E Min - Wood Engineering

7/25/2023 E min – Wood Engineering
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E min
 WOODENGINEERING - POSTED ON  APRIL 1, 2022 -  POSTED IN UNCATEGORIZED - TAGGED
WITH APPARENT
APPARENT,, BEAM
BEAM,, BEND
BEND,, COLLAPSE
COLLAPSE,, COLUMN
COLUMN,, COV
COV,, COV E,
E, DEFLECT
DEFLECT,, DEFLECTION
DEFLECTION,, DESIGN
DESIGN,,
DEVIATION,, E, E APP,
DEVIATION APP , E MIN,
MIN, E TRUE,
TRUE, GIRDER
GIRDER,, GLUED LAMINATED TIMBER,
TIMBER, GLULAM
GLULAM,, GRADE
GRADE,, JOIST
JOIST,,
LAMINATED,, LATERAL TORSIONAL BUCKLING,
LAMINATED BUCKLING, LTB
LTB,, LUMBER
LUMBER,, MODULUS OF ELASTICITY,
ELASTICITY, MOE
MOE,, NDS
NDS,, POST
POST,,
RAFTER,, REFERENCE
RAFTER REFERENCE,, RUPTURE
RUPTURE,, SAFETY
SAFETY,, SAG
SAG,, SAWN
SAWN,, SERVICEABILITY
SERVICEABILITY,, SHEAR
SHEAR,, SHEAR FEE,
FEE, SORT
SORT,, SPECIES
SPECIES,,
STABILITY,, STANDARD
STABILITY STANDARD,, STANDARD DEVIATION,
DEVIATION, SUPPLEMENT
SUPPLEMENT,, VARIABILITY
VARIABILITY,, WOOD
WOOD,, YOUNG’S MODULUS
E min
(c) Jeff R. Filler, Pell City, Alabama, 2022
But First, E apparent and E true
È min’ is calculated wood property used in the design of structural wood members (beams,
columns, etc.). It is a derived property, derived from the Modulus of Elasticity, E. The
Modulus of Elasticity, E, is generally used to determine deflections of wood members such
as beams, joists, rafters, girders. Values of E for sawn lumber, glued laminated timber
(glulam), and other structural wood members can be found in the Supplement to the
National Design Standard®
Standard® for Wood Construction (NDS). Values of E for proprietary wood
products, such as prefabricated wood I-joists and structural composite lumber (SCL), may
be obtained from the product manufacturer and/or code evaluation reports. Predominately,
E values are used directly in `bending’ applications; e.g., used for the calculations of
deflections. These E values are used in `single-term’ deflection equations derived from
`beam deflection’ theory. The equations address the strains generated by tension and
compression stresses generated from bending moments acting in the beam, and, in theory,
relate bending stresses to beam deformation (curvature) though the Young’s Modulus. In
https://woodengineering.com/2022/04/01/e-min/ 1/6
reality, however, wood beams deflect a bit more than as would be predicted using Young’s
Modulus and the `singe-term’ beam-deflection-theory equations, due to the additional
distortion and deflection caused by shear stresses in the beam. The additional deflection
can be handled two ways. The first way is to include a `second term’ in the deflection
formula which directly addresses deflection due to shear (`shear deflection’). The second
way is to stick with the `single-term’ (beam-deflection-theory) equation and determine (in
the case of testing), or use (in the case of design), an apparent Moment of Inertia that
directly relates the total deflection to specific beam section, load, and support conditions.
This so-called àpparent Moment of Inertia’ (E app, E apparent, and also often just E) is a
bit less than the Young’s Modulus, or `true’ Moment of Inertia (and is, as said, reflected in
the bit more deflection, due to the shear effect). In the case of sawn lumber, for example,
values of E published in the National Design Standard® for Wood Construction (NDS)
Supplement are to be increased by 3% (multiplied by 1.03) to obtain `shear free’ values
(NDS Appendix F).
E min is derived from the `shear free’ E.
So, on our road to E min, we need to either determine, or obtain, `shear free’ E, a.k.a., true
E. We can get it indirectly by calculation from the published E values that include shear
effects, as described above, or, in other cases, directly, as published by wood products
manufacturers, in the NDS Supplement
Supplement,, etc.
Once we have `shear free’ E, we can get E min.
Wood is a highly variable material. Wood properties vary between species, and among
species. In the structural wood world, species, or species groups, are further subdivided
into `Grades’. This `sorting’ into grades helps enables more efficient use of wood, as wells
as helps pin down, or at least `narrow’ down, the range of properties with the Grades. But,
at the end of the day, there’s variability in the properties of the woods within each grade.
For deflection calculations (using E app or E true) the variability is, for the most part,
accepted as is. The published values for E are àverage’ values for the species and grade.
Some pieces will have more È’, some less. As such, all other things equal, some members
(beams, joists, etc.) will have a more, or less, deflection. And, again, this is generally
accepted. Deflections are `serviceability’ issues … typically not safety issues. A little bit
more deflection … `no big deal’. A bit less deflection, better yet! Where deflections are
critical, a more stringent deflection limit could be set (to capture and corral some variability),
or products with more precise properties could be used.
E min, on the other hand, is used for stability calculations, which are very much a safety
issue. Stability issues for wood members include potential buckling of wood columns, posts,
or studs, as well as lateral torsional buckling of beams (joists, rafters, etc.). Buckling of
wood members may result in catastrophic rupture or collapse of the member itself, and
even progressive collapse in a structural system. Thus while we might be somewhat `care
free’ with the È’ used in deflection calculations, we better be pretty darn tight with the E we
use in stability calculations. Alas, E min.
The first step in getting E min (after getting E true), is to obtain E 05. This is the (supposed)
value of E for which 95% of the members in that grade have equal or higher E.
In equation form,
E 05 = E (true) (1 – 1.645 COVE)
where
COVE = the coefficient of variation of E, representing one standard deviation relative to the
mean standard deviation.
But that still isn’t good enough. Five percent of the wood members in that Grade could have
lesser E, which could lead to catastrophe! We then take that number (E 05), and divide it by
a factor of safety of 1.66.
Thus,
E min = E (true) (1 – 1.645 COVE) / 1.66.
Selah …
Let’s say we’re dealing with sawn lumber, which has a published COVE of 0.25.
And let’s say we’re starting with a published (reference) E (app) of 1,800,000 psi.
Then E true is 1,800,000 psi x 1.03 = 1,854,000 psi.
Then E 05 is E (true) [1 – 1.645 (0.25) ] = E (true) (1 – 0.411) = E (true) (0.589) = 1,092,000

