Virtual Private Network as a Service- A Need for
Discrete Cloud Architecture
Anjum Zameer Bhat1, Dalal Khalfan Al Shuaibi2, Ajay Vikram Singh3
1
Department of ComputerScience Middle East College, Knowledge Oasis Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
azameer@mec.edu.om
2
Department of Post Graduate Studies Middle East College, Knowledge Oasis Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
d.k.shuaibi@gmail.com
3
Department of ComputerScience MiddleEast College Knowledge Oasis Muscat SultanateofOman
asingh@mec.edu.om
Abstract: Cloud Computing in recent years has become a buzz
word in the world of information technology. Cloud computing
also referred as on demand computing has been extensively
adapted by various organization irrespective of their scale and
nature of work, essentially because of kind of flexibility, ease,
scalability, less overhead and cost benefits that cloud computing
provides. In recent years we have seen discrete and unique cloud
implementations resulting in automation of complicated
business processes at a never imaginable cost. Cloud computing
provides three basic architecture to cater the needs of different
users i.e. IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service), PaaS (Platform
as a Service) and SaaS (Software as a Service). As the
implementation of cloud computing is exponentially broadening
and it is being implemented in newer and newer fields, need is
being felt by cloud implementers to have unique service
architectures for a specific implementation. In other words a
unique cloud service architecture e.g. for Educational
Establishments or e.g. a discrete service architecture for Virtual
Private Network (VPN) if it is to be deployed through cloud. As
Virtual Private Networks are a part of most of the network
deployments all over the world connecting branches, business
partners and outlets and providing seamless connectivity
especially for SME’s (Small-Medium sized Enterprises). Most of
the organizations with VPN deployments want to reduce the
operational cost, implementation cost and overhead associated
with VPN’s. This research paper is mere effort to study the need
for discrete cloud architecture for the implementation of VPN
service through cloud computing. This research paper introduces
a unique cloud architecture VPNaaS (Virtual Private Network as
a Service).
Keywords: Cloud VPN; VPN as a Service; Cloud and Virtual
Private Networks; Cloud Architecture
I. INTRODUCTION
Cloud Computing is a new virtualization technology that
shares computing resources (e.g. hardware, software, storage
space, operating systems and infrastructure), through Internet.
Nowadays, Cloud Computing as service is considered a major
nerve of modern information technology world similar to
electricity and water in urban areas [1].Different cloud
computing services can be utilized without worrying about the
complexity of technology and infrastructure architecture. These
computing services are available and scalable whenever cloud
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tenants are required that enhances the agility of business
process.
The delivery of services can be simplified in cloud computing
by using “Virtualization Technology” [2]. This technology
contributes in making the cloud cost effective by supporting
resource scalability and building a layer of abstraction to hide
the complexity of underlying hardware, and segregating the
software and hardware [3]. In fact, cloud computing has three
major virtualization characteristics; partitioning, isolation and
encapsulation. The effective utilization of hardware resources
can be achieved by delegating them as virtual machines with
help of Hypervisors, which are the core components of
Virtualization. Enhance security, simplify management and
cost saving can be achieved with help of Virtual Private
Network (VPN).
Most of enterprises accept placing their important data in the
cloud whenever the cloud service provider ensures the
availability of encryption and cryptographic protocols to
provide the confidentiality, integrity and authentication. Cloud
VMs could connect to the enterprise network through VPN.
This will allow transmission data over the Internet by using
encrypted protocols. Typically, cloud is managed by an entity
or provider outside the enterprise control which lead many
enterprises to not very confident or accept placing their
confidential data into public cloud. One circumstance help
enterprises to adopt public cloud is by connecting cloud VMs
to enterprise network with help of VPN. The most commonly
used VPN protocols are Secure Socket Layer (SSL), Internet
Protocol Security (IPsec), Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol
(PPTP) and Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol (L2TP) which are used
over unreliable public Internet to secure data communication.
Despite of cloud computing benefits, there are security
breaches in term of data loss, data breaching and traffic
hijacking. Thus, there is a need of effective VPN solution in
cloud. The connectivity to tenant networks can be provided by
Virtual Private Networking as a Service (VPNaaS). The data
protection and confidentiality of sensitive information in cloud
environment is assured by deploying encryption, which can be
achieved by setting up VPN services in cloud.
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 2016 5th International Conference on Reliability, Infocom Technologies and Optimization (ICRITO) (Trends and Future Directions), Sep. 7-9, 2016,
Cloud computing is a new technology that offers the delivery
of on-demand services (e.g. hardware, software, storage space,
operating systems and infrastructure) for enterprises through a
shared network. This allows Small- Medium sized Enterprises
(SMEs) to contribute towards reducing their capital and
operational expenses. Moreover, cloud computing uses “pay-
