DHANALAKSHMI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

GE8071– DISIASTER MANAGEMENT

UNIT – I: INTRODUCTION TO DISASTERS

Part- A (2 marks)
1. What is disaster?
Defines Disaster as "any occurrence that causes damage, ecological disruption, loss of human life, deterioration
of health and health services, on a scale sufficient to warrant an extraordinary response from outside the affected
community or area"
2. What is natural disaster?
A natural disaster is the effect of a natural hazard (e.g., flood, tornado, hurricane, volcanic eruption, earthquake,
heat wave, or landslide). It leads to financial, environmental or human losses. The resulting loss depends on the
vulnerability of the affected population to resist the hazard, also called their resilience
3. What is manmade disaster?
A man-made disaster means disaster from man-made hazards (threats having an element of human intent,
negligence or error, or involving a failure of a man-made system). They differ from natural disasters that result
from natural hazards.
4. What are tropical cyclones?
A tropical cyclone is composed of a system of thunderstorms that shows a cyclonic rotation around a central core
or eye. A tropical cyclone is a generic term for a storm with an organized system of thunderstorms that are not
based on a frontal system.
5. What is hazard?
A hazard is a situation that poses a level of threat to life, health, property, or environment. Most hazards are
dormant or potential, with only a theoretical risk of harm; however, once a hazard becomes "active", it can create
an emergency situation.
6. Define Vulnerability?
Vulnerability refers to the inability to withstand the effects of a hostile environment.
Types
Social vulnerability
Military vulnerability
7. Define emergency?
Sudden, unexpected, or impending situation that may cause injury, loss of life, damage to the property, and/or
interference with the normal activities of a person or firm and which, therefore, requires immediate attention and
remedial action.

But the dynamic problem has mainly three responses such as displacement, velocity and acceleration.
8. What is an avalanche?
An avalanche can be composed of many different kinds of snow depending on the region, temperature and
weather. It could be compiled of loosely packed light fluffy snow, which can still be very dangerous even though it
may not appear threatening. It could also consist of a thick “slab” which is an area of tightly packed together snow
that separates itself from the surroundings.
9. Define land use planning?
The process by which lands are evaluated and assessed to become a basis for decisions involving land
disposition and utilization. This involves studies on the environmental effects of land use and its impact on the
community.
10. What is flood?
A form of natural disaster when there is more water than the lakes, rivers, oceans, or ground can hold.
11. Define mangroves?
A mangrove is a tree, shrub, palm or ground fern, generally exceeding one half metre in height that normally
grows above mean sea level in the intertidal zone of marine coastal environments and estuarine margins. A
mangrove is also the tidal habitat comprising such trees and shrubs.
12. Define landslides?
A landslide or landslip is a geological phenomenon which includes a wide range of ground movement, such as
rock falls, deep failure of slopes and shallow debris flows, which can occur in offshore, coastal and onshore
environments. Although the action of gravity is the primary driving force for a landslide to occur, there are other
contributing factors affecting the original slope stability
13. What are the typical effects of deforestation?
Humans have always and probably always will depended on forests to a lesser or greater degree. Trees provide
food, shelter from the elements and predators not just to humans but the vast majority of life on land.
Unfortunately the forests resources and appeal is its downfall.
14. Define disaster management?
‘Disaster management can be defined as the organization and management of resources and responsibilities for
dealing with all humanitarian aspects of emergencies, in particular preparedness, response and recovery in order
to lessen the impact of disasters.’
15. Define SOP?
SOPs may be prepared for any function that fire service organizations perform, including administration (hiring,
equipment maintenance, building inspections, rehabilitation, etc.) and emergency response operations (fire
suppression, medical services, hazardous materials response, etc.).
16. What is biological weapon?
Biological weapons are toxic materials produced from pathogenic organisms (usually microbes) or artificially
manufactured toxic substances that are used to intentionally interfere with the biological processes of a host.
These substances work to kill or incapacitate the host.
17. Mention the types of avalanches?
Types of Avalanches
1. Loose Snow Avalanche 2.Ice Fall Avalanche 3.Cornice Fall Avalanche 4.Slab Avalanche
18. What is chemical weapon?
Chemical warfare (CW) involves using the toxic properties of chemical substances as weapons. This type of
warfare is distinct from nuclear warfare and Biological warfare, which together make up NBC, the military acronym
for Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical (warfare or weapons).
19. What are the types of drought?
Types: Meteorological, Hydrological, Agricultural and Socioeconomic
20. What is drought?
Drought is a normal, recurrent feature of climate, although many erroneously consider it a rare and random event.
It occurs in virtually all areas, whatever their normal climate may be, and the characteristics of a drought may be
very different from one region to another.
 PART – B (16 marks)

