Compiled by MA Dương Ngọc Hoàng Yến

RELATIVE CLAUSES

- Mệnh đề quan hệ (hay mệnh đề tính ngữ) bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước nó.

- Mệnh đề quan hệ được đặt sau danh từ mà nó bổ nghĩa, được bắt đầu bằng các đại từ quan hệ: WHO, WHOM,
WHICH, THAT, trạng từ quan hệ: WHERE, WHY, WHEN và tính từ quan hệ WHOSE

Relative 1. who +V (Who là  chỉ người, làm subject/object

Pronouns subject) Ex: - I need to meet the boy. The boy is my friend’s son.
2. who + S + V (who  I need to meet the boy who is my friend’s son.
là object giống Ex: I know the girl. I spoke to this girl.
whom)  I know the girl who I spoke to.
3. whom + S + V  chỉ người, làm object
Ex: I know the girl. I spoke to this girl.
 I know the girl who/whom I spoke to.
4. which + S/V  chỉ vật, làm subject/object
Ex: - She works for a company. It makes cars
 She works for a company which makes cars.
- The elephants are big. People keep the elephants in iron cages.
 The elephants which people keep in iron cages are big.
 thay thế cho cả mệnh đề đứng trước nó (non-defining relative
clause)
Ex: He passed his exam. This pleased his parents.
 He passed his exam, which pleased his parents.
5. that  thay thế cho who, whom, which trong defining relative clause:
Ex: - I need to meet the boy that/ who is my friend’s son.
- The woman that/ who is standing over there is my sister.
- I know the girl that/ who/ whom I spoke to.
- The man that/ who/ whom your father is talking to is my teacher.
- She works for a company that/ which makes cars.
- The elephants that/ which people keep in iron cages are big.
Relative 6. where  chỉ nơi chốn:
Adverbs = in/on/at Ex: - The movie theater is the place. We can see films at that place.
which  The movie theater is the place where/at which we can see films.
7. when  chỉ thời gian:
= in/on/at Ex: - Do you remember the day. We first met on that day.
which  Do you remember the day when/on which we first met?
8. why = for which  chỉ lý do, nguyên nhân:
Ex: - Tell me the reason. You are so sad for that reason.
 Tell me the reason why/for which you are so sad.
Relative 9. N1 + whose + N2  chỉ sở hữu (his/her/its/their/Lan’s…) của người/vật:
Adjective = N + of which: chỉ Ex: - John found the cat. Its leg was broken.
sở hữu của vật  John found the cat whose leg/the leg of which was broken.
- This is the student. I borrowed his book.
This is the student whose book I borrowed.
* Những trường hợp thường dùng THAT:

a. Sau cụm từ quan hệ vừa chỉ người và vật:

Ex: He told me the places and people that he had seen in London.

b. Sau đại từ bất định: all, everything, something, anything, anyone, nobody, none, little, few, much

Ex: I’ll tell you something that is very interesting. All that is mine is yours.

c. After only, and after superlatives.....

Ex: - This is the most beautiful dress that I have - You are the only person that can help us.
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d. Trong cấu trúc Cleft Sentence: It + be + … + that … (chính là …)

Ex: It is my friend that wrote this sentence.

* Những trường hợp không dùng THAT:

- Sau dấu phẩy (trong non-defining relative clause):

Ex: Mr Brown, that we studied English with, is a very nice teacher.

- Sau giới từ: Ex: The house in that I was born is for sale.

 Relative clause with preposition: in/on/at/to/for…+which/whom

Ex: - The man speaks English very fast. I talked to him last night.

 The man to whom I talked last night speaks English very fast.

- The house is for sale. I was born in it.

 The house in which I was born is for sale.

DEFINING & NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES

I. Defining Relative Clauses:

- Dùng để bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước chưa được xác định rõ, nếu bỏ đi mệnh đề chính sẽ không rõ nghĩa.

Ex: - I saw the girl. She helped us last week.  I saw the girl who/that helped us last week.

* LƯU Ý: có thể bỏ đại từ quan hệ: WHO, WHOM, WHICH, THAT khi chúng làm O trong defining rel.clause

II. Non-defining Relative Clauses:

* LƯU Ý: + KHÔNG được bỏ đại từ quan hệ trong non-defining relative clause

- Dùng để bổ sung thêm thông tin cho noun đứng trước. Dùng non-defining relative clause khi trước đó là:

+ các từ chỉ định: this/that/these/those hoặc tính từ sở hữu: my/his/his/her/your/our/their/its/Lan’s…

Ex: - My father is a doctor. He is fifty years old. My father, who is fifty years old, is a doctor.