per-usage” model to match the needs\demands of their
customers. This allows enterprises to deploy world-class
infrastructure with dynamic facility to allocate and/or release
compute resources on the fly and at a marginal cost. Most of
Cloud Service Providers have built their data centers
interconnected via high-speed Internet links and distributed
them in different geographic locations.
Considering a scenario wherein different cloud tenants are
sharing the same infrastructure in the cloud service models.
While data traversing in cloud, tenants do not want their
confidential information to be compromised or altered by any
third parties without detection. Data encryption considers as an
extremely helpful method to assure the protection of data within
cloud environments. Currently, cloud service provider requires
enhancing the security provided to their cloud tenants. This will
ensure the confidentiality and data protection of sensitive
information. Thus, there is a requirement to deploy VPN as
cloud based service model to interconnect networks over public
network infrastructures and secure the data transmission across
the private subnets.
The research concentrates on establishing a virtualized based
environment to facilitate communication between Cloud
Service Provider (CSP) across geographically different
locations by using VPN solution. Furthermore, a detailed study
was conducted to address the currently used VPN solutions by
SMEs, to comparatively analysis different architectural designs
for building traditional VPN and to examine the performance
and the implications while extending VPN to cloud. There is
also a proposal for new architecture to build VPN as cloud
based service model.
II. RELATED WORK
There are rapid changes in technology and business
requirements to continue cost saving, many enterprises are
being asked to explore alternative solutions to traditional
network connectivity as a way of minimizing their operating
expenses. Virtual Private Network (VPN) is designed to gain
secure access into an enterprise’s private network as well
reduce costs and increase performance. VPN is a term used
generically to describe a communication network. It uses a
combination of strong encryption and tunneling technologies to
secure a tunneled connection through untrusted or unsecured
network (e.g. Internet). This allows enterprises to transport
their private data\network services by using public
infrastructure networks. There is no standard interpretation for
VPN term. The networking specialists and enterprises may
understanding VPN in different ways. There are different
institutes and advisories have tried to define the VPN
terminology. The two major broadly known institute and
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AIIT, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
advisory in information security and network fields have been
defined the VPN are National Institute of Standards and
Technology (NIST) and Gartner.
NIST has defined VPN as “a virtual network that is built on
top of existing physical networks to provide a secure
communications mechanism for transmitted data and other
information in between networks” [4].
Gartner has described VPN as “a system that delivers
enterprise-focused communication services on a shared public
network infrastructure to provide customized operating
characteristics uniformly and universally across an
enterprise” [5].
VPN DEPLOYMENT
There are two types of VPN connections: Remote Access VPN
and Site-to-Site VPN [6]. Remote Access VPN connects the
employees to their company’s intranet from home or anywhere.
SSL, IPsec, PPTP and L2TP are the most widely used VPN
protocols in “Remote Access VPN”. SSL VPN: It provides
remote access connectivity through the web browser’s native
SSL encryption and a standard web browser [7]. IPsec VPN:
It’s another type of remote access VPN which supports all
IP-based applications and connects only devices with specific
configurations [7].
In contrast, Site-to-Site VPN connects the company’s intranet
to their business partner’s intranet and may also connect
geographically spaced out company intranets. It uses IPsec,
Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE) and Multi- Protocol
Label Switching (MPLS) as VPN tunneling protocols [7].
Intranet VPN: It’s a type of Site-to-Site VPN that allows
connectivity between sites of a single enterprise [8]. It uses to
connect small number of remote offices together into single
network. Extranet VPN: It’s another type of Site-to-Site VPN
that allows connectivity between enterprises (e.g. business
partners, supplier or customer) [9]. It uses to connect
enterprise’s LAN with another enterprise’s LAN in order to
share environment with controlled and secured network access
[10].
VPN TUNNELING TECHNOLOGIES
Tunnel is established through public network to secure
communication. This tunnel is created with help of widespread
VPN tunneling technologies (e.g. IPsec, L2TP and PPTP) [11].
These technologies are used to secure data tunnels over an
insecure network, which is VPN. Tunneling technologies are
rely on both open source implementations and commercial
products[12].
IPsec is one of the most complete secured accessible standards
based on developed protocols uses to transport the data. It’s a
collection of security protocols allows the system to select the
proper security protocols while transmitting the data.
Authentication Header (AH), Encapsulating Security Payload
(ESP) and Internet Key Exchange (IKE) are three primary
protocols uses by IPsec to establish connection and transmit
 2016 5th International Conference on Reliability, Infocom Technologies and Optimization (ICRITO) (Trends and Future Directions), Sep. 7-9, 2016,
data in a secured manner. IPsec runs in two operations modes:
Transport and Tunnel.
L2TP is one of tunneling protocol uses to transmit the data
