The Effectiveness of Baking Soda and Azadirachta indica Oil as Solution for

Aleyrodidae Infestation

A Capstone Project

Presented to the Faculty of the

Senior High School Department

PHINMA- Cagayan de Oro College

In Partial Fulfillment

Of the Requirements for the course

STM 009: Research in Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics

By G12 STEM 08 Group 2

Acop, James Vincent B. Calixtro, Denise B.

Acut, Jessie James B. Catulong, Kizzeah Marie L.

Adis, Rayford A. Cayetano, Kyla T.

Beronio, Stella Therese B. Cloribel, Lord Antonne E.

Buntag, Christian Dave B. Daa, Mark Cidric B.

Cabonilas, Darrel A. Delacruz, Shugar P.

Cabungcal, Jessa Rose G.

May 2021
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Acknowledgements

The researchers would like to impart their sincere and heartfelt gratitude to all of

the people who have been part of the fulfilment of the study.

They would like to thank their ever loving and supportive family for the full support

especially when it comes to the moral, financial support and the motivation that they have

given to them.

For the undying support, assistance and insights, the researchers would love to

recognized their beloved advisers, Ms. Winjel Egos and Mr. Archie A. Cabacab, who

encouraged and guided them throughout until the fulfillment of this study. They had given

knowledge for the researchers to understand more about this subject.

To Buntag Family, for accommodating the researchers on the day of their

experiment, thank you for the warm welcome.

To the book, articles, studies used, thank you for the information.

Above all, the researchers would like to thank the Almighty God for the guidance,

strength, courage, knowledge and wisdom that he has given to them.

The researchers would not be able to accomplish their research study without your

help. Thank you very much!

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Abstract

With the growing numbers of the spreading whiteflies, this study determines the

effect of Azadirachta Indica Oil and Baking Soda as a pesticide repellent towards the

Aleyrodidae Infestations. A 40ml of Neem Oil and Baking Soda mixed with a 1-liter water

was used in making the pesticides. Three (3) mango trees where used where each of them

applied with different amount. To evaluate the hypothesis, descriptive research design was

used that describes the characteristics of the population or phenomenon studied. The

researchers proved that using Azadirachta Indica Oil and Baking Soda as the pesticides of

Aleyrodidae Infestations is effective. The whitefly is a widely distributed and highly

harmful plant pest species. Neem oil (Azadirachta Indica Oil) has potential antibacterial

activity against foodborne pathogens such as Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, and

especially to whiteflies (aleyrodidae). Neem oil is reported to have considerably higher

antibacterial activity than antibiotics. The results showed that neem oil and baking soda is

essential as the solution of Aleyrodidae infestation.

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Table of Contents

Title Page

Acknowledgement i

Abstract ii

Table of Contents iii

Chapter 1: THE PROBLEM

Introduction 1-2

Theoretical Framework 2-3

Conceptual Framework 3

Objectives 3

Null Hypothesis 4

Significance of the Study 4-5

Scope and Delimitations 5

Definitions of Terms 5

Chapter 2: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 6-13

Chapter 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design 14

Research Setting 14

Duration and Frequency of the Study 15

Preparatory 15

Data Gathering Instrument and Procedure 16

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Data Analysis and Procedure 17

Chapter 4: RESULTS, DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS 18-22

Chapter 5: SUMMARY, DISCUSSIONS, RECOMMENDATION

Summary 23-24

Conclusion 24

Recommendations 24-25

REFERENCES 26-27

APPENDICES

Curriculum Vitae 28-34

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CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM

Introduction

One of the common problem of a community, especially to those who have plants

are the whiteflies (Aleyrodidae Infestation) and other insects that is not good for the plants.

Whiteflies is a sap-sucking member of the insect family Aleyrodidae. The nymphs,

resembling scale insects, are flat, oval, and usually covered with a cottony substance; the

adults, 2–3 mm (0.08–0.12 inch) long, are covered with a white opaque powder and

resemble tiny moths. The four wings develop within the insect and evert during the last

molt. These pests are abundant in warm climates and are found on houseplants and in

greenhouses. In warm or tropical climates and especially in greenhouses, whiteflies present

major problems in crop protection. Worldwide economic losses are estimated at hundreds

of millions of dollars annually. Aleyrodidae is one of the most abundant and destructive

members of the family. It damages plants by reducing vigor and causing them to wilt, turn

yellow, and die. Sprays that kill both adult and larval stages are necessary to control this

pest.

Baking soda, also known as sodium bicarbonate, is widely used in baking. This is

because it has leavening properties, meaning it causes dough to rise by producing carbon

dioxide. Aside from cooking, baking soda has a variety of additional household uses and

health benefits. The reason why baking soda works is that they make the leaves alkaline

which is an inhospitable environment for fungal spores to become established.

Sodium bicarbonate, commonly known as Baking Soda works well as an efficient

and cost effective fungicide and insecticide. It is actually registered with the EPA for use
 2

against certain plant fungi, powdery mildew. As a foliar spray used in the garden, it works

wonders against fungus and bugs. A way that could get rid of the Aleyrodidae Infestation.

