Digital 1 Lab - 2023

DIGITAL 1
ELECTRONICS
LAB BOOK
Dennis Myer, P.Eng.
2023 Edition
Digital Electronics Lab Book
CONTENTS
LAB Requirements 2
CAUTION !!! 2
General Construction Rules 2
Troubleshooting Rules 3
LAB 1 - Equipment Familiarization 5
LAB 2 - The AND and OR Gates 25
LAB 3 - More Logic Gates 33
LAB 4 - Exclusive OR and NOR Gates 39
LAB 5 - Combining Logic Gates 1 45
LAB 6 - Combining Logic Gates 2 51
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Lab Requirements
In order to be successful in the following labs, the following equipment will be necessary
for each student to purchase:
1 - IC reference manual
1 - needle nose pliers (2 - 3 inch jaws)
1 - wire stripper (dial type will prove most useful)
1 - diagonal cutters (4 - 5 inch size)
1 - solderless breadboard
1 - flat head screwdriver (1/4 inch blade)
1 - Philips screwdriver (#1 or #2 is most useful)
1 - anti-static strap
Optional equipment may also be purchased but shall normally be provided to student’s
in the lab, on a per lab class basis. Optional equipment includes:
1 - digital multimeter
1 - set of precision screwdrivers
1 - set of alignment tools (plastic or metal tipped)
1 - temperature calibrated soldering iron.
1 - soldering iron holder
1 - soldering iron sponge
CAUTION !!!
More labs fail due to poor circuit construction than poor design. One point will be
deducted from any lab which includes any of the following construction errors :
- wires are more than 4 mm from the solderless breadboard

- connections have more than 4mm of bare wire showing
- wires are routed over chips
It is suggested you wire from sockets which are furthest from the chips first in order to
maximize the ease of insertion and extraction of chips.
General Construction Rules
Layout the components on the board such that they best represent the layout
given in the schematic diagram. Schematics tend to represent inputs on the left,
outputs on the right, positive power at the top and negative power/ground on the
bottom.
Use color-coding and avoid using extra-long wires. (Suggestion Black wire = 0
volts (ground potential), Red wire = +5 volts)
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Use the long narrow strips of the breadboards to create power and ground rails.
Remember that lines on a schematic diagram represent wires on a breadboard.

The junction of two or more components is a node.
Layout all the components first, break down larger circuits into small functional
blocks and test each individually.
Number all pins on the schematic diagram prior to construction of the prototype.
Troubleshooting
If a circuit does not work when it is first constructed, then you will have to debug the
circuit
Ensure that each IC is inserted with the proper orientation before you power up
the circuit.
Verify that the power supply is set to the right value first then connect the circuit.
Verify the supply voltage does not change significantly with the connection to
the.
Verify that Vcc (+5 volts) and Ground are connected to all chips and that they are
connected to the correct pins.
Refer to the component schematics or datasheets. Do not leave inputs floating

on a gate of type C, HC or ACT but connect then to ground. Floating means
leaving an input unconnected. Most TTL families will consider a floating input to
be at a high potential but when in doubt ground unused inputs.
Mentally break the circuit into smaller functional blocks, test from the input to the
output of the circuit.
Check the operation of each gate or chip individually.
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DIGITAL ELECTRONICS LAB 1 NAME

Equipment Familiarization 10
MATERIALS REQUIRED
1 - IDL-800 Digital Trainer

1 - Solderless Breadboard
1 - Agilent E3630A Power Supply
1 - Agilent U3401A Multimeter
1 - Agilent 33210A Function Generator
1 - Agilent DSO1012A Oscilloscope
SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS
- Make sure you understand the operation of unknown equipment.

- Do not experiment with unknown equipment settings unless you have
permission to do so.
- Be aware of your surroundings and their safety implications.
- Be careful with sharp tools such as cutters and strippers.
- Be careful of sharp wire ends, bench corners and parts.
OBJECTIVES
1. To introduce some of the prototyping equipment available in a typical digital