between the communicating systems. It uses by Frame Relay,
X.25 networks and Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM). It is
capable to transmit non-IP protocols over an IP network and
encapsulates data in PPP frames. The PPP connections use
authentication mechanisms, which are also use by L2TP
connections (e.g. EAP, MSCHAP and CHAP). L2TP uses in
conjunction with IPsec and called “L2TP/IPsec” as L2TP does
not provide the data confidentially.
PPTP is an extension to point-to-point protocol (PPP). It
creates a virtual network for each remote client to connect to
the target network. It uses various authentication protocols such
as Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP), Shiva Password
Authentication Protocol (SPAP), Microsoft Challenge-
Handshake Authentication Protocol (MCHAP), and Password
Authentication Protocol (PAP). PPTP tunneling has multiple
levels to encapsulate the data packet.
CLOUD SERVICE MODEL VPN AS A SERVICE (VPNaaS)
(Arshad, F., Howard, G. & Bagchi, G.)have conducted an
experiment to investigate the migration of IT services to a cloud
computing [13]. Virtual Private Network (VPN) service was
used to enable secure access to sensitive resources and protect
the critical resources without administering the service. They
selected two competitive options to protecting access to IT
resources of National Science Foundation (NSF) center. These
two options are an open-source software-only VPN (pfSense)
and a commercial appliance, i.e., an integrated hardware-
software solution (Cisco ASA 5520 Appliance). The first option
is managed in-house by NSF center team while the latter option
is outsourced to an external entity provides VPN as service to
multiple enterprises. For those solutions offered by Cisco ASA
5520 (cloud-based) and pfSense (in-house), they evaluated
VPN performance, user management and client configurability.
Moreover, they conducted a post deployment survey to
understand the success of the deployed VPN service. The
experiment had shown the following outcomes:
x The performance of CISCO VPN cloud- based solution
gave a throughput (around 73 Mbps) that is sufficient for
VPN connectivity thus it was chosen as the final VPN
service to be used in production.
x The post deployment survey conducted on using CISCO
VPN cloud- based solution. It revealed that VPN cloud-
based is a successful solution and users are able to have
VPN connectivity without any considerable issues.
x CISCO VPN cloud- based solution had easier and minimal
client configurability and compatibility for all operating
systems (e.g. Windows, Linux, and Mac).
x The client configurability for CISCO VPN cloud- based
was straightforward as opposed pfSense VPN (in-house)
solution.
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AIIT, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
(Gupta, P. & Verma, A) have introduced virtual private
network service based on “Software as a Service” model [14].
This service is fully dedicated to the SME companies. This
model was designed only to show the concept of elastic VPN
in cloud computing and require more researches to improve
topology design. The VPN service model is built purely based
on cloud service by using simple techniques (e.g. load
balancing algorithm and topology).The purpose of using load-
balancing algorithm to adjust the computing resources
consumed by the VPN service in a specific VPN block then it
was distribute the workload of each operation unit within VPN
block dynamically.
VPN CHALLENGES
VPN became a common method of linking private networks
together across the Internet. VPN challenges typically fall into
the following:
1) Cost: There are hidden costs of deploying VPNs which
are not as attractive as the cost reductions advertised for
VPNs. For instance, implement and manage encryption
algorithms are very compute intensive and expensive. In
addition, the enterprises may need to employ additional
network specialists to configure and administrate
different VPN devices\solutions which make the VPN
solution more costly. It might be an additional cost of
deploying VPN solution when the service provider offers
some Service Level Agreements (SLAs) to implement
and maintain the VPN service.
2) Complexity: The VPN solutions and products that are
offered by various vendors can have incompatibility
issues with some VPN connections because of VPN
technology standards. In most scenarios to establish a
single VPN tunnel may require to use multiple network
topologies, protocols, network devices and service
providers [15]. This can have the effect of making VPN
service more robust. At the same time to get several
network devices work well together can create complexity
especially if these devices are not designed to work
together [15]. In addition, the enterprises may need to
employ additional network engineers to configure and
administrate these VPN devices\solutions which make the
VPN solution more costly to implement and maintain.
3) Administration: The implementation and administration
of virtual private networks require dedicated network
administrators who know how a VPN works and how it
fits with the enterprise's networking needs. The network
administrators should have special skills in implementing
and administering the virtual private networks. They
should be responsible for ongoing administration and
support such as configuring the private network,
troubleshooting it, stabilizing it, and documenting
changes [16]. The main anxiety for most enterprises is to
find the competent network administrators who are
capable to administering their VPNs with no need to get
the required support from third party specialists. In
 2016 5th International Conference on Reliability, Infocom Technologies and Optimization (ICRITO) (Trends and Future Directions), Sep. 7-9, 2016,
AIIT, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India