The whitefly is a widely distributed and highly harmful plant pest species. Neem

oil (Azadirachta indica Oil) has potential antibacterial activity against foodborne

pathogens such as Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, and especially to whiteflies

(aleyrodidae). Neem oil is reported to have considerably higher antibacterial activity than

antibiotics. Using natural products alone or integrated with insecticides can be an

alternative to reduce the negative effects of chemical control, without losing efficiency in

managing the pest. All parts of Neem tree are usable.

This study enables us to know and have a solution to the Aleyrodidae Infestation

problem. And the purpose of this research is to see how effective the baking soda and

Azadirachta indica Oil are when is use to be a repellent to the Whiteflies (Aleyrodidae

Infestation). Gives a solution to a problem.

Theoretical Framework

Sodium Bicarbonate, commonly known as Baking Soda works well as an efficient

and cost effective fungicide and insecticide. Sprinkled near the base of plants and it will

kill and or deter slugs and cutworms, it is also useful against roaches and ants. When

ingested by insects it releases carbon dioxide into their system which kills them. As a foliar

spray used in the garden, it works wonders against fungus and bugs. Combine baking soda

and neem oil, the two compliment one another’s effectiveness. Baking soda leaves an

alkaline residue on plant surfaces which is wholly un-conducive to hosting fungi spores.
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Spores that land there do not survive, mildew and fungus already present is deprived of a

suitable environment and dies off (Luv2garden, 2020)

Conceptual Framework

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

 1st set-up is every week

Eliminating Aleyrodidae
spraying pesticide compose
of 40ml neem oil and 40 ml infestation in Mango tree with the
baking soda and 1 liter following indicators: number of
water.
 2nd set-up is every 2 weeks flies, change of color and distance
with the same amount of of whiteflies.
neem oil, baking soda and
water.

Figure 1. The Schematic Diagram Showing the Relationship of Independent and

Dependent Variable of the Study

Objectives

General Objective

1. To determine the effectiveness of Baking Soda and Azadirachta indica oil as a

solution to the Aleyrodidae Infestation.

Specific Objectives

1. To determine how many days, it will take the pesticides to cause its effect.

2. To analyze the everyday effect of baking soda and Azadirachta indica oil to the 3

degree of Aleyrodidae Infestation on mango tree.

3. To know the result of pesticides on the infestation base on the number of sprays.
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Null Hypothesis

There is no significant effect of Baking Soda and Azadirachta indica Oil as solution

for Aleyrodidae Infestation.

Significance of the Study

This study aims to determine the effectiveness of baking soda and Azadirachta

indica oil as solution for Aleyrodidae infestation. The result of the study would be

beneficial to the following:

Student. The study will also beneficial to all students in PHINMA Cagayan de Oro College

to discuss the Effectiveness of baking soda and Azadiracha indica oil as solution to get rid

the whiteflies. Since this problem is not common to the students it will give an idea and

knowledge and also to enhance their skill when it terms of Experimental, sharing ideas and

knowledge with their co-researcher.

Farmers. This study will aid the farmers to mitigate the infestation of whiteflies on their

houseplants, crops and greenhouses. And also give an idea of an alternative insecticide to

eliminate whiteflies (Azadirachta) infestation.

Community. This study will benefit the community since most of the people spend time

of taking care of plants during this pandemic the community will have a knowledge to the

use of. Since this topic is not common to our community it gives us awareness and

knowledge to get rid the whiteflies.

Researchers. This study will gain new knowledge for their future research paper about the

Effectiveness of baking soda and Azadiracha indica oil as solution to get rid the whiteflies.

In this study also they can know the ingredients and how effective is baking soda and
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Azadiracha indica oil as solution to get rid the whiteflies. This will also benefit the future

researcher to them to have a better idea on similar topics as this one. Through our research

the future researcher will have an idea for their incoming experimental research.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

The purpose of this study is to provide a beneficial solution to Aleyrodidae

infestation with the use of baking soda and Azadirachta indica oil. The time constraint of

this study would be the first semester of the A.Y. of 2020-2021, specifically, from February

to May 2021, and expected to finish before first week of May.

This experiment will be utilizing the main compound found in a neem seed which

is Azadirachtin that acts as an antifeedant, repels pests, and disrupts insect’s growth and

reproduction. There will be three (3) mango trees that will be chosen as a sample in

experiment.

Definition of Terms

For a better understanding of this study, the following terms are defined

operationally:

Baking Soda. A white solid chemical compound that is used as pesticides, disinfectant and

fertilizer.

Azadirachta indica Oil. Also called neem oil is a naturally occurring pesticide found in

seeds from the neem tree.

Aleyrodidae. Known as white flies, a tiny winged-insects that damages the plant leaves.

Infestation. The presence of whiteflies in a plant that causes damage and disease.
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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents literatures and studies related to the present research work

that guided the researchers in the formulation of the conceptual framework of the study.