1. Explain the phases of disaster management.

2. Describe natural disaster and list out the natural disaster

3. Describe manmade (anthropogenic disaster) disaster and list out the natural disaster

4. Describe terrorism and write down the typology of terrorism.

5. Describe avalanche and its three parts.

6. Explain techniques for reducing oil fire.

7. Explain crisis in power sector.

8. Explain natural disasters and its mitigation strategies.

9. Define mining and explain methods of extraction.

10. Explain a) types of threat b) Drought preparedness and mitigation

11. Describe flood and explain causes of flood.

12. Explain a) causes of forest fire b) Classification forest fire c) Types of forest fire.
 UNIT II APPROACHES TO DISASTER RISK REDUCTION (DRR)

1. What is database? Give examples?

The term "database" may be narrowed to specify particular aspects of organized collection of data and
may refer to the logical database, to physical database as data content in computer data storage or to many other
database sub-definitions.
2. What is RDBMS? Give examples?
Relational databases are powerful because they require few assumptions about how data is related or how it will
be extracted from the database. As a result, the same database can be viewed in many different ways. An
important feature of relational systems is that a single database can be spread across several tables.
3. Define - MIS
A management information system (MIS) provides information which is needed to manage organizations
efficiently and effectively. Management information systems involve three primary resources: people, technology,
and information or decision making. Management information systems are distinct from other information systems
in that they are used to analyze operational activities in the organization.
4. Define decision support system?
A decision support system (DSS) is a computer program application that analyzes business data and presents it
so that users can make business decisions more easily. It is an "informational application" (to distinguish it from
an "operational application" that collects the data in the course of normal business operation).
5. What is Intranet?
Intranet is the generic term for a collection of private computer networks within an organization. An intranet uses
network technologies as a tool to facilitate communication between people or work groups to improve the data
sharing capability and overall knowledge base of an organization's employees.
6. What is Extranet?
An extranet is a computer network that allows controlled access from the outside, for specific business or
educational purposes. In a business-to-business context, an extranet can be viewed as an extension of an
organization's intranet that is extended to users outside the organization, usually partners, vendors, and suppliers,
in isolation from all other Internet users.
7. What is video teleconferencing?
The ability of businesses to be able to readily communicate with the rest of world (Both inside and outside its
industry) plays an integral role in the company's survival & success. As the old saying goes, "the early bird gets
the worm." In order for businesses to compete at the highest level, they have to keep themselves on the cutting
edge of technological advancement.
8. What is Trigger Mechanism?
Trigger Mechanism is a quick response mechanism, which would spontaneously set the vehicle of management
into motion on the road to disaster mitigation process.