electronics lab.
2. To produce a TTL (Digital) compatible waveform using a function generator and
measure it using an oscilloscope.
3. To explore the operation of the IDL-800 Digital Trainer.
THEORY
The Prototyping Breadboard
The Prototyping Breadboard is used to build electronic circuits. The use of the bread
board allows for quick non-destructive assembly of test circuits. Components are placed
in the holes whose spacing has been specifically designed to mirror that of the
integrated circuit (IC) pins. Connections between the pins and components are made
using 22 AWG (American Wire Gauge) solid wires. The board works by having groups
of holes connected together forming wiring nodes. Refer to Figure 1-1.
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Figure 1-1. The Prototyping Breadboard
Using the Breadboard to Build a Circuit
The breadboard will be used throughout this course for the construction of logic circuits
allowing for the careful examination of their operation. At this point it is expected you
will know how to use the bread board.
Power Supply
A power supply like the Agilent E3630A shown in figure 1-2, will be found in several
labs. This unit works like a battery would in a cell phone. Without the power supply in a
circuit or without a battery in a cell phone no operation is possible.
Figure 1-2. The Agilent E3630A Power Supply
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Before turning on this device when you first enter the lab, and before connecting it to
any components, turn the +6V and +20V knobs fully counter clockwise to make sure
the voltage is turned down. Failure to do that could result in damage to your
components.
We will mostly be using the +6V (red) connector and the COM (black) connector. The
+6V connector is usually called VCC in lab schematics and the COM or common usually
called ground or GND in schematics. By depressing the +6V button under METER, the
display will show the voltage and current being supplied through the connectors. If the
OVERLOAD (+6V) yellow light comes on, you are trying to get out more current than
the device can supply. This often means there is a problem with your circuit .
Digital Multimeter (DMM)
A DMM, shown in figure 1-3, is used to take measurements in your circuit and of your
components.
Figure 1-3. The Agilent U3401A DMM
It can measure voltage, current and resistance, although not all at the same time.
Figure 1-3 shows a different connector is used for volts (V) and ohms (Ù), than for
current (mA and A). The buttons DCV (DC voltage), DCI (DC current), ACV (AC
voltage), ACI (AC current) and Ù (resistance) are used to select the operation of the
instrument and the display. The remaining buttons will be covered as you progress in
this and other course(s).
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To measure voltage, insert one (preferably a red) probe into the red “V” socket and the
other probe into one of the black sockets. When the DCV button is pushed, the
difference in voltage between the two probes will be displayed.
To measure resistance, use the same sockets as with voltage select the Ù button.
Never try to measure resistance in a live (powered on) circuit as it can damage the
meter.
To measure current the meter needs to be inserted into the circuit so the current can
pass through the meter. Insert one of the probes into the “mA” socket and the other
probe into the black socket. Select the DCI button for DC current and ACI for AC
current. Disconnect one of the wires in the circuit and connect one probe to it. Connect
the other probe to the position in the circuit, the removed wire came from.
Function Generator
A function generator, show in figure 1-4, can generate a stream of pulses

automatically. You can select a pulse shape to be similar to that of at sine wave, a
square wave, a triangular or ramp wave and you can also vary the voltage levels of the
waveform. Most importantly you are able to control the number of pulses per second
which is the frequency of occurrence of the pulse stream.
Figure 1-4. Agilent 33210A Function Generator
Some generators have a dedicated output for TTL (Transistor Transistor Logic) circuits
which will only provide a square wave output measuring between 5 Volts and ground.
This is the output you will be using for our digital labs. For the Agilent 33210A, this is
the Sync output although it uses voltages from 0V to 3.3V. This will work for 5V TTL
circuits. Some generators do not have a TTL only output, so the output will need to be
set to the proper levels manually.
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Oscilloscope
Oscilloscopes are used to provide a graphical representation of an electronic, logic,

signal. It displays voltage on the vertical axis against time on the horizontal axis using
an LCD (Liquid Crystal Display). Oscilloscopes such as the Agilent DSO1012A (Figure
1-5), found in the electronics labs are complex pieces of test equipment and require a
lot of practice for proficient use. It is recommended that you take extra time and effort
to develop an understanding of it as well as all the test equipment presented to you.
Figure 1-5. Agilent DSO1012A Oscilloscope
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PROCEDURE
1. Read the entire lab before turning on any equipment.
2. Figure 1-6 shows the IDL-800 Digital Lab Trainer. It combines some of the
equipment that you frequently use in the digital lab but does not make
measurements quite as well as the individual test equipment at your workstation.
Figure 1-6. IDL-800 Digital Lab Trainer
It provides a 5V supply that can power your circuit, a Digital Volt Meter (DVM),
switches capable of giving a logic HIGH or a logic LOW and LEDs to visually
display input and output logic levels, as well as a few advanced functions. It also
provides an integrated base to place your breadboard (although a double wide
breadboard fits better than a single size breadboard).
Locate the following parts on the trainer. These are the functions will use the
most often.
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The 5V supply is shown in figure 1-7. Before using the trainer always check
Figure 1-7. Power Supply Sockets on Logic Trainer
the output level of the 5V supply to make sure it is operating properly. When the
lab is plugged in and switched on, it will provide your circuit with a 5V output
which you can use for Vcc. To make use of it, connect wires from the +5V and
GND sockets into the appropriate rails on your breadboard.
To verify the supply is giving you the 5V you need, and for any other voltage
measurement you need to make, you can use the Trainer’s built in Digital Volt
Meter (DVM). Notice that in Figure 1-8, it is set to the 20V scale.
Figure 1-8. Digital Trainer Voltmeter
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Most of your measurements should be either 5V or 0V, so this is an appropriate