RELATED LITERATURE

Oils are most frequently used to manage insects. However, certain oils

(horticultural oils and neem oil) can minimize the spread of viruses by controlling the

insects that transmit them, namely aphids, whiteflies, and mites. Aphids transmits the vi-

ruses that cause many common landscape and garden diseases, including Cucumber mosaic

virus, Potato virus Y (yvpotirus), and Watermelon mosaic virus. Also, oils have also been

found to control thrips — an important vector of Impatiens necrotic spot virus (INSV) —

and to reduce the spread of Tobacco mosaic virus by human and tool contact. Oils

effectively man-age powdery mildew on many plants, but are significantly less effective

against other leaf spot diseases. Neem oil is pressed from the fruit and seeds of the neem

tree (Azadirachta indica). At a 70 percent concentration, neem oil kills powdery mildew

spores, virus vectors (such as aphids and white fly), and the eggs of numerous insect pests.

It is less effec-tive against rose black spot (caused by Diplocarpon roseae) and other fungal

diseases (Ellis, Barbara W. and Fern Marshall Bradley, 1992).

“Organic” in terms of pest control simply means that the methods used are

comprised of either physical control, plant derived chemicals, or predatory insects. There

are a wide range of techniques- some are more broad-spectrum, and some only effect a

certain bug in a certain scenario. It can benefit the researchers to become aware of a
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handful of them so they can decide what will work best for the situation. There are dozens

of recipes online for organic pest/disease control sprays that the researchers can make in

the kitchen, using on hand ingredients. The most basic would be a spray bottle full of

water, a bit of castile soap and a couple drops of vegetable oil (the soap deters the bugs,

and the oil helps to emulsify the mixture so it spreads on plant leaves easier). The

researcher may have heard of this as a cure for aphids, but it can be effective for several

types of pests. Other ingredients for a homemade spray can include baking soda, garlic

cloves, hot peppers, vinegar, lemon juice, and various other plant materials (Garden Pest

Control Organic, 2019).

Effectiveness of some safer pest management modules was tested against the

tomato pests. Natural components like neem cake, neem oil, mint oil, asafoetida, botanical

extracts (garlic and hot pepper), vegetable oil, baking soda, acetylsalicyclic acid, lives

barrier cum trap crop (maize), Trichoderma viride, straw mulch and phytosanitation were

incorporated into the modules. The components worked effectively to check the pest

populations and their damages, and the modules were effective, cost-effective and safer to

natural enemies and pollinators (Chakraborti, & Das 2020).

RELATED STUDIES

Foreign Studies

The National Pesticide Information Center (2015) states that neem oil is made of

many components. Azadirachtin is the most active. It reduces insect feeding and acts as a

repellent. It also interferes with insect hormone systems, making it harder for insects to

grow and lay eggs. Neem oil insecticide kills some pests after they have eaten leaves
 8

sprayed with it, while it repels others with its strong smell. Neem oil is used to control

many pests, including whitefly, aphids, Japanese beetles, moth larvae, scale, and spider

mites.

Neem has proven use as a fertilizer, with the organic and inorganic compounds

present in the plant material acting to improve soil quality and enhance the quality and

quantity of crops. The waste remaining after extraction of the oil from neem seeds (neem

seed cake) can be used as a bio fertilizer, providing the macronutrients essential for plant

growth (Ramachandran et al., 2007; Lokanadhan et al., 2012).

Neem oil contains at least 100 biologically active compounds. Among them, the

major constituents are triterpenes known as limonoids, the most important being

azadirachtin which appears to cause 90% of the effect on most pests. The compound has a

melting point of 160°C and molecular weight of 720 g/mol. Other components present

include meliantriol, nimbin, nimbidin, nimbinin, nimbolides, fatty acids (oleic, stearic, and

palmitic), and salannin. The main neem product is the oil extracted from the seeds by

different techniques (pressing, steam distillation, and solvent extraction). The other parts

of the neem tree contain less azadirachtin, but are also used for oil extraction (Nicoletti et

al., 2012).

These products benefit from the natural properties of neem as a powerful insect

growth regulator (IGR) that also affects many other organisms (such as nematodes and

fungi) and can act as a plant fertilizer (Brahmachari, 2004).

According to the Environmental Protection Association, neem is safe for use on

vegetables and food plants as well as ornamentals. Like insecticidal soap, neem is useful

for controlling whitefly populations but might not eliminate the problem. The neem oil
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coats and protects the leaves. Potassium bicarbonates are recommended to be used but the

researcher used the baking soda or sodium bicarbonate instead. Researchers at Cornell

University have found success in a spray that a combined Neem oil (or Sunspray) and

baking soda (1 tablespoon baking soda plus 2.5 tablespoons of Sunspray oil in 1 gallon of

water) (Greayer, R. 2019).

When neem oil and baking soda mixed together, it offers even more effective

solution in killing fungal diseases like Powdery Mildew. Neem oil has contained

Azadirachtin and Nimbin for fungicidal benefits. Neem oil helps the pest control and even

provides millions with expensive medicines. Baking Soda disrupts the ion balance of

fungal cells. Scientifically known as Sodium Bicarbonate, it has been an effective it is also

effective at eliminating the effects of fungal diseases on common vegetable plants

(Pemberton, K. 2020).