9. Define – Remote Sensing

Remote sensing is the use of electromagnetic (EM) wave radiation to acquire information about an object or
phenomenon, by a recording device that is not in physical or intimate contact with the object. In other words,
Remote Sensing is the acquisition of information about an object by a recording device that is NOT in physical or
intimate contact with the object.
10. Define - GIS
Geographic Information Systems are information systems capable of integrating, storing, editing, analyzing,
sharing, and displaying geographically-referenced information. In a more generic sense, GIS is a tool that allows
users to create interactive queries (user created searches), analyze the spatial information, edit data, maps, and
present the results of all these operations.
11. What is GPS?
The term global positioning system (GPS) is used to refer to the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)
developed by the United States Department of defense. The proper name is The Navigation System with Timing
and Ranging Global Positioning System (NAVSTAR GPS) however the acronym GPS is typically used.
12. What is knowledge base?
A knowledge base (abbreviated KB) is a special kind of database for knowledge management. A knowledge base
provides a means for information to be collected, organized, shared, searched and utilized.
13. What is expert system?
An expert system is a computer program that simulates the judgement and behavior of a human or an
organization that has expert knowledge and experience in a particular field. Typically, such a system contains a
knowledge base containing accumulated experience and a set of rules for applying the knowledge base to each
particular situation that is described to the program.
14. What is scenario analysis?
Scenario analysis is a process of analyzing possible future events by considering alternative possible outcomes
(sometimes called "alternative worlds"). Thus, the scenario analysis, which is a main method of projections, does
not try to show one exact picture of the future. Instead, it presents consciously several alternative future
developments. Consequently, a scope of possible future outcomes is observable.
15. What are all the software parts in GIS system?
GIS software provides the functions and tools needed to store, analyze, and display geographic information. Key
software components are
 A database management system (DBMS)
 tools for the input and manipulation of geographic information
 tools that support geographic query, analysis, and visualization
 A graphical user interface (GUI) for easy access to tools
16. What are all the basic components of remote sensing?
The basic components of remote sensing are
 Energy Source or Illumination
 Radiation and the Atmosphere
 Interaction with the Target
 Recording of Energy by the Sensor
 Transmission, Reception, and Processing
 Interpretation and Analysis
17. Explain data processing in Remote Sensing?
Tracking and data processing in all forms is essential at every stage of a remote sensing project. Increasingly
sophisticated processing capabilities have been both driven by remote sensing requirements and a driving force
behind the development of remote sensing.
18. Draw the processing steps in GIS operation?
The processing steps in GIS operation are
 Planning
 Mitigation
 Preparedness
 Response Recovery
19. What is Video-conferencing?
Videoconferencing is the conduct of a videoconference (also known as a video conference or video
teleconference) by a set of telecommunication technologies which allow two or more locations to communicate by
simultaneous two-way video and audio transmissions. It has also been called 'visual collaboration' and is a type of
groupware.
 20. Differentiate between remote sensing & GIS?
 Remote sensing is the techniques of acquiring raster data (spectral; spatial; physical) from earth or from
any spatial (planets, stars, galaxies, etc.) body.
 On the other hand GIS is a computer system that can create, edit, store, analyze, visualize data and
particularly reveal relationships among features, their patterns, and trends.

PART – B (16 marks)