scale to use. As you are reading this, measure the 5V output of the power supply
to verify that it is operating properly. You should measure 5.00V ± 5%. Write your
reading in the appropriate section of the results section of this lab. Measure the
voltage at the same spot using the Agilent DMM and record this in the results
section.
We need to apply HIGH and LOW levels to the inputs of our chips quite
frequently. The switches on the board (Figure 1-9) can do this without any
external components.
Figure 1-9. Switches On Trainer
In the up position, 5V is supplied and in the down position, the output is 0V.
There are two connectors on each switch, and they both provide the same
output. Measure the output of one or several of the switches with the built in
DVM. Make sure that the black (-) terminal of the DVM is connected to the GND
of the 5V supply either directly or through your board. This will be necessary for
most of the measurements because most measurements will be done with
respect to the GND (common) point, unless you are told to measure the voltage
across something. There are 8 switches and we can look at them as the BITS we
need for our circuits. If we are dealing with numbers, we try and connect things
so the LSB is on the right.
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The last section of the trainer we will consider here, contains the LED indicators
(Figure 1-10).
Figure 1-10. Trainer LEDs
These have built in current limiting resistors and therefore can be hooked directly
to your circuit. As with the switches, there are two connectors on each LED for
convenience. You only need to connect one output into each LED. If we are
dealing with numbers, we try and connect the LEDs so the one representing the
LSB is on the right, as we did with the switches.
Connect a wire between one of the switches and an LED and move the switch
between the HIGH and LOW positions. The LED should respond accordingly.
3. Turn on the function generator, and give it a few seconds to complete its self-test
before continuing. Figure 1-11 illustrates the self-test screen of the function
generator, while Figure 1-12 shows the function generator when it has completed
its self-test and is ready to use.
Figure 1-11. Function Generator During Self Test
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Figure 1-12. Function Generator Ready To Use
4. Record the default settings of the function generator for frequency and amplitude
in the Results section. Frequency is shown initially, and by selecting the “Ampl”
button as shown in Figure 1-13, you can see the amplitude.
Figure 1-13. Display Toggle Of Frequency And Amplitude
Make sure you record the proper units.
5. For Digital, we need to have the function generator produce a TTL compatible
output at a frequency we can work with. The easiest way to do this is to connect
to the Sync output instead of the “Output” terminal. Sync actually uses 3.3V TTL
not 5V TTL but it is compatible and usable with 5V TTL.
If you need a full 5V TTL signal, select the square wave option on the function
generator. The function generator display should look like that in Figure 1-14.
Figure 1-14. For 5V TTL, Start With A Square Wave
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6. For amplitude we need a signal that has a low level of 0V and a high level of 5V.
Normal operation of the function generator has it put out an amplitude with an
offset, so although the peak to peak amplitude of the signal is 5V, it is offset so
we are really getting a signal that goes -2.5V to +2.5V. The -2.5V portion of the
signal can damage our components so we need to get rid of that. To get the
amplitude we need, press the button corresponding to Ampl twice, until the
HiLevel is highlighted. You can see this by looking at the display in Figure 1-14.
Using the keypad, type in 5 and select V, as shown in Figure 1-15.
Figure 1-15. Selecting Hi Level Output Amplitude
7. To get the low level we need, press the button corresponding to Offset twice,
until the LoLevel is highlighted, again as seen in Figure 1-14. Using the keypad,
type in 0 and select V, as shown below in Figure 1-16.
Figure 1-16. Selecting Lo Level Output Amplitude
We now have a 1KHz square wave with a high of 5V and a low of 0V. Perfect for
5V TTL.
8. Another step we need to perform, is to set the output impedance. We will not go
into the reasoning behind this in this course, but it helps the function generator to
give the proper amplitude output if it is matched to the load. In digital, we use
high impedance (high resistance) input chips, so we need to set the output of the
function generator to a high impedance (High Z) output. To do that, press the
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Utility button on the function generator, then using the grey buttons, select High
Z and the DONE, as shown in Figure 1-17.
Figure 1-17. Function Generator Impedance Setting
The function generator should now display High Z Load in the upper right corner
of the display. Now check the amplitude display to see if it is still showing 0V to
5V. If not, change it.
9. Now that the function generator is ready to go, we need to set up the
oscilloscope to display the waveform. We will initially be measuring the 1 KHz 5V
square wave output of the function generator, so we need to get the oscilloscope
ready to display that. Figure 1-18 shows our initial oscilloscope screen.
Figure 1-18. Initial Oscilloscope Screen
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Two things to make note of here are the time per division in the upper left corner
on the screen, and the volts per division in the lower left. We know our waveform
is 1Khz which is a period of 1 millisecond, and has an amplitude of 5V. At these