psi,
and
E min = 1,092,000 / 1.66 = 658,000 psi.

psi.
Nearly one-third of E (E app or E true).
I often wonder what this piece of lumber would look like. I think it represents a piece of
wood with an E value between 2 and 3 standard deviations less than the mean … which,
for a `normal distribution’ (if sawn lumber is `normal’) … represents, in this case, about one
piece in 200. What would it look like? Mostly bark? Would it have a huge knot, or other big
defect? Hopefully it would get `tossed’ (out) in the lumber sorting and grading process. If
not, I would hope the `do-it-yourself-er’ at the lumber yard wouldn’t put it on his cart, or, if all
else fails, the framing contractor wouldn’t dare use it for a beam or column.
‹ Accuracy of Deflection Calcs (and Eee) Shear Deflection – Prefab Wood I-Joist ›
Search here … 
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7/25/2023 E min – Wood Engineering

Home › Uncategorized › E min

(c) Jeff R. Filler, Pell City, Alabama, 2022

But First, E apparent and E true

E min is derived from the `shear free’ E.

Once we have `shear free’ E, we can get E min.

E 05 = E (true) (1 – 1.645 COVE)

E min = E (true) (1 – 1.645 COVE) / 1.66.

Then E true is 1,800,000 psi x 1.03 = 1,854,000 psi.

Then E 05 is E (true) [1 – 1.645 (0.25) ] = E (true) (1 – 0.411) = E (true) (0.589) = 1,092,000

E min = 1,092,000 / 1.66 = 658,000 psi.

Nearly one-third of E (E app or E true).

E (modulus of elasticity) of Wood

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