1. Explain operations management.

2. Differentiate disaster risk assessment and hazard assessment.

3. Explain SWOT analysis of disaster

4. Describe NGO management and explain role of NGO in disaster risk reduction activities.

5. Explain institution awareness and safety programs.

6. Explain insurance and risk management.

7. Explain in detail the roles and responsibilities of various local bodies and stake holders.

8. Describe in detail the early warning system.

9. Demonstrate the cycle and phases of disaster.

 UNIT – III INTER-RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DISASTERS AND DEVELOPMENT

Part- A (2 marks)
1. Write the objectives of Trigger mechanism.
The Trigger Mechanism requires the disaster managers to:
 Evolve an effective signal / warning mechanism.
 Identify activities and their levels.
 Identify sub-activities under each activity / level of activity.
 Specify authorities for each level of activity and sub-activity.
2. Write about the disaster risk management programs.
The disaster risk management programs essentially aims to contribute towards the social and economic
development goals of the National Government and enabling 12 State Governments to minimize losses of
development gains from disasters and reduce vulnerability.
3. Write about the disaster risk reduction and its Process involved in it?
Disaster risk reduction is at the core of the mission of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), and the
National Meteorological and Hydrological Services (NMHSs) of its 188 Members. WMO, through its scientific and
technical programs, its network of Global Meteorological Centre’s and Regional Specialized Meteorological
Centre’s, and the NMHSs, provides scientific and technical services.
4. What is disaster information network?
This Knowledge Network is being planned as a "network of networks". It will be a platform to facilitate an
interactive dialogue with all government departments, research institutions, universities, community-based
organizations and even individuals. The network will act as a digital library service and will facilitate access to
global databases and early warning systems in a significant way.
5. What is NGO?
A non-governmental organization (NGO) is a legally constituted organization created by natural or legal persons
that operates independently from any government. The term originated from the United Nations (UN), and is
normally used to refer to organizations that do not form part of the government and are not conventional for-profit
business.
6. What is Disaster Response
Disaster response is a phase of the disaster management cycle. Its preceding cycles aim to reduce the need for a
disaster response, or to avoid it altogether. The level of disaster response depends on a number of factors and
particular situation awareness.
7. What is rain fall insurance?
 Farming has always been risky, but in developed nations, farmers use futures contracts, insurance and
other financial products to make it through the lean years.
8. Where international assistance required in disasters?
To provide guidelines for planning, achieving and monitoring progress and effectiveness of disaster assistance
and transition activities funded by the International Disaster Assistance (IDA) account and other USAID funding
which may be designated for this purpose.
9. Write the role of education in risk reduction?
The importance of education in promoting and enabling Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) has already been
identified by researchers and policy makers. In doing so, there is a renewed focus on disaster risk education in
primary and secondary schools. Mainstreaming DRR into school curricula aims to raise awareness and provide a
better understanding of disaster management for children, teachers and communities.
10. Write the role of public awareness risk reduction?
It teaches people that earthquakes or tsunamis are not acts of God, and that risks can be minimized in order to
live safely. Depending on the severity of a disaster, damage to structures, and the availability of communication
facilities, it can be applied at the scene of a disaster as well to help create and/or maintain an effective response
and recovery.
11. How GIS Works?
GIS works on Spatial and Non-spatial Data
 Spatial data refers to geographic areas or features.
 Non-spatial data has no specific location in space. It can however, have a geographic component and be
linked to a geographic location
 Tabular and attribute data are non-spatial but can be linked to location.
 Example: In the Portland map, a park is a spatial feature and the associated information about the park
name, area, administrative code and type code are non-spatial attributes which are linked to the park by
its location.
12. What is GIS Technology?
Geographic information system (GIS) technology can be used for scientific investigations, resource management,
and development planning. For example, a GIS might allow emergency planners to easily calculate emergency
response times in the event of a natural disaster, or a GIS might be used to find wetlands that need protection
from pollution.
13. What are the types of terrorism?
Types of Terrorism
Terrorism, Bio, Cyber terrorism, Eco terrorism, nuclear terrorism and Narco terrorism
14. What is mitigation?
The elimination or reduction of the frequency, magnitude, or severity of exposure to risks, or minimization of the
potential impact of a threat or warning.

15. Mention the steps involved in disaster management cycle?

The steps involved in disaster management cycle are
 Mitigation
 Preparedness
 Response
 Recovery

16. What is the meaning of warning?

Warning is the cautionary advice about something imminent (especially imminent danger)

17. What is Risk assessment?

Risk assessment is a step in a risk management procedure. Risk assessment is the determination of quantitative
or qualitative value of risk related to a concrete situation and a recognized threat (also called hazard).

18. What is disaster preparedness?

Process of ensuring that an organization has complied with the preventive measures, is in a state of readiness to
contain the effects of a forecasted disastrous event to minimize loss of life, injury, and damage to property,
can provide rescue, relief, rehabilitation, and other services in the aftermath of the disaster.