settings, (which may be different on yours) our waveform will be one unit high
and with 100 cycles per main division. Not a practical display. We want to
change the settings so we have a cycle every few divisions (0.5mS or 500µS per
division) on the horizontal. To get a readable vertical display, with a single
waveform displayed, we could use 1V per division or for 2 waveforms we could
use 2V/div. Now that we have an idea of the optimal settings for the oscilloscope,
we can set it up before ever applying the signal from the function generator.
10. To set the horizontal time scale, use the larger knob shown in Figure 1-19 to the
right.
Figure 1-19. Set Horizontal Time Scale
Turn that knob to increase or decrease the time scale until you get it to
500µS/div. We determined this to be the best value for the signal we will be
applying. This value will need to be changed depending on the frequency of the
signal applied to the oscilloscope.
11. To set the vertical amplitude scale, we will use one of the two vertical knobs to
the right of the display as shown in Figure 1-20.
Figure 1-20. Set Vertical Amplitude Scale
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In the picture, the light is on for channel 1 and our probe will need to be attached
to the connector under that light. The trace on the screen for channel 1 is yellow,
matching the colour on the knobs. The colour for channel 2 is green.
The larger knob is for the amplitude. Use it to adjust the amplitude to 2V/div. The
position of the trace can be adjusted with the smaller knob.
12. For digital signals, we are looking at signals that are either 0V or 5V and are
typically represented by a square wave. These signals need to have the input set
to DC coupled as opposed to AC coupled. AC coupled mode inserts a capacitor
into the path of the incoming signal. For the square wave signal, this can cause
distortion by introducing a charging time constant into the circuit and causing the
square wave to look rounded. The DC coupling directly connects the input to the
oscilloscope with a wire. We would use AC coupling in a circuit where there is an
AC signal sitting on a DC signal. We could use the AC coupling to block the DC
signal so we could look just at the AC signal.
To make sure the proper coupling is in place, press the number “1” button
associated with your vertical channel. This should bring up a menu as seen in
Figure 1-21. If the coupling is not shown as “DC”, change it.
Figure 1-21. Oscilloscope Coupling Selection
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13. The last step before connecting our signal is to have the oscilloscope trigger on
our signal. We can open the trigger menu and set the level with the knobs on the
right hand side of the oscilloscope as shown in Figure 1-22.
Figure 1-22. Oscilloscope Trigger Level
Without a proper trigger, the waveform will not be steady on the display. With
two signals, it would not be possible to see the relationship between them
without one of them triggered. Triggering on a trace gives the oscilloscope a
reference start for the display. The common settings are “EDGE” triggering,
meaning the scope triggers on the edge of the waveform. With edge, we can
select the rising or falling edge (Slope) depending on what is appropriate for our
current needs. We can also set the trigger to “Auto” which will retrigger the scope
once the trace reaches the right side of the display or “Normal” which is a
manual setting. These settings can be seen on the display as shown in
Figure 1-23, when you press the “Menu” button in the trigger section.
Figure 1-23. Trigger Menu
For this lab, make sure the source is set to “CH1” as that is the channel we will
be using. The other settings should be as shown in Figure 1-23. If not, make the
appropriate changes.
14. Connect the output of the function generator to the Channel 1 input of the
oscilloscope. View the resulting waveform and show the result to the instructor to
get this step signed off in the results section.
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15. The default frequency and the frequency we displayed for our first waveform was
1kHz. For this step, change the frequency to 23.5KHz. To accomplish this, select
the “Freq” button so that “Freq” is highlighted as shown in Figure 1-24. Type 23.5
and select the KHz button.
Figure 1-24. Sample Frequency Setting
16. Press the “Freq” button again so that the “period” option is highlighted. View the
value presented.
17. Try different settings on the function generator and the oscilloscope. It is
important for you to be able to use this test equipment properly both at the
school and in your future employment so take this opportunity to see what it can
do. Do not rush to finish.
18. Turn off all equipment and return all cables to the rack
19. Complete the SAFETY AWARENESS / HAZARD ASSESSMENT, sheet.
20. Have this step signed off before you begin the lab. Refer to step 1.
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QUESTIONS
1. What do you notice about the voltage readings on the Digital Trainer as
compared to the Agilent DMM ?
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RESULTS
(1) STEP 2 : VOLTAGE READING USING TRAINER VOLTMETER : ______________
(1) STEP 2 : VOLTAGE READING USING AGILENT DMM : _____________________
(1) STEP 4 : FUNCTION GENERATOR DEFAULT FREQUENCY : ________________
(1) STEP 4 : FUNCTION GENERATOR DEFAULT AMPLITUDE : _________________
(2) STEP 14 : OSCILLOSCOPE DISPLAY SIGN OFF
9
(2) STEP 20 : SIGN-OFF FOR STEP 1 COMPLETION
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ANSWERS
(2) 1.
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24 April 2023