+ tên riêng, danh từ riêng: Mary, Mr.Brown, England, Christmas…

Ex: Mr. Brown is a nice teacher.We studied English with him. Mr Brown, who we studied English with, is a nice
teacher.

+ danh từ chung chung: Ex: Cars were invented a long time ago. They are very popular nowadays.

 Cars, which were invented a long time ago, are very popular nowadays.

+ vật duy nhất: the sun, the moon, the earth… Ex: The sun made the traveller thirsty. It was hot at midday.

 The sun, which was hot at midday, made the traveller thirsty

+ noun có cụm trạng ngữ chỉ nơi chốn theo sau: the man over there, the park opposite my house…

The boys in the next room are my students. They are making noise.  The boys in the next room, who are
making noise, are my students. - Ngoài ra, ta còn dùng dấu phẩy khi:

+ “which” thay thế cho cả mệnh đề đứng trước

+ khi có từ chỉ số lượng + of which/of whom:

Ex: - Daisy has three brothers. All of them are teachers.  Daisy has three brothers, all of whom are teachers.

- He asked me a lot of questions. I couldn’t answer most of them.  He asked me a lot of questions, most of
which I couldn’t answer.
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REDUCED FORMS OF RELATIVE CLAUSES
Types of Reduced Relative Clauses
 An adjective: the person who was happy ->the happy person
 An adjective phrase: the man who was responsible for -> the man responsible for
 A prepositional phrase: boxes that are under the counter -> boxes under the counter
 A present participle: people who are working on the report -> people working on the report
 A past participle: student that was elected president -> student elected president
 An infinitive phrase: the first person who came here yesterday  the first person to come here yesterday
I. Reduce to an Adjective:
1. Remove the relative pronoun (who, which, that)
2. Remove the verb (usually 'be', but also 'seem', 'appear', etc.) (be, seem, appear)
3. Place the adjective used in the relative clause before the modified noun: adj + N
e.g: The children who were happy played until nine in the evening.
-> Reduced: The happy children played until nine in the evening.
e.g: The house which was beautiful was sold for $300,000.
-> Reduced: The beautiful house was sold for $300,000.
 Note: Reduced structures can also be used with the adjectives available and possible.
e.g: Please book all the tickets available. (= Please book all the tickets that are available.)
II. Reduce to an Adjective Phrase:
1. Remove the relative pronoun (who, which, that)
2. Remove the verb (usually 'be', but also 'seem', 'appear', etc.) (be, seem, appear)
3. Place the adjective phrase after the modified noun: N + adj phrase
e.g: The product, which seemed perfect in many ways, failed to succeed in the market.
-> Reduced: The product, perfect in many ways, failed to succeed in the market.
e.g: The boy who was pleased by his grades went out with his friends to celebrate.
-> Reduced: The boy pleased by his grades went out with his friends to celebrate.
III. Reduce to a Prepositional Phrase
1. Remove the relative pronoun (who, which, that)
2. Remove the verb 'be' (be)
3. Place the prepositional phrase after the modified noun: N + prep. phrase
e.g: The box which was on the table was made in Italy.
-> Reduced: The box on the table was made in Italy.
e.g: The woman who was at the meeting spoke about business in Europe.
-> Reduced: The woman at the meeting spoke about business in Europe.
IV. Reduce to a Present Participle 1
1. Remove the relative pronoun (who, which, that)
2. Remove the verb 'be' (be)
3. Place the present participle phrase after the modified noun: N + V-ing

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e.g: The professor who is teaching mathematics will leave the university.
-> Reduced: The professor teaching mathematics will leave the university.
e.g: The dog that is lying on the floor won't get up.
-> Reduced: The dog lying on the floor won't get up.
V. Reduce to a Present Participle 2
1. Remove the relative pronoun (who, which, that)
2. Change the verb to the present participle form: V  V-ing
3. Place the present participle phrase after the modified noun: N + V-ing
e.g: The man who lives near my home walks to work every day.
-> Reduced: The man living near my home walks to work every day.
e.g: The girl who attends my school lives at the end of the street.
-> Reduced: The girl attending my school lives at the end of the street.
VI. Reduce to an Past Participle Phrase
1. Remove the relative pronoun (who, which, that)
2. Remove the verb 'be' (be)
3. Place the past participle phrase after the modified noun: N + V3/-ed
e.g: The car which was purchased in Seattle was a vintage Mustang.
-> Reduced: The car purchased in Seattle was a vintage Mustang.
e.g: The elephant which was born in captivity was set free.
-> Reduced: The elephant born in captivity was set free.
VII. Reduce to “to infinitive”:
* the only to V . . . (active)
ordinal number (the first, the second, the third . . . ) + relative clauses :
superlative comparison (the best, the most…) to be + V3 / ed . . . (passive)
the last, the next
e.g: John is the only person that understands me.  John is the only person to understand me.