19. What is recovery?

Recovery phase – When the immediate needs of the population are met, when all Medical help has arrived and
people have settled from the hustle – bustle of the event, They begin to enter the next phase, the recovery phase
which is the most significant, in terms of long term outcome. It is during this time that the victims actually realize
the Impact of disaster

20. What is response?

Response phase – This is the period that immediately follows the occurrence of the disaster. In a way, all
individuals respond to the disaster, but in their own ways.
 PART – B (16 marks)

1. Define cyber terrorism and explain forms and impacts

2. Explain a) effects of cyber terrorism b) Drawbacks of cyber terrorism
3. Write a brief note on psychological and social dimensions of disaster
4. What are the three models of emotional intelligence?
5. Explain nine strategies’ of emotional intelligence
6. Describe the major phases of electronic warning system
7. What are the four elements of EWS and explain
8. Explain the recent trends in disaster information provider
9. What is GIS and explains its techniques
10. Explain a) types of remote sensing b) Data acquisition techniques
11. Explain uses of laser scanning.
 UNIT IV– DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT IN INDIA
Part- A (2 marks)

1. What is Media?
Mass media refers collectively to all media technologies that are intended to reach a large audience via
communication. The main means of mass communication regarded collectively: "the campaign won media
attention".
2. Define - Epidemics
Epidemics mean Spreading rapidly and extensively by infection and affecting many individuals in an area or a
population at the same.
3. Define – Bio-terrorism
Bioterrorism is the use of infectious agents or other harmful biological or biochemical substances as weapons of
terrorism. These agents are bacteria, viruses, or toxins, and may be in a naturally occurring or a human-modified
form.
4. What is meant by Casualty?
Casualty’s means person or thing badly affected by an event or situation: "the building industry has been one of
the casualties of the recession". Someone injured or killed or captured or missing in a military engagement
5. What do you mean quick reconstruction technologies?
Ensure quality at all stages of emergency management including prevention, mitigation, relief and reconstruction
and make their adoption mandatory. For doing so, universally accepted minimum standards will be adopted. If
necessary, the standards would be modified taking into account local conditions and customs.
6. Illustrate the role of media in disasters?
Media have an important role, and a huge responsibility, in providing clear and accurate information to the public
during a disaster.
7. How do you manage epidemics?
 The effective management of epidemic depends on the co-operation of individual, family, community
and the medical fraternity as a whole. The management of epidemic starts with forecasting an ensuing
epidemic and getting prepared for it.
 It is followed by investing the natural history of disease, causative factor and the mode of spread so that
control measures can be accordingly initiated.
 Once the epidemic is under control action should be taken how it can be prevented in future.
8. What is the role of space technology in risk reduction?
Space systems from their vantage position have unambiguously demonstrated their capability in providing vital
information and services for disaster management. The Earth Observation satellites provide comprehensive,
synoptic and multi temporal coverage of large areas in real time and at frequent intervals and 'thus' - have become
valuable for continuous monitoring of atmospheric as well as surface parameters related to natural disasters.
9. Depict the uses of social media in disaster management?
When it comes to the use of social media in disasters then this can be split up into 3 purposes:
 Advocacy and Fundraising – utilizing social media to interact more closely with people donating and
influencing public opinion
 Information sharing with affected communities – reaching out during disasters to the affected community
with information about services, threats, etc.
 Information Management – utilizing the social media platforms to collect, process, analyze and
disseminate information required for organizations to do their work
10. What is rehabilitation?
Rehabilitation is designed to assist you if you are injured or become ill as a result of your service
11. What is risk sharing?
Risk management method in which the cost of the consequences of a risk is distributed among several
participants in an enterprise, such as in syndication.
12. What is risk identification?
The first step in risk management is identifying the risks that we will see in our project. These are the things that
threaten to stop us from delivering what we have promised on the schedule we promised for the budget we
promised. If we were completely certain about everything in the project and how it was going to turn out, we would
not have to worry about risk management.
13. How does the Tsunami develop?
The mountain of water comes back down. This pushes the water that was underneath it outwards. The force of
the water moves through the ocean causing an underwater force that travels for hundreds of Kilometers. The force
of the water can reach speeds of up to 800kmh as it surges through the ocean. The energy is underwater and is
not noticeable on the surface.
14. Name the tsunami warning center’s in the world.
The four main warning centers:
 Pacific Tsunami Warning Center
 Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning System
 North Eastern Atlantic, the Mediterranean
 Connected Seas Tsunami Warning System
15. Write about the disaster risk management programs.
The disaster risk management programs essentially aims to contribute towards the social and economic
development goals of the National Government and enabling 12 State Governments to minimize losses of
development gains from disasters and reduce vulnerability.
16. Write about the disaster risk reduction and its Process involved in it?
Disaster risk reduction is at the core of the mission of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), and the
National Meteorological and Hydrological Services (NMHSs) of its 188 Members. WMO, through its scientific and
technical programs, its network of Global Meteorological Centre’s and Regional Specialized Meteorological
Centre’s, and the NMHSs, provides scientific and technical services.
17. What is disaster information network?
This Knowledge Network is being planned as a "network of networks". It will be a platform to facilitate an
interactive dialogue with all government departments, research institutions, universities, community-based
organizations and even individuals. The network will act as a digital library service and will facilitate access to
global databases and early warning systems in a significant way.
18. Write the role of education in risk reduction?
The importance of education in promoting and enabling Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) has already been
identified by researchers and policy makers. In doing so, there is a renewed focus on disaster risk education in
primary and secondary schools. Mainstreaming DRR into school curricula aims to raise awareness and provide a
better understanding of disaster management for children, teachers and communities.
19. Write the role of public awareness risk reduction?
It teaches people that earthquakes or tsunamis are not acts of God, and that risks can be minimized in order to
live safely. Depending on the severity of a disaster, damage to structures, and the availability of communication
facilities, it can be applied at the scene of a disaster as well to help create and/or maintain an effective response
and recovery.
20. What is disaster preparedness?
Process of ensuring that an organization has complied with the preventive measures, is in a state of readiness to
contain the effects of a forecasted disastrous event to minimize loss of life, injury, and damage to property,
can provide rescue, relief, rehabilitation, and other services in the aftermath of the disaster.
 Part – B (16 marks)