The AND and OR Gates 10
MATERIALS REQUIRED
1 - 74LS08 AND or equivalent
1 - 74LS32 OR or equivalent

OBJECTIVES
1. To investigate AND, OR gate operation.

2. To become familiar with logic circuits.
THEORY
AND gates and OR gates are two of the most fundamental circuits used in Digital
electronics. The AND gate outputs a logic HIGH value only when all inputs are logic
HIGH. The OR gate outputs a logic HIGH when any of its inputs ate a logic HIGH.
The schematic block diagram for an AND chip is shown in figure2-1. While this is a
useful reference it is not a standard schematic symbol for professional documentation
purposes. In real schematics, the chip would either be represented as just a rectangle.
In some cases the individual gates would be used without the rectangle. This makes it
difficult to know which gate belongs to which chip. To make it clear, the grouping is
indicated by the naming convention. As an example consider a gate referenced as
U1-B. This indicates the gate belongs to (is inside) chip number 1 and is the second (A,
B, C, D, etc.) AND gate inside.
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Figure 2-1. 74LS08 AND Gate Reference Drawing
The schematic block diagram for an OR chip is shown in figure2-2.
Figure 2-2. 74LS32 OR Gate Reference Drawing
PROCEDURE
1. Read the entire lab before turning on any equipment.
2. Connect one of the 2-input AND gates as shown in Figure 2-3.
Figure 2-3. AND Gate Test Circuit
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Remember to power the Vcc and GND terminals of the chip. Remember also to
leave the bread board/power supply turned off, until you are sure that your circuit
is wired correctly.
3. Vary the inputs to the AND gate between 0V and +5V to obtain all the possible
combinations and complete the truth table in the RESULTS section for the AND
gate. Measure the output using a Multimeter. Give the exact voltages that you
obtained for each state of the gate.
4. The 2-input AND gate can be extended to a 4-input AND gate as shown in
Figure 2-4. Modify your circuit as suggested in the figure and then generate the
values for the truth table in the RESULTS section.
Figure 2-4. 4 Input AND Gate From Three, 2 Input AND Gates
5. Based on the AND gate experiments, wire up one of the OR gates using the
reference diagram and record its truth table in the RESULTS section.
6. Check the behaviour of an OR gate when one of its inputs is open (disconnected
from the circuit entirely and not connected to ground. Check the behaviour when
two of the inputs are open. Do the same for an AND gate.
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QUESTIONS
(3)1. Design a 3 input AND gate that is composed of 2 input AND gates. Draw the
schematic and generate a truth table. How would you create a 5 input AND
gate?
(3)2. What do you observe when you have one input of the AND gate not connected ?
Two inputs not connected ? In general what can you conclude about
disconnected inputs of 74LS type logic gates ?
(1)3. The following truth table represents which Boolean equation?
A) F=A+B
B) F = AB
C) F = AB
D) Cannot Determine
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RESULTS
(1) STEP 3 : 2 INPUT AND GATE TRUTH TABLE MEASUREMENTS
DIGITAL DIGITAL DIGITAL MEASURED