today’s market, the skilled network administrators are got mixed responses about the size of the enterprises.
usually expensive. (41%) of enterprises have 100-500 employees (belongs
to medium-sized enterprises), (7.5 %) have 50-100
4) Quality of Service (QoS): It’s a key component of any employees which are belong to small enterprises,
VPN service. It ensures that all applications can coexist followed by those with (10.1%) belong to micro-
and function at acceptable levels of performance. The enterprises.
VPN requires a certain quality of service (QoS) (e.g.
minimum guaranteed bandwidth) for the connections
between VPN sites. VPN uses a shared network
infrastructure (e.g. Internet) and service provider cannot
provide service level guarantee for QoS. In the typical
internet connected environment, there are some
challenges related to QoS such as prioritize the mission
critical traffic through the VPN. The clients have no
control to prioritize the traffic once it leaves their network
as the Internet Service Providers (ISPs) may remark or
discard the traffic that has priority queuing markings [17].

III. SURVEY RESULTS Fig. 1. Size of participating enterprises

The web-based questionnaire survey is conducted from 2. Usage of VPN solution to provide connectivity to remote
selected respondents from different enterprises to know their offices:
expectations on VPN as cloud-based service model and current The results showed that all respondents (100%) used VPN
problems faced by them in current VPN solution. The solution to connect their remote offices. Most enterprises
respondents sample has been selected based on a probability used VPN connectivity to extend the workplace beyond the
approach. It means that the sample has been elected via “Simple physical offices thus increasing their employees’ productivity
Random Sampling” to obtain an acceptable accurate through workplace flexibility.
information; therefore, some enterprises are more expected to
be selected instead of others [18]. The enterprises selected for
the research are the results of local contacts working with
different local SMEs. The survey was conducted among the
SMEs’ users of the VPN service to answer the research
questions:

1. What are the major benefits for SMEs if they adapt VPN
cloud based service model?

2. What are the requirements to enhance VPN service in

cloud environment?

A. Understanding the SMEs Business

Fig. 2. Usage of VPN solution to provide connectivity to remote
1. Size of participating enterprises: The survey was offices
targeted IT professionals at SMEs. The survey involved
201 enterprises from different industry sectors. SMEs are B. VPN Solution
independent firms and non-subsidiary, which
1. VPN solution associated challenges: As (Figure 3)
employ lesser than a designated number of employees. illustrates the majority of challenges associated with
This number differs across countries. The usual
VPN solution in SMEs are related to additional capital
definition of small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs)
and operational expenses (97.8%) as well (85.4%) are
is any enterprise with no more than 500 employees [19].
related to hiring network specialists due to solution
In addition, the micro- enterprises are generally those
complexity. Thus, SMEs no longer need to put a lot of
with fewer than 10 employees while small enterprises
money to build and maintain VPN infrastructure or hire
have at least 50 employees. Furthermore, medium sized
network specialists when migrating VPN service to
enterprises are employed less than 250. The size of SMEs
cloud. The remaining percentages are divided between
in Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) region is almost
other challenges including administration overhead,
similar as it is defined by European Union [20].The
performance and efficiency issues, network reliability,
survey shows that the vast majority of participated
quality of service and compatibility and interoperability
enterprises (41.4%) employed no more than 500
issues.
employees (belonging to the category of SMEs). It was
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 2016 5th International Conference on Reliability, Infocom Technologies and Optimization (ICRITO) (Trends and Future Directions), Sep. 7-9, 2016,
AIIT, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India

C. VPN as Cloud Based Service

1- VPN as cloud service model: The vast majority of
respondents (100%) are vary between strongly agree and agree
to provide VPN service as cloud service model.