e.g Tom is the most handsome boy that came in this school.  Tom is the most handsome boy to come in this
school.
e.g Jack is the first person that has handed in this exam.  Jack is the first person to have handed in this
exam.
 When the verb “have” meaning possession  who, which, that , “have” and use with (+) or without(-).
Students who have enough knowledge and skills will be admitted.
 Students with enough knowledge and skills will be admitted.
People who don’t have their ID cards cannot get in.
People without their ID cards cannot get in.
 who, whom, which, that as Object in defining relative clause  Who, whom, which, that
This is the house that/which Jack built.  This is the house Jack built.
The person whom/who/that you see is my father.  The person you see is my father.
Notes: Never delete the relative pronoun whose:
The man whose car broke down went to the station. (The man car broke down went to the station.)
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 Compiled by MA Dương Ngọc Hoàng Yến
RELATIVE CLAUSE EXERCISES (135-244)

1. The man _______ is my teacher.

A. who she is speaking to B. whom she is speaking with

C. to whom she is speaking D. to whom she is speaking with

2. My friend, Jack, ______parents live in Glasgow, invited me to spend Christmas in Scotland.

A. that B. whose C. where D. who

3. Here’s the computer program _______ I told you about.

A. that B. whose C. where D. who

4. I don’t believe the story _______ she told us.

A. that B. whose C. ф D. A, B&C

5. Peter comes from Witney, _______ is near Oxford.

A. what B. which C. where D. who

6. This is the gun with _______ the murder was committed.

A. that B. whose C. which D. who

7. Is this the person _______ you asked me about.

A. that B. whose C. where D. who

8. Have you received the parcel _______ we sent you?

A. it B. whose C. where D. which

9. That’s the girl _______ brother sits next to me.

A. that B. whose C. where D. whom

10. The meal, _______ wasn’t very tasty, was expensive.

A. that B. which C. where D. whose

11. We didn’t enjoy the play _______ we went to see.

A. what B. whose C. where D. ф

12. She gives her children everything _______ they want.

A. that B. whose C. where D. who

13. Tell me _______ you want and I’ll have you.

A. the things that B. whose C. what D. A&C

14. The reason _______ I phoned him was to invite him to party.
A. why B. ф C. A&B D. that

15. I don’t like people _______ never stops talking.

A. that B. whose C. where D. whom

16. The day _______ they arrived was Sunday.

A. when B. whose C. on which D. A&C

17. Ann, _______ children are at school all day is trying to get a job.
A. that B. whose C. where D. who

18. We'd like to buy a house_______ overlooks West Lake.

A. who B. whose C. where D. which

19. The woman _______ daughter Jack loves is very kind.

A. whose B. who C. whom D. which

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20. The letter _______ she received this morning is from the USA.
A. who B. whose C. whom D. which

21. I don't know the girl _______ is wearing a long blue dress.
A. whom B. whose C. which D. who

22. The police are asking the man _______ car has been stolen.
A. whom B. whose C. which D. that

23. Spring is the time _______ many kinds of flowers blossom.

A. who B. where C. which D. when

24. English is the subject _______ she is good at.

A. what B. which C. where D. who

25. He went to the sport club _______ he first met his wife.
A. which B. who C. where D. whose

26. He will never forget the day _______ his mother died.
A. which B. who C. where D. when

27. The man _______ my sister loves is very intelligent.

A. which B. whom C. whose D. when

28. Sunday is the day _______which we usually go fishing.

A. during B. at C. in D. on

29. The music ______ we listened last night was boring.

A. to which B. which to C. to that D. that

30. The man ______ I introduced you to last night is thoughtful.

A. whom B. that C. Ø D. all are correct

31. She couldn’t answer any question, _______made me surprised.

A. that B. it C. this D. which

32. It _____in Hanoi _____ I was born and grew up.

A. is / that B. was / that C. was / which D. is / which

33. It____ Lan _____ always helps him in his trouble.

A. was/ who B. was/ that C. is / who D. is / which

34. It was The World Cup _______in Korea and Japan.

A. which was held B. that were held C. that was held D. that held

35. The man _________________________, is the secretary.

A. which you have just spoken B. whose you have just spoken
C. to whom you have just spoken D. to who you have just spoken
36. It is the village where you ______________________, isn’t it ?
A. used to living B. used to live C. use to live D. use living