INPUT A INPUT B OUTPUT F VOLTAGE
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1
(1) STEP 4 : 4 INPUT AND GATE TRUTH TABLE
A B C D F
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1
0 0 1 0
0 0 1 1
0 1 0 0
0 1 0 1
0 1 1 0
0 1 1 1
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 1
1 0 1 0
1 0 1 1
1 1 0 0
1 1 0 1
1 1 1 0
1 1 1 1
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(1) STEP 5 : 2 INPUT OR GATE TRUTH TABLE MEASUREMENTS
DIGITAL DIGITAL DIGITAL MEASURED

INPUT A INPUT B OUTPUT F VOLTAGE
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1
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ANSWERS
(1)1. 3-input AND gate schematic
(1) 3 input AND truth table
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(1) 5 input AND gate design
(3)2. ________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
(1)3. __________
32 April 2022

More Logic Gates 10
MATERIALS REQUIRED
1 - 74LS00 or equivalent

OBJECTIVES
1. To examine some basic logic gates

2. To use data sheets to assist in connecting and testing circuits
3. To complete truth tables to demonstrate working gate operation
THEORY
Some common terms used in Digital Electronics are :
Data Sheet – Data sheets are developed by chip manufacturers. These sheets
gives the information required to build, troubleshoot, and design
logic circuits.
Truth Table – A table showing the inputs and corresponding outputs of a logic
circuit.
Current Sinking – The output of a logic circuit which accepts current from a load. This
refers to proton current flow not electron current flow.
Current Sourcing - The output of a logic circuit which sends current to a load. This
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refers to proton current flow not electron current flow.
Inverter – A logic circuit that inverts or compliments its input.
AND Gate – A logic gate that produces a HIGH output only when all of the
inputs are HIGH.
OR Gate – A logic gate that produces a HIGH output when one or more of the
inputs are HIGH.
NAND Gate – A logic gate that produces a LOW output only when all of the inputs
are HIGH. The reverse output of an AND gate.
NOR Gate – A logic gate that produces a LOW output when one or more of the
inputs are HIGH. The reverse output of an OR gate.
For more information refer to textbook “Digital Fundamentals” by Floyd (Chapter 3)
PROCEDURE
1. Verify the proper operation of the IDL-800 trainers that you used in a previous
lab. If you are unsure of how to use the device, refer to the “Lab instruments” lab.
Using the DVM, verify that the +5V power supply is within the range of +4.8V to
+5.2V. Using the same DVM, verify that each of the eight switches on the lower
right corner of the trainer, give a HIGH (~+5V) in the up position and LOW (0V) in
the down position. Taking a wire from the +5V section of the trainer, touch it to
the terminals for each of the LEDs in the upper right portion of the trainer and
verify that the LED comes on. If any LED does not come on, make note of it in
your lab report including the serial number of the unit and your workstation
number. You have now verified the operation of your equipment. It is important to
do this before every lab.
2. The first gate to be examined is the 7400. A Chip pin out diagram may be seen
in Figure 3-1.
Figure 3-1. 7400 Chip Pin Out Diagram
Your actual chip could be any one of a number of chips including but not limited
to a 7400, 74LS00, 74HCT00, 74ACT00, even a chip beginning with a 54. The
34 April 2022
important part is the last few digits, and they should be “00”. With the power to
the trainer turned off, place the chip in an appropriate place on the bread board.
Connect a wire directly from the +5V supply to the Vcc pin on the chip. This is
probably pin 14, but make sure you check the data sheet to verify. Connect
another wire from the ground (GND) terminal to the GND pin on the chip. This
should be pin 7, but again, verify with the data sheet. You have now applied
power to the chip. This is necessary for its operation and is the equivalent to
plugging it in and turning it on.
The 7400 has two inputs and one output per gate as shown in figure 3-2 .
Figure 3-2. 7400 Gate Pin