Fig. 3. VPN solution associated challenges

Fig. 6. VPN as cloud service model
2. Administration/troubleshooting V P N connectivity:
Maintaining the smooth operations is the main goal for 2- Cloud computing provide a reliable alternative to current
IT department in any enterprise. This achieves by having VPN services: As VPN cloud-based service might solve all
a specialized onsite staffing which will optimize the associated challenges being faced with current VPN solution,
performance, deliver operational excellence and focus on thus majority of respondents (100%) are vary between strongly
business objectives. The administration and agree and agree that cloud option can provide a reliable
troubleshooting VPN connectivity can be achieved either alternative to VPN services being offered currently.
by onsite resources or escalate to third party or both
options. The results showed identical percentages (20.9%
and 29.1%) for all suggested responses. The data
collected showed that enterprise onsite resources and
outsource third party team ranked the highest percentage
(29.1%). Moreover, (20.9%) answered that the
administration and troubleshooting VPN is normally
done through either VPN vendor or enterprise onsite
resources and outsource third party team. Fig. 7. Cloud computing provide a reliable alternative to current
VPN services

3- Critical objectives to implement VPN cloud service:

(36.2%) of respondents believed that cost, complexity,
administration and Quality of Service (QoS) are the most
critical objective to their enterprises. Followed by (32.1%) are
believed that Quality of Service (QoS), costs, complexity and
administration are the suitable objective to their enterprises. In
short, there is no common critical objectives suited all
enterprises as each enterprise has their own vision and criteria.
Fig. 4. Administration/troubleshooting VPN connectivity

3. Budget for VPN solution: The results showed that

(27.2%) of respondents were allocated between USD
13,000-26,000 of their budget for VPN solution. In
contrast, over (72.8%) of respondents were allocated
below USD 13,000 only.

Fig. 8. Critical objectives to implement VPN cloud service

4- Main reasons for VPN cloud migration: There are variety

of reasons in any decision regarding changes and cloud-
computing adaption is no exception. As shown in (Figure 9),
cost reduction, simpler administration and maintenance, avoid
capital expenditure and increased flexibility and elasticity were
Fig. 5. Budget for VPN solution the main reasons that got the highest percentages by
respondents to shift VPN into cloud. Minor, but also valuable
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 2016 5th International Conference on Reliability, Infocom Technologies and Optimization (ICRITO) (Trends and Future Directions), Sep. 7-9, 2016,
reason is improved performance and efficiency that had
response percentage of (41.8%).
Fig. 9. Main reasons for VPN cloud migration
5- Reasons to use VPN as cloud service: There are numerous
of benefits the enterprise expects to obtain from VPN cloud
based service. (Figure 10) illustrates that most of respondents
are perceived that the main reasons to use VPN as cloud service
are cost reduction of deployment (96.3%), ease of
implementation (84.3%) and pay per use (81.7%). In
contrast, the lower percentages are goes to other reasons such
as no administration overhead (76.1%), easy management and
flexibility (65.7%), improved mobility (38.4%) and robust
architecture and scalability (24.3%).
Fig. 10. Reasons to use VPN as cloud service
Other security challenges in Ad hoc networks are also
discussed [21-22].
IV. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK
A network communication service such as VPN (Virtual
Private Network) which enacts lot of complexity, overhead and
cost to organizations needs be to offered as a cloud services
which will boost communication of enterprises by providing
them ease and cost effective mechanism for establishing virtual
networks in their organizations. A VPN service does require a
discrete service architecture so as to effectively be implemented
and offered through cloud. The surveys conducted on various
organizations suggest that VPN should be provided as a cloud
service and unique cloud service architecture should be
designed to successfully deploy it. A service architecture which
specifically caters the needs of VPN users providing them
flexibility, on demand service, scalability and significant cost
cutting is required. This research paper establishes the fact that
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AIIT, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
there is a requirement for discrete and unique service
architecture however a specific architecture is not proposed
which will result in VPN being provided as a cloud service. The
future work in this area would be to compare the current service
architectures and missing features and components that are
required for leveraging VPN as a cloud service. Moreover, there
is a need for designing discrete service architecture in cloud
computing for VPN so as to successfully offer VPN as a service.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I am thankful to almighty Allah for granting me knowledge to
write this research paper. I am sincerely thankful to the
Department of Post Graduate Studies at Middle East College,
Sultanate of Oman, for their encouraging attitude and support
for researchers. I thank my academic supervisors in Department
of Computer Science at Middle East College, Mr. Anjum and
Dr. Ajay, for their continued support and assistance. I am
express my sincere gratitude to all enterprises participated in the
survey. I am very thankful to all my colleagues who supported
and encouraged me every time. I am greatly thankful to my
family members especially my mother, my sisters and brothers
for their inspiration, support and guidance.
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