37. The police have caught the man ________________________.

A. who stole my motorbike. B. whose stole my motorbike.
C. whom stole my motorbike. D. which stole my motorbike.
38. Colin told me about his new job, ________ very much.
A. that he's enjoying B. he's enjoying
C. which he's enjoying D. he's enjoying it
39. We stayed at the Royal Hotel, _______ Peter recommended to us.
A. that B. which C. where D. whom

40. He is believed _______by terrorists two months ago.

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A. was killed B. to be killed C. being killed D. had been killed

41. The weather is expected ______ good tomorrow.

A. will be B. to be C. is D. being

42. _______ is expected that the strike will end soon.

A. It B. That C. This D. There

43. The police report that four people ______ in the accident.
A. to be injured B. to have been injured C. are injured D. were injured

44. That’s my friend,_______________ comes from Japan.

A. which B. who C. whom D. where.

45. The plants which______________ in the living room need a lot of water.
A. are B. be C. is D. was

46. She’s the woman_______________ sister looks after the baby for us.
A. who B. which C. that’s D. whose

47. That’s the doctor for________________ Cliff works.

A. that B. which C. whom D. whose

48. Marie,______________ I met at the party, called me last night.

A. that B. whom C. which D. whose

49. I remember Alice,______________ rode the bus to school with.

A. I B. whom I C. which I D. who

50. I used to enjoy the summer, ______________ we had a big family picnic.
A. where B. when C. which D. that

51. Tell me about the city ______________ you grew up.

A. that B. where C. which D. ø

52. Anna found the book that ________________ wanted at the bookshop.
A. ø B. where C. she D. which

53. Please remember to take back to the library all the books _____________ are due this week.
A. ø B. that C. when D. they

54. The students are reading some books____________ are on disasters.

A. who B. whom C. which D. whose

55. The children__________are playing in the yard are Mr Brown’s nephews.

A. whom B. that C. which D. where

56. They are reading the newspapers_____________have just been published

A. who B. which C. when D. whom

57. Hoa and her dog______________ are standing over there go to the park.
A. that B. who C. whom D. which

58. My father will fly to Ha Noi,____________is the capital city of Vietnam.

A. who B. whom C. which D. where

59. My classmates dislike postcards__________show rough sea and cloud sky

A. who B. which C. where D. when

60. Neil Armstrong,_________ was the first man walking on the moon, is an American.
A. who B. which C. whom D. that
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61. They called their friends,__________have lived in the city for a long time
A. who B. which C. whose D. that

62. They ran out of the house________almost collapsed after the strong wind
A. who B. whose C. which D. where

63. She often plays the music______________ was composed by Chopin.

A. who B. that C. which D. B&C are correct

64. The old man ______you wanted to see was away on holiday yesterday.
A. who B. whom C. ø D. All are correct

65. Miss Lien, ______ sings very well, is my English teacher.

A. who B. whom C. whose D. which

66. Everything ______ he said was true.

A. who B. whom C. which D. that

67. Where is the cheese ______ was in the fridge?

A. who B. whom C. whose D. which

68. We’d like to travel to a city ______ there is a lot of sightseeing.

A. which B. when C. where D. that

69. He is the singer about ____ I often tell you.

A. that B. who C. whom D. him

70. The concert ____ I listened last weekend was boring.

A. to that B. to which C. about which D. for which

71. That’s the girl to ____ my brother got engaged.

A. which B. who C. whom D. her

72. I like the village ____ I used to live.

A. in that B. in where C. which D. in which

73. I don’t know the reason ____ she hasn’t talked to me recently.
A. on which B. for which C. of which D. about which

74. The little girl ____ I borrowed this pen has gone.
A. at whom B. for whom C. to whom D. from whom

75. The speech ___ we listened last night was information.

A. to which B. which to C. to that D. that

76. The boy to ____ I lent some money is poor.

A. that B. who C. whom D. B and C

77. The knife ____ we cut bread is very sharp.

A. with that B. which C. with which D. that

78. The authority gathered those villagers ____ they explained the importance of forests.
A. who B. whom C. to whom D. to that

79. I’m working on a firm____ main office is in London

A. which B. that C. whose D. A & B

80. The company____ employs five hundred people makes video recorders
A. who B. that C. whom D. whose