Neem is well known as the ‘Botanical Marvel’, ‘Village Pharmacy’, ‘Wonder

Tree’, ‘allcan-treat-tree’ and ‘Gift of Nature’. Neem has great potential in the fields of pest

management, environmental protection and medicine. All parts of neem like seed, flower,

bark, and leaf possess insecticidal activity but seed kernel is the most effective. The

products derived from neem tree act as powerful Insect Growth Regulators (IGR) and also

help in controlling several nematodes and fungi (Subbalakhmi et al., 2012).

The neem oil is the most promising plant species being utilized for synthesis of bio

pesticides. This experiment was carried out at the Department of Entomology and

Nematology, University of Florida, USA. A stock culture of S. eridania was established

from adult insects collected from a farm in Gainesville, Florida, which were used then
 10

throughout the study. The insects were colonized for only two generations before the

research was conducted (Copping and duke 2007)

It is a review of both in vitro and clinical studies on stain removal and whitening

effect of dentifrices containing sodium bicarbonate (baking soda). In recent years,

whitening dentifrices have become popular because of little additional effort for use, ease

of availability, low cost, and accumulated evidence of clinical efficacy and safety in the

literature. Advances in research and technology have led to innovative formulations of

dentifrices using baking soda as the sole abrasive or a component of an abrasive system.

Baking soda is biologically compatible with acid-buffering capacities, antibacterial at high

concentrations, and has a relatively lower abrasively (Carl Bandt, Bruce L. Pihlstrom,

Larry Wolff, Bashar Bakdash, 2017)

According to Gardening Series, Neem is a botanical pesticide derived from the

seeds of the neem tree, a native of India. The neem tree supplies at least two compounds,

azadirachtin and salannin that have insecticidal activity, and other unknown compounds

with fungicidal activity. Neem has been used for more than 4,000 years in India and Africa

for medicinal as well as pest control purposes. It has low mammalian toxicity with an LD50

of 5,000 mg/kg. Neem-based pesticides are sold under trade names such as Margosan-O,

Azatin Rose Defense, Shield-All, Triact and Bio-neem. They have been shown to control

gypsy moths, leaf miners, sweet potato whiteflies, western flower thrips, loopers,

caterpillars and mealybugs. The products are labeled for use on ornamentals, foliage plants,

trees, shrubs and food crops. Neem works as an insect growth regulator. The treated insect

usually cannot molt to its next life stage and dies. It also may deter egg laying. Do not

expect a quick kill. Research continues to look at the full activity of neem extracts against
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a wide range of pests and pathogens. Neem oil, sold under such trade names as Green Light

Rose Defense, Shield-All and Triact, have been shown to give control against the disease

powdery mildew.

Whitefly Bemisia tabaci is a phloem‐feeding insect and causes extensive

agricultural damage around the world. Although the parasitic wasp Encarsia formosa is

widely used to control B. tabaci on glasshouse tomatoes, low efficiency and discontinuity

are frequently recorded. It has been well‐documented that herbivore‐induced plant volatiles

(HIPVs) are important cues in the foraging behavior of the natural enemies of herbivores.

However, the volatiles emitted from tomatoes infested by different developmental stages

of B. tabaci (nymphs versus adults) have not been compared in terms of their effects on E.

formosa attraction (Chan‐Shan et al., 2020).

According to Insect Control: Horticultural Oils, Various oils have been used for

centuries to control insect and mite pests. Oils remain an important tool to manage certain

pest problems (e.g., scales, aphids, mites) on fruit trees, shade trees and woody ornamental

plants. Several recently developed oils extend this usefulness to flowers, vegetables and

other herbaceous plants. Oils also can control some plant diseases, such as powdery

mildew. Oils used to protect plants have been called by many names, but perhaps

horticultural oils best describe them. The main limitation of spray oils is their small but

real potential to cause plant injury (phytotoxicity) in some situations. Oils also can stain

some surfaces, particularly dark-colored house paints. Some of the newer spray oils can

largely eliminate these problems if they are properly applied.

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Local Studies

The control of pests is often accomplished by means of the excessive use of

agrochemicals, which can result in environmental pollution and the development of

resistant pests. Bio pesticides can offer a better alternative to synthetic pesticides, enabling

safer control of pest populations. Major challenge of agriculture is to increase food

production to meet the needs of the growing world population, without damaging the

environment (Campos et al.,2016).

According to ATTRA – Sustainable Agriculture Program, Baking soda, or sodium

bicarbonate, has been touted as an effective and safe fungicide on the treatment of powdery

mildew and several other fungal diseases. It certainly doesn’t seem to do any harm, but it

isn’t the miracle cure for those mildew beleaguered roses either. When ingested by insects

it releases carbon dioxide into their system which kills them. It works wonders against

fungus and bugs. It can also be used in conjunction with other items for a broader range of

protection, as well as more effective longevity.