Designations
It is the NAND gate you have seen in class. Take a wire from two of the switches
in the lower right quadrant of the trainer and connect it to the inputs of a gate.
This would be any of the pins 1-2, 4-5, 9-10, or 12-13. Connect another wire
from the output of that same gate, to any LED in the upper right quadrant of the
trainer. Having the switches in the lower position applies a low logic signal to the
gate and in the upper position applies a logic high. Once you apply power, verify
this with the DVM.
Complete the corresponding table in the RESULTS section. The table asks for
voltage and logic levels so make sure you record both. Voltages are always
measured with respect to the common or ground point. Record the Logic gate
name (function) of the7400.
3. The next gate to be tested is the 7402 Gate as shown in figure 3-3.
Figure 3-3. 7402 Chip Pin Out
Follow a similar procedure to that for the 7400, looking to the data sheet for the
specific pins to use. Complete the corresponding table in the RESULTS section.
Also, state the logic gate name of the 7402 is. With this gate look carefully at
what pins are inputs and outputs. Something has changed.
April 2023 35
Dennis Myer P.Eng.
4. The next gate to be tested is the 7486. A standard schematic symbol for the
gate is shown in figure 3-4. but the pin out is not. You now know how to find it.
Figure 3-4. 7486 Schematic Symbol
Follow a similar procedure to that previously, looking to the data sheet for the
specific pins to use. Complete the corresponding table in the RESULTS section.
Include what type of logic gate the 7486 is.
5. Before leaving your workstation, ensure it is in a clean and safe state. Make sure
anything you have unplugged, you plug back in again. Make sure there are no
power cords plugged in to the wall and left hanging. Your workstation will be
checked after the lab and points may be deducted.
QUESTIONS
N/A
36 April 2022
RESULTS
(3)STEP 2 : 7400 GATE MEASUREMENTS
The 7400 logic gate is a(n) ______________
Input Output
A Voltage (A) B Voltage (B) Voltage Logic
(Actual Measured (Actual Measured
(Logic Level) (Actual Measured Voltage) (Logic Level)
Voltage) Voltage) Level
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1
(3.5)STEP 3 : 7402 GATE MEASUREMENTS
Input Output
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1
(3.5)STEP 4 : 7486 GATE MEASUREMENTS
Input Output

0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1
April 2023 37
Dennis Myer P.Eng.
ANSWERS
N/A
38 April 2022

Exclusive OR and NOR Gates 10
MATERIALS REQUIRED
1 - 7486 XOR
1 - XNOR (if unavailable, use a XOR + Inverter)

OBJECTIVES
1. To investigate the operation of the XOR/XNOR gates

2. To use data sheets to assist in connecting and testing circuits
3. To develop truth tables to demonstrate functioning gate operation
THEORY
Some common terms used in Digital Electronics are :
Data Sheet – Data sheets are developed by chip manufacturers. These sheets
gives the information required to build, troubleshoot, and design
logic circuits.
Truth Table – A table showing the inputs and corresponding outputs of a logic
circuit.
XOR Gate – A logic gate that produces a HIGH output only when its two inputs
are at opposite levels.
April 2023 39
Dennis Myer P.Eng.
XNOR Gate – A logic gate that produces a HIGH output only when its two inputs
are at the same level.
For more information refer to Floyd's Digital Fundamentals, Section 3-6
PROCEDURE
1. Connect a circuit using the 7486. Figure 4-1, may help.
Figure 4-1. Exclusive OR Schematic Symbol
Once the proper gate is in the circuit, verify the input and output levels. Complete
the corresponding table in the RESULTS section. The table asks for voltage and
logic levels so make sure you record both. Voltages are always measured with
respect to the common or ground point.
2. The next gate to be tested is the 74LS266 (or 7486+inverter).

Connect a circuit using the74LS266 (or 7486+inverter). Complete the
corresponding table in the RESULTS section. The table asks for voltage and
logic levels so make sure you record both. Figure 4-2 may help.
Figure 4-2. Mystery Gate Schematic Symbol
3. Before leaving your workstation, ensure it is in a clean and safe state. Make sure
there are no power cords plugged in to the wall and left hanging. Your
workstation will be checked after the lab and points may be deducted.
40 April 2022
QUESTIONS
()1. Draw the schematic of a XNOR function from any number gates except an
XNOR. There are bonus points if you can do this without using an XOR gate as
well.
April 2023 41
Dennis Myer P.Eng.
RESULTS
(4)STEP 1 : XOR GATE MEASUREMENTS
Input Output
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1