1. Critically examine the use of the media in information dissemination?

2. Explain the types of media and their information needs?
3. Analyze the statistical seismology in disaster management?
4. Critically examine the need of quick reconstruction technologies in disaster management?
5. Enumerate the role of media in disasters?
6. Identify the strategies for management of epidemics?
7. Portray the key to sustainable measures in disaster management?
 UNIT – V DISASTER MANAGEMENT: APPLICATIONS AND CASE STUDIES AND FIELD WORKS
Part- A (2 marks)
1. What is Seismology?
Seismology is the scientific study of earthquakes and the propagation of elastic waves through the Earth or
through other planet-like bodies. The field also includes studies of earthquake effects, such as tsunamis as well as
diverse seismic sources such as volcanic, tectonic, oceanic, atmospheric, and artificial processes (such as
explosions).

2. What is Applied Seismology? Examples?

Applied seismology is seismology from a global scale to a local scale. In particular we specialize in seismic
monitoring of mines and underground cavities. For many years we have monitored the seismicity of the North
Staffordshire area. We have also worked on monitoring the vibrations from wind farms and their effect on
seismically sensitive installations such as the seismic array at Eskdalemuir in Scotland.
Eg: Haiti earthquake (12th January 2010) recorded at Keele

3. What are the instruments of Seismology?

 Seismometers
 Computerized digital seismic stations
 Ocean bottom and borehole seismic stations
 Automation of geophysical monitoring
 Strainmeters and tiltmeters
 Gravimeters
4. What is Seismograph?
It is often used to mean seismometer, though it is more applicable to the older instruments in which the measuring
and recording of ground motion were combined than to modern systems, in which these functions are separated.
5. What is seismicity and it uses?
 It is the frequency or magnitude of earthquake activity in a given area. Global seismicity maps show that
the regions where seismicity is the highest correspond with the edges of the tectonic plates.
 It is used to minimize the risks, most oil explorations now depend on 3D seismic imaging technology from
companies such as Seismicity, located in Houston, Texas, for a detailed look at potential drilling sites.
Still, imaging complex geological areas is a monumental task, involving terabytes of complex data.
6. What is epicenter?
Epicenter is properly a geological term identifying the point of the earth's surface directly above the focus of an
earthquake.
7. What is meant by tectonic plates?
In geology, a theory that the Earth's lithosphere (the crust and upper mantle) is divided into a number of large, m
plate like sections that move as distinct masses. The movement of the plates is believed to result from the
presence of large convection cells in the Earth's mantle which allows the rigid plates to move over the relatively
plastic asthenosphere.