A major challenge of agriculture is to increase food production to meet the needs

of the growing world population, without damaging the environment. In current

agricultural practices, the control of pests is often accomplished by means of the excessive

use of agrochemicals, which can result in environmental pollution and the development of

resistant pests. In this context, biopesticides can offer a better alternative to synthetic

pesticides, enabling safer control of pest populations. However, limitations of

biopesticides, including short shelf life, photosensitivity, and volatilization, make it

difficult to use them on a large scale. Here, we review the potential use of neem oil in crop
 13

protection, considering the gaps and obstacles associated with the development of

sustainable agriculture in the not too distant future (Estefânia V. R. Campos, 2016).
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CHAPTER III

This chapter presents the procedures and methods that will be used in this study.

This chapter will briefly discuss the research design, research setting, duration and

frequency of the study, preparatory, data gathering procedure, scoring guidelines, and

statistical treatment.

Research Design

The study used the Descriptive Research Design under the Quantitative Method.

Descriptive research is defined as a research method that describes the characteristics of

the population or phenomenon studied. This methodology focuses more on the “what” and

"why" of the research subject. Descriptive research can be either quantitative or qualitative.

It can involve collections of quantitative information that can be tabulated along a

continuum in numerical form, such as scores on a test or the number of times a person

chooses to use a-certain feature of a multimedia program, or it can describe categories of

information such as gender or patterns of interaction when using technology in a group

situation. Thus, to prove and determine whether the experiment is effective, this design and

method is used. Also, it provides a solution to an experimental problem and conceptual

knowledge (Calderon, 2008).

Research Setting

This study was conducted at the Upper Carmen, Macapagal Drive, Cagayan de Oro

City. The sampling site is forest-like area, surrounded by lots of large trees such as Mango

trees, Jackfruit, Papaya, and ‘Lomboy’.

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Duration and Frequency of the Study

The effectiveness of baking soda and Azadirachta Indica Oil as solution for

Aleyrodidae infestation was observed for a duration of 10 days. The experiment was

observed every day and took observations and documentations to conclude results. It

happened last March 2021 to April 2021.

Schedule of Activities February March April May

Title/Topic of the Study

Review of Study and

Literature

Sampling of Data

Analysis of Data

Research Proposal

Preparatory

A. Preparation of the Pesticide

The researchers prepared the needed materials such as the 40 ml baking soda, 40

ml Azadirachta indica Oil, 3 liters of water, mixing bowls, spoon, 3 empty bottles. On a

mixing bowl the baking soda and Azadirachta Indica Oil were poured and mixed properly.

Then, the 3 liters of water were added slowly in the mixed baking soda and Azadirachta

indica Oil, stirring it properly. The final product was composed of 1000 ml each bottle.
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Data Gathering Instrument and Procedure

To gather the necessary data for the study, the researches coordinated with the

owner of the trees through asking personally to them before conducting the experiment for

data gathering.

A mixture of 40 ml baking soda, 40 ml neem oil and 3 liters of water were used as

a pesticide in eliminating the Aleyrodidae Infestation in mango trees. Three mango trees

are used as a sampling instrument. However, before spraying the trees, the researchers

identified the degree of infestation among the three mango trees and counted the number

sprays needed in each tree. The experiment was observed for a week, specifically every

day for collection of data.

Table 1. Days it will take the pesticides to cause its effect.

Degree of Infestation Days of effect Results

Mild

Moderate

Severe

Table 1.2 Set-ups of spray needed in each tree

Mango Trees Number of sprays Assessment

3
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Data Analysis and Procedure

In analyzing and interpreting the collected data, the researchers observed how many

days the pesticides to cause its effect on the Aleyrodidae infestation base on its degree of

infestation and the numbers of sprays needed in each tree.

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CHAPTER IV

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS & INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter presents the results that were undertaken after the observation that was

conducted after ten (10) days. The researchers used tabular presentation and textual

presentation to present the results that was obtained from the variables that was studied

which categorized into three (3) categories: Mild Aleyrodidae Infestation, Moderate

Aleyrodidae Infestation, and Severe Aleyrodidae Infestation. The researchers used 40mL

per bottle of neem oil and baking soda on each mango tree for the ten (10) days application.

This chapter also contains the interpretations of the results being depicted by the tables that

answer the statements of the problem.

1. To determine how many days, it will take the pesticides to cause its effect.

Table 4.1. Days it will take the pesticides to cause its effect.

Degree of Days of effect Results

Infestation
Mild Day 3 The whiteflies are scattered in different parts of the leaves. It
has a lesser number of whiteflies and tend to change its color
to the leaves.
Moderate Day 5 The whiteflies are moving away from each other and tend to
change its color to the leaves.
Severe Day 7 The whiteflies slowly moving away from each other however,
there are lots of whiteflies that are intact.

Table 4.1 shows the days of effect to a certain degree of infestation. The mild degree

of infestation of Aleyrodidae has the fastest effect which is only 3 days among the three

infestations, while the longest days of effect is 7 days which the tree has a severe degree of

infestation, this shows how effective the Baking Soda and Azadirachta indica Oil solution.

