는 척(을) 했다 ("I acted/pretended to...")
Implies that the reaction is caused by a fact heard or learned Past tense: 았/었을 ("might have") Future: A/V-(으)ᄅ 것처럼 행동(을) 하다
from someone else Usually supported with reason 3. V-곤 했다 ("I used to...")
2. V-아/어 버리다 (Extra emotion) 4. A/V-더니
Does not change the meaning of sentence Unit 59: Additional Endings (2) Can replace ~아/어서, ~고, and ~는데;
Just adds "extra emotion" for doing V But ONLY used to contrast the past and present; or when
1. A/V-거든(요) ("For your information, just so you know...") clause 2 is the result of a past experience (clause 1)
Unit 56: More Grammar Rules 2. A/V-게? (Give me more information) Clause is of past facts or experiences only
Question ending First person: ~았/었더니 (speaker is doer)
1. V-기를 원하다 ("I want to...") Used when listener wants more information, usually about Third person: ~(았/었)더니 (speaker is observer)
Another expression to mean the same as V-고 싶다 what the speaker previously said 이다= ~(이)라더니 
Add to As with ~아/어 지다 With nouns: N-은/는요? ("What about N?") 5. A/V-도록 (2) ("to the extent/point of...")
2. V-아/어 놓다 ("I will V [for later]") 3. A/V-던데 ("Actually...") Expresses the extent or degree of an action usually when
Implies that you are doing V in preparation for something in Expresses disagreement w/ someone else based on explaining.
the future a fact directly-experienced as an observer. 
Can also use V-아/어 두다 Open-ending
5. V-(으)ᄅ 만하다 ("It's worth it to...") Second-hand experience (heard about): A/V-다던데  Unit 61: Passive Voice (Turning Action Verbs to
6. A-(으)ᄅ 만하다 (It's understandable to be...") Can also use A/V-(으)ᄅ 걸 ("Contrary to what you might Descriptive Verbs)
think..."); not necessarily experience-based
The fact is never about the speaker, except for emotions. *Rules don't apply to every verb
Unit 57: Comparison Expressions (and Physical
4. A/V-더라(고요) ("From my experience, [I noticed/ realized 1. With -하다 verbs
Resemblance)
that] it was...") Change 하다 to 되다
1. 오히려 ("On the contrary...") Ex. 준비하다 (to prepare) --> 준비되다 (to be prepared)
Used to relay PAST and direct experiences as an observer; no
Adverb 2. With -내다 verbs
past events from a long time ago
2. V2-느니 V1 ("I'd rather V1 than V2") Change 내다 to 나다
Heard about: A/V-다더라
차라리: adverb; can be used alone ("I'd rather V...") Ex. 끝내다 (to finish) --> 끝나다 (to be finish)
Past tense: V-았/었더라 ---> experience something that had
3. N처럼 생겼다 ("You [physically] look like N") 3. V 받다 
happened already.
Can also use N처럼 보이다 Ex. 사랑(을) 하다 (to love) --> 사랑(을) 받다 (to be loved)
No facts related to speaker.
4. A-어/아 보이다 ("You [physically] look A") 4. V-아/어 지다
Non-contradicting unlike -던데
5. A/V-(으)ᄂ/는걸? ("Didn't you know?")
Question ending *Passive voice is commonly avoided in Korean
Stating a fact + "didn't you know?" *Most common passive voice verbs: 보이다 (to be seen) and
들리다 (to be heard)
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REVISITS: ~지 않다 vs ~지 못하다 A/V-(으)ᄂ/는 vs. A/V-(으)ᄅ N: Present vs. Future Clause-지/죠
adjectives
1. 안 V, V-지 않다= to not do V willingly 1. Present: "N that..."; "N who..." 1. Plain form of questions--- used when asking a question to
2. 못 V, V-지 못하다= to not do V due to external "열심히 공부하는 학생" Student who studies hard yourself
circumstance; unintentional 2. Future: "N that WILL..."; "N who WILL..."; "N to..." 2. Seeks confirmation when question is directed to listener ("is
"먹을 음식" Food to eat it/ isn't it/ right?"); turns statements to questions
A/V-아/어서 *3. With question words, use -는지 form: "(W6) A/V-는지" 3. In declarative sentences, it means "of course"--- confirms
"뭐 입을지" What to wear what the other person said
1. Shows the cause of something happening; cause & effect
("because, so") 4. It may also be used to disagree or correct what was
A/V-(으)ᄂ/는/(으)ᄅ 것
2. Indicates that a clause happened after another previously said--- it is a softer version of -잖아
1. Verbs to Nouns
sequentially/logically ("and then") 5. Usually added to -겠다 in suppositions: -겠지(?); softer than -
Constrictions:
NO imperatives or suggestions; use -(으)니까 겠다 and -겠네
+topic marker= -는 건
이다= (이)라서
+ subject marker= -는 게 (것+이= 게)
+object marker= -는 걸 Clause-잖아요
A/V-(으)니까
*For As, past tense is ~았/었던 것
1. Same function as -아/어서, except it can be and is usually 1. Used to correct what someone else said with a sense that
2. with 같다 ("I think...")
used in suggestions, requests, and commands.
Express opinion on something the listener should've known of the correct fact (statement +
이다= (이)라니까
것 is left as is; no particle attached "remember?"/ You should've known that...)
2. Used when insisting that what you said is correct ("I TOLD
A/V~(으)ᄂ/는/(으)ᄅ데
Clause-네요 you...")
Past tense: ~았/었데
1. Express surprise or excitement on a recent fact 3. Although rare, when used as a question ending, it has the
1. Give background before suggestions and questions
discovered/realized for the first time same meaning as "-지/죠?"--- asking for confirmation
2. Introduce contrasting clauses ("but")
Can be used for first and third-person facts
3. Softer ending for negative comments
No heard-about facts Clause-더라고요
4.. Open-ending: encourage listener's respones
2. Usually added to ~겠다 in suppositions: ~겠네요
이다= 인데 1. Relay past facts witnessed as an observer; no first-person
facts
Clause-구나
A/V-고 No past facts from a long long time ago
1. Express surprise on a newly-discovered fact of the
1. Connect two clauses plainly/generally ("and") *-더- always relays past info/fact experienced by (depending
present time; just like -네요 but less exclamation
2. Unsequential or unrelated events combined in a sentence on usage) speaker or as an observer
2. Express surprise on a fact from the past discovered
이다= 이고
just now
Can be heard-about facts (-다구나)
Object vs. Subject Marker
1. S of main clause-은/는; S of 2nd clause-이/가
2. S of factual sentences-은/는
3. N receiving comparison-은/는; N being compared with
-이/가
WEEK 30
Grammar
A/V-(으)ᄅ까(요)?
Question ending always
1. Suggestive: "Shall I/we...?"; first-person only
2. Question on Future: "Will S do/be...?"; third-person only
More natural than "~(으)ᄅ 것이다?" when subject is third
person
3. 줄까/주실까?: "Will S do V (for something/someone)?"
"주디 (give the favor of...)" emphasizes that the action is for
someone
Other 주다 interrogative forms
1. 줄래(요)/ 주실래(요)? "Would you mind...?"
Used to ask if the listener would do a favor
Subject/ doer of the action (the favor) is the listener
2. 주시겠어(요)?
Same but more polite and formal.
*~(으)ᄅ래(요) can never be used to ask a third person's plan
or desire.
*Different from "~아/어도 되다" in which the doer of the favor
is the speaker or a third-person.  Clause-네요
WEEK 28 WEEK 29
Grammar Grammar
A/V-(으)ᄂ/는 vs. A/V-(으)ᄅ N: Present vs. Future Clause-지/죠
adjectives
1. Present: "N that..."; "N who..." 1. Plain form of questions--- used when asking a question to
"열심히 공부하는 학생" Student who studies hard yourself
2. Future: "N that WILL..."; "N who WILL..."; "N to..." 2. Seeks confirmation when question is directed to listener ("is
"먹을 음식" Food to eat it/ isn't it/ right?"); turns statements to questions
*3. With question words, use -는지 form: "(W6) A/V-는지" 3. In declarative sentences, it means "of course"--- confirms
"뭐 입을지" What to wear what the other person said
4. It may also be used to disagree or correct what was
A/V-(으)ᄂ/는/(으)ᄅ 것
previously said--- it is a softer version of -잖아
1. Verbs to Nouns
5. Usually added to -겠다 in suppositions: -겠지(?); softer than -
Constrictions:
겠다 and -겠네
+topic marker= -는 건
+ subject marker= -는 게 (것+이= 게)
+object marker= -는 걸 Clause-잖아요
*For As, past tense is ~았/었던 것
2. with 같다 ("I think...") 1. Used to correct what someone else said with a sense that
Express opinion on something the listener should've known of the correct fact (statement +
것 is left as is; no particle attached "remember?")
2. Used when insisting that what you said is correct ("I TOLD
you...")
1. Express surprise or excitement on a recent fact 3. Although rare, when used as a question ending, it has the
discovered/realized for the first time same meaning as "-지/죠?"--- asking for confirmation
Can be used for first and third-person facts
No heard-about facts *Quick tip: It's basically the declarative version of "~지/죠?",
2. Usually added to ~겠다 in suppositions: ~겠네요
making it more direct and stronger in nuance. 
Clause-구나
1. Express surprise on a newly-discovered fact of the
present time; just like -네요 but less exclamation
2. Express surprise on a fact from the past discovered
just now
Can be heard-about facts (-다구나)
Clause-더라고요
1. Relay past facts witnessed as an observer; no first-
person facts
No past facts from a long long time ago
*-더- always relays past info/fact experienced by
(depending on usage) speaker or as an observer