8. What are the faults of Earthquake?

A fault is a fracture or zone of fractures between two blocks of rock. Faults allow the blocks to move relative to
each other. This movement may occur rapidly, in the form of an earthquake - or may occur slowly, in the form of
creep.
9. What are the effects of surface fault rupture?
An area hundreds of feet wide can be affected, called the zone of deformation, which occurs chiefly on the
downthrown side of the main fault and encompasses multiple minor faults, cracks, local tilting, and grabens (down
dropped blocks between faults). Buildings in the zone of deformation would be damaged, particularly those
straddling the main fault.
10. What can be done to protect homes from earthquakes?
Faults can be avoided by setting homes back a safe distance. Special-study areas have been delineated along
faults where geologic studies are recommended to assess the hazard, locate faults, and recommend setbacks.
However, the use of special-study areas in land-use ordinances varies by county and city, as does the level of
enforcement.

11. How Earthquake is measured?

 A seismometer is an instrument that senses the earth's motion; a seismograph combines a seismometer
with recording equipment to obtain a permanent record of the motion.
 Calculations are made from several different seismograms, both close to and far from an earthquake
source to determine its magnitude.
12. Define – Magnitude and Intensity
 Magnitude: The property of relative size or extent (whether large or small)
 Intensity: The amount of energy transmitted (as by acoustic or electromagnetic radiation)
13. What are the types of faults in earthquake?
 A normal fault is a dip-slip fault in which the block above the fault has moved downward relative to the
block below.
  A thrust fault is a dip-slip fault in which the upper block, above the fault plane, moves up and over the
lower block.
 A strike-slip fault is a fault on which the two blocks slide past one another.
14. Draw the different types of faults in earthquakes?
 Normal Fault
 Reverse Fault
 Strike – Slip Fault
15. What are the damages caused by Earthquake?
Buildings topple over, killing many people, trapping others and making millions homeless.
Bridges, dams, other structures and natural features are also damaged.
16. What is a seismic wave?
Seismic wave are waves of energy that travel through the earth, and are a result of an earthquake, explosion, or a
volcano that imparts low-frequency acoustic energy. Many other natural and anthropogenic sources create low
amplitude waves commonly referred to as ambient vibrations.
17. Why do earthquake happen?
Earthquakes are usually caused when rock underground suddenly breaks along a fault. This sudden release of
energy causes the seismic waves that make the ground shake. When two blocks of rock or two plates are rubbing
against each other, they stick a little. The place right above the focus (on top of the ground) is called the epicenter
of the earthquake.
18. What is Tsunami?
Tsunami is a very large ocean wave caused by an underwater earthquake or volcanic eruption. It is the often
destructive, sea wave produced by a submarine earthquake, subsidence, or volcanic eruption. Sometimes
incorrectly called a tidal wave
19. What are the effects of tsunamis?
Effects of Tsunamis are as follows:
o They can destroy lives/drowned loved ones.
o Wash away properties.
o Wash away and drowned pets.
o The sound will make you scared and after it happens you might not be able to sleep well because you
might hear the sound of a tsunami at night.
20. What are the three factors that cause the tsunami?
Tsunamis are caused by earthquakes but causes can also include volcanic eruptions, landslides or even a comet
hitting the sea.
 Part – B (16 marks)

1. Explain disaster contingency plans.

2. Explain disaster migration.
3. Describe warning and explain its steps.
4. What are steps involved in risk communication?
5. Explain assessing risk and vulnerability.
6. Explain role of media in disaster management.
7. Explain a) scope of rehabilitation b) Stages of reconstruction c) Dilemmas and alternatives
8. Explain a) media influence b) Media relations

Prepared by Reviewed by Approved by

D.Shanmuga priya HoD/CIVIL PRINCIPAL