The National Pesticide Information Center (2015) states that Azadirachta oil insecticide

kills pests after they eaten leaves that had sprayed with it, while it repels with the strong
 19

smell, the effects show that the Aleyrodidae had scattered in different parts of the leaves

and has a lesser number of Aleyrodidae

2. To analyze the everyday effect of pesticides to the 3 degree of Aleyrodidae

Infestation on the mango tree.

Table 4.2 effect of pesticides to the 3 degree of Aleyrodidae Infestation on the mango tree.

Infestation Assessment
Days of Degree of
Application Infestation Number of Whiteflies
Color Distance

No Improvement
Mild Bright white Intact

1 No Improvement
Moderate Bright white Intact

No Improvement
Severe Bright white Intact
No Improvement
Mild Bright white Intact
No Improvement
Moderate Bright white Intact
2
No Improvement
Severe Bright white Intact
Lesser number of
Mild whiteflies Pale yellow Scattered
No Improvement
3 Moderate Bright white Intact
No Improvement
Severe Bright white Intact
Lesser number of
Mild whiteflies Pale yellow Scattered
No Improvement
4 Moderate Bright white Intact
No Improvement
Severe Bright white Intact
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Lesser number of
Mild whiteflies Pale yellow Scattered
Lesser number of
5 Moderate whiteflies Pale yellow Scattered
No Improvement
Severe Bright white Intact
Lesser number of
Mild whiteflies Translucent Scattered
Lesser number of
6 Moderate whiteflies Pale yellow Scattered
No Improvement
Severe Bright white Intact

Mild Disappeared Disappeared Disappeared

Lesser number of
7 Moderate whiteflies Pale yellow Scattered
Lesser number of
Severe whiteflies Pale yellow Scattered

Mild Fully Disappeared Fully Disappeared Fully

Disappeared
8
Lesser number of
Moderate whiteflies Translucent Scattered
Lesser number of
Severe whiteflies Pale yellow Scattered
Fully Disappeared Fully Disappeared Fully Disappeared
Mild

9 Moderate Disappeared Disappeared Disappeared

Lesser number of
Severe whiteflies Translucent Scattered
Fully Disappeared Fully Disappeared Fully Disappeared
10 Mild
Fully Disappeared Fully Disappeared Fully Disappeared
Moderate
Fully Disappeared Fully Disappeared Fully Disappeared
Severe
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Table 4.2 shows the everyday effect of pesticides to the 3 degree of Aleyrodidae

Infestation on the mango tree. According to data gathered by the researchers on table 2, on

the mild infestation of Aleyrodidae shows its effect on the 3rd day of application and

completely disappeared on the 9th day, while the moderate infestation of Aleyrodidae starts

its effect on the 5th day and completely disappeared on the 10th day, and lastly the severe

infestation of Aleyrodidae starts on 7th day and completely disappeared on the 10th day.

Neem oil which appears to cause 90% of the effect on most pests (Nicoletti et al., 2012)

and baking soda disrupts the ion balance of fungal cells, when mixed together, they offer a

stronger solution (Pemberton, K. 2020). 40mL of neem oil and 40mL of baking soda have

been used to create a solution, the data shows the span of days of effect is different

depending on what degree of infestation of Aleyrodidae but still achieve the same result.

3. To know the result of pesticides on the infestation base on the number of sprays.

Table 4.3 Set-ups of spray needed in each tree

Mango Trees Number of Assessment

sprays
1 3 spray per leaf
2 5 spray per leaf
3 7 spray per leaf
3 days after the application, the whiteflies are scattered and
change its color to pale yellow. In just 7 days the infestation
fully disappeared.
5 days after the application, changes of color and its distance
is visible. Thus, 9 days after the application the infestation fully
disappeared.
7 days after the application, the changes of the whiteflies color,
number and distance are visible. Then, after 10 days of
observing, the infestation fully disappeared.

Table 4.3 shows the result of the pesticides on the infestation base on the number

of sprays given on each leaf. The mild one has 3 spray per leaf, while the moderate has 5

spray per leaf and severe has 7 spray per leaf. Through the table, it is easy to identify that
 22

the milder the infestation, the lesser the spray thus, the faster it disappears and severe

infestation gets the highest number of spray but, the disappearance is slow. Neem oil is an

effective and natural way to kill bugs on houseplants, or battle tough insect pests out in the

garden. It messes with the brains and hormones of the bugs, so they stop eating and mating,

and eventually die off. It also works to smother the pests, which kills them faster. It won’t

kill all of the pests on the plant instantly, it takes time to get into their system and start

messing with their brains and hormones however, you could spray until you see evidence

of them, because the infestation might go away completely after applying neem oil the first

time base on its degree of infestation (Amy Andrychowicz, 2020).

Documentation
 23

CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents the summary of the study, conclusion and recommendation

of the researchers to the beneficiaries of the study.

SUMMARY

One of the common problem of a community, especially to those who have plants

are the whiteflies (Aleyrodidae Infestation) and other insects that is not good for the plants.

Whiteflies is a sap-sucking member of the insect family Aleyrodidae. Aleyrodidae is one

of the most abundant and destructive members of the family. It damages plants by reducing

vigor and causing them to wilt, turn yellow, and die. Sprays that kill both adult and larval

stages are necessary to control this pest.

With the growing numbers of the spreading whiteflies, this study determined the

effect of Azadirachta Indica Oil and Baking Soda as a pesticide repellent towards the

Aleyrodidae Infestations. A 40ml of Neem Oil and Baking Soda mixed with a 1-liter water

was used in making the pesticides. Three (3) mango trees where used where each of them

applied with different amount. To evaluate the hypothesis, descriptive research design was

used that describes the characteristics of the population or phenomenon studied. The

whitefly is a widely distributed and highly harmful plant pest species. Each Mango trees

with different degree of infestation was treated with different number of sprays base on its

degree. Moreover, neem oil (Azadirachta Indica Oil) and baking soda have the potential

antibacterial activity against foodborne pathogens such as Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli,
 24

and especially to whiteflies (aleyrodidae). Neem oil is reported to have considerably higher

antibacterial activity than antibiotics. Thus, the results showed that neem oil and baking

soda is essential as the solution of Aleyrodidae infestation.

CONCLUSION

The result from the experiment shows that the Baking Soda and Azadirachta Indica

Oil is effective as a solution for Aleyrodidae infestation. The researcher's observation to

the experiment, the pesticides made from Baking Soda and Azadirachta Indica Oil has

effects to the Aleyrodidae Infestations and the effects to the Aleyrodidae Infestations has

quite good result. It takes days but could interrupt the Infestation and could also make the

whiteflies(aleyrodidae) disappear. The experiment shows progress day by day wherein, in

10 days of observing the experiment gives a good and impressive result. The progress each

day shows how effective to make the Baking Soda and Azadirachta Indica Oil to be a

solution with the infestation. And also it shows that the severe degree of infestation takes

almost a week to have an efficient and cost effective on the infestation. Therefore, the null

hypothesis was rejected.

RECOMMENDATION

Farmers and gardeners- The researchers suggest to the farmers and gardeners this research

as a solution to the Aleyrodidae Infestations. Farmers and Gardeners work to grow a safe

and healthy crops. They differ in the ways they work towards that goal. The research will

help the farmers and gardeners to make a solution to the Aleyrodidae Infestations in a way

using the Baking Soda and Azadirachta Indica Oil as a pesticide.

 25

Student- Students should study and evaluate about the research for them to have the ability

to teach and give ideas about the solution of Aleyrodidae Infestations which is making a

pesticide from baking soda and azadirachta indica oil and will also let them give an idea

with their co-researcher who have a research connected with the Aleyrodidae Infestations.

Though many students may be familiar with gardens and the common produce that comes

from them, they may not realize the same foods must be grown in a large scale, as well.

Things that we may be able to produce ourselves on a small scale are also produced on a

large scale to fill grocery stores, markets, and our refrigerators year-round.

Community- The researchers recommend the research about the Aleyrodidae Infestations

to the community to let the community know and have ideas about the Aleyrodidae

Infestations. To give information’s as well as suggestions for the solution which is the

Baking Soda and Azadirachta Indica Oil. Implementing this research will not only help

those with infestation problems but it will also help the unemployed to have a source of

money by making it as a business.

Future Researcher - the researchers highly recommend the research to the future

researchers to know more about the Aleyrodidae Infestations. Seek more information and

study more about the effects of Baking Soda and Azadirachta Indica Oil towards the

Aleyrodidae Infestations. This research can be used to more studies in the future.
 26

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Curriculum Vitae

Name: James Vincent B. Acop

Address: Kibenton, Impasug-ong, Bukidnon Sex: Male

Date of Birth: April 10, 2003 Birthplace: Kibento, Bukidnon

Contact Number: 09512478202 Citizenship: Filipino

Email Address: jamesvincentacop6@gmail.com

Educational Background:

Senior High School – PHINMA- Cagayan de Oro College

Junior High School – Kibenton Integrated School

Elementary – Kibenton Elementary School

2x2 ID picture

Curriculum Vitae

Name: Jessie James B. Acut

Address: 0035 Barra Macabalan, Cagayan de Oro Sex: Male

Date of Birth: July 6, 2002 Birthplace: Barra, Macabalan

Contact Number: 09978355966 Citizenship: Filipino

Email Address: jamesacut29@gmail.com

Educational Background:

Senior High School – PHINMA- Cagayan de Oro College

Junior High School – Misamis Oriental General Comprehensive High School

Elementary – City Central School

 2x2 ID picture 29

Curriculum Vitae

Name: Rayford A. Adis

Address: Sta. Cruz, Macasandig Cagayan de Oro Sex: Male

Date of Birth: September 25, 2001 Birthplace: Patag, Cagayan de Oro

Contact Number: 09976178388 Citizenship: Filipino

Email Address: adisrayford36@gmail.com

Educational Background:

Senior High School – PHINMA-Cagayan de Oro College

Junior High School – Misamis Oriental General Comprehensive High School

Elementary – Macasandig Elementary School

2x2 ID picture

Curriculum Vitae

Name: Stella Therese B. Beronio

Address: Waterfall, Balingasag Misamis Oriental Sex: Female

Date of Birth: February 13, 2002 Birthplace: Balingasag Medical Center

Contact Number: 09532601958 Citizenship: Filipino

Email Address: stellathereseberonio@gmail.com

Educational Background:

Senior High School – PHINMA- Cagayan de Oro College

Junior High School – PHINMA- Cagayan de Oro College

Elementary – Balingasag Central School

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Curriculum Vitae

Name: Christian Dave B. Buntag

Address: Upper Carmen, Macapagal Drive, CDO Sex: Male

Date of Birth: June 6, 2002 Birthplace: Cagayan de Oro City

Contact Number: 09658853982 Citizenship: Filipino

Email Address: christiandave12315@gmail.com

Educational Background:

Senior High School – PHINMA- Cagayan de Oro College

Junior High School – Misamis Oriental General Comprehensive High School

Elementary – West City Central School

2x2 ID picture

Curriculum Vitae

Name: Darrel A. Cabonilas

Address: Manolo Fortich, Bukidnon Sex: Male

Date of Birth: April 5, 1999 Birthplace: Manolo Fortich

Contact Number: 09639539950 Citizenship: Filipino

Email Address: darrelcabonilas41@gmail.com

Educational Background:

Senior High School – PHINMA-Cagayan de Oro College

Junior High School - Misamis Oriental General Comprehensive High School

Elementary – Mantibugao Elementary School

 2x2 ID picture 31

Curriculum Vitae

Name: Jessa Rose G. Cabungcal

Address: Malanang, Opol, Misamis Oriental Sex: Female

Date of Birth: June 26, 2003 Birthplace: Libona, Bukidnon

Contact Number: 09501277102 Citizenship: Filipino

Email Address: cabungcal.jessarose25@gmail.com

Educational Background:

Senior High School – PHINMA- Cagayan de Oro College

Junior High School – Opol National Secondary Technical School

Elementary – Plantation Elementray School

2x2 ID picture

Curriculum Vitae

Name: Denise B. Calixtro

Address: Lumbia, Cagayan de Oro College Sex: Female

Date of Birth: February 20, 2002 Birthplace: Cagayan de Oro City

Contact Number: 09268949668 Citizenship: Filipino

Email Address: denisecalixtro21@gmail.com

Educational Background:

Senior High School – PHINMA-Cagayan de Oro College

Junior High School – PHINMA-Cagayan de Oro College

Elementary – Fr. William F. Masterson Elementary School

 2x2 ID picture 32

Curriculum Vitae

Name: Kizzeah Marie L. Catulong

Address: Kauswagan, Blk. 21, Lot 11 Cagayan de Oro Sex: Female

Date of Birth: November 5, 2002 Birthplace: Kauswagan, Cagayan de Oro

Contact Number: 09659718285 Citizenship: Filipino

Email Address: catulongkizzeah@gmail.com

Educational Background:

Senior High School – PHINMA-Cagayan de Oro College

Junior High School – PHINMA-Cagayan de Oro College

Elementary – Bongbongon Elementary School

2x2 ID picture

Curriculum Vitae

Name: Kyla T. Cayetano

Address: Bulua, Cagayan de Oro Sex: Female

Date of Birth: January 31, 2002 Birthplace: Malaybalay City, Bukidnon

Contact Number: 09973573167 Citizenship: Filipino

Email Address: kylacayetano19@gmail.com

Educational Background:

Senior High School – PHINMA-Cagayan de Oro College

Junior High School – PHINMA-Cagayan de Oro College

Elementary – Bulua Central School

 2x2 ID picture 33

Curriculum Vitae

Name: Lord Antonne E. Cloribel

Address: Gusa, Cagayan de Oro City Sex: Male

Date of Birth: November 23, 2002 Birthplace: Gusa, Cagayan de Oro

Contact Number: 09770614271 Citizenship: Filipino

Email Address: cloribel.lordantonne@gmail.com

Educational Background:

Senior High School – PHINMA-Cagayan de Oro College

Junior High School – PHINMA-Cagayan de Oro College

Elementary – Gusa Elementary School

2x2 ID picture

Curriculum Vitae

Name: Mark Cidric B. Daa

Address: Barra, Opol Misamis Oriental Sex: Male

Date of Birth: August 25, 2001 Birthplace: Iponan, Cagayan de Oro

Contact Number: 09057880642 Citizenship: Filipino

Email Address: markdaa1000@gmail.com

Educational Background:

Senior High School – PHINMA-Cagayan de Oro College

Junior High School – Opol National Secondary Technical School

Elementary – Iponan Elementary School

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Curriculum Vitae

Name: Shugar P. Delacruz

Address: Kauswagan, Cagayan de Oro Sex: Female

Date of Birth: October 29, 2001 Birthplace: Valencia City

Contact Number: 09759455526 Citizenship: Filipino

Email Address: shugardelacruz@gmail.com

Educational Background:

Senior High School – PHINMA-Cagayan de Oro College

Junior High School – Misamis Oriental General Comprehensive High School

Elementary – Bulua Central School