STRUCTURE & WRITTEN EXPRESSION

SKILL 1: SUBJECTS & VERBS SKILL 8: NOUN CLAUSE CONNECTOR/SUBJECTS

Subjects: Who, what, which
1. Noun (kata benda): car, house, boy, student Berfungsi sebagai:
2. Noun phrase (frasa kata benda): a small car 1. As an object of a verb (if it follows a verb)
3. Pronoun (kata ganti): I, you, we, they, she, e. g: I know what happened yesterday
he, it (what berfungsi sebagai connector sekaligus
Verbs: subject)
1. To be: am, is, are, was, were, be, been, being 2. As an object of a preposition (if it follows a
2. Modals: will, would, can, could, shall, should, preposition)
may, might, must e. g: We are thinking about what happened
3. Kata kerja (V1, V2, Vs/es) yesterday
4. Have/has + V3 (what berfungsi sebagai connector sekaligus
subject)
(S+V+C/S+V)
SKILL 2: OBJECTS OF PREPOSITIONS SKILL 9: ADJECTIVE CLAUSE CONNECTOR
Preposition: in, on, at, under, behind, in front of, Whom, which, that
below, above, across from, and etc. e. g:
e. g: The price of the books in the stores is very cheap. 1. The house that I want to buy is quite expensive.
Kata benda yang diawali preoposisi tidak bisa (S+C+S+V+V)
menjadi subject 2. I like the dress that you are wearing.
(S+V+C+S+V)
SKILL 3: PRESENT PARTICIPLES SKILL 10: ADJECTIVE CLAUSE CONNECTOR/SUBJECTS
Bisa berfungsi sebagai: Who, which, that
1. A part of the verb (to be + Ving) e. g:
2. An adjective (tidak diawali to be, hanya Ving 1. We are looking at a house that is quite expensive
saja) (S+V+C/S+V)
2. The house that is quite expensive seems like a
great house
(S+S/C+V+V)
SKILL 4: PAST PARTICIPLES SKILL 11: AGREEMENT AFTER PREPOSITIONAL
Verb 3 (regular dan irregular verb) PHRASES
Berfungsi sebagai: S+ (Prepositional phrase) +V
1. A part of the verb (to be/has/have + V3) e. g:
2. An adjective (tidak diawali to be/has/have, 1. The dog barks at night
hanya V3 saja) 2. The dogs bark at night
3. The door (to the room) is locked
4. The doors (to the room) are locked
SKILL 5: COORDINATE CONNECTORS SKILL 12: AGREEMENT AFTER EXPRESSION OF
And, but, or, so QUANTITY
e. g: The sun was shining, and the sky was blue All, most, some, half, part
(S+V+C+S+V) All, most, some, half, part (of the singular object) V*
All, most, some, half, part (of the plural object) V**
*singular verb
**plural verb
e. g:
 Some of student is attending chemistry class
 Some of students are attending chemistry class
SKILL 6: ADVERB CLAUSE CONNECTORS
Because, after, before, when, until, since, although,
eventhough, though, while, if, whether, as
(S+V+C+S+V) atau (C+S+V+S+V)
SKILL 7: NOUN CLAUSE CONNECTORS
What, when, where, that/how, why, whether/if
Berfungsi sebagai:
1. As an object of a verb (if it follows a verb)
e. g: I don’t know why she liked facebook
2. As an object of a preposition (if it follows a
preposition)
e. g: I am thinking about why he said such
things.
(S+V+C+S+V)
SKILL 13: AGREEMENT AFTER CERTAIN WORDS
Singular verb (anybody, anyone, anything; everybody,
everyone, everything; somebody, someone,
something; nobody, no one, nothing; every/each)
e. g:
1. Everybody studies TOEFL on Monday
2. Each student has studied TOEFL for one month
SKILL 14: PARALLEL STRUCTURE WITH COORDINATE
CONJUCTIONS
And, but, or
 Same structure, same structure, and/but/or same
structure
 Adjective + and/but/or + adjective
e. g: He discussed the problem with the nurse and the
doctor
SKILL 15: PARALLEL STRUCTURE WITH PAIRED
CONJUNCTIONS
Not only…but also…
Neither ….. Nor….
Either…. Or …
Both … and …
 Both + Adjective + and + adjective
e. g: The lecture was both informative and enjoyable
SKILL 16: PAST PARTICIPLE AFTER HAVE
Have, has, had, having + V3
e. g: She has lived in her apartment
SKILL 17: PRESENT PARTICIPLE OR PAST PARTICIPLES
AFTER BE
Am, is, are, were, was, be, been, being + Ving/V3
e. g:
 The work is completed
 We are completing the work
SKILL 19: SINGULAR AND PLURAL NOUNS
 Each/every/single/one/a/an + singular noun
 Both/two/many/several/various + plural noun
e. g:
 Each student should study hard
 There are several women over the mountain
SKILL 20: COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUN
 Countable nouns (many, number, few, fewer)
 Uncountable nouns (much, amount, little, less)
e. g:
 There is amount of water that is flowing here
 A little happiness can cure him
 A few students do not like travelling
 Many birds are flying over the sky this year
SKILL 21: SUBJECT & OBJECT PRONOUNS
Subject pronoun: I, you, we, they, she, he, it (tidak
boleh diletakkan di belakang
Object pronoun: Me, you, them, us, it, her, him
SKIL 22: POSSESSIVES
Possessive adj: my, your, their, our, its, her, his
Possessive pronouns: mine, yours, theirs, ours, hers,
his (berdiri sendiri)
e. g:
 Beth gave us her television
 Beth gave us hers
SKILL 23: PRONOUN REFERENCE
e. g:
 The students are doing their homework hard so
they look tired
 The cookies are for you, so please take them
 Each person has to sign her/his application letter
SKILL 24: ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS
Adjectives: menjelaskan noun atau pronouns
e. g:
 it is a delicious meal -> adj menjelaskan noun
 it is delicious -> adj menjelaskan kata ganti
adj + noun atau pronoun + adj
 Adverbs: menjelaskan adj, verb, other adverb
e. g:
 he writes letters quickly -> adv. Menjelaskan verb
 it is a quickly written letters
verb + adverb
adverb + adjective + noun
adv + adv + adj + noun
SKILL 18: BASE FORM AFTER MODALS SKILL 25: ADJECTIVES AFTER LINKING VERBS
will, would, can, could, shall, should, may, might, must Linking verb: kata kerja yg berkaitan dengan indra
modals + V1 (tanpa s/es) Appear, feel, seem, become, prove, taste, be, look,
e. g: smell + adjectives
He should visit the doctor e. g:
 The children look happy
 Does the food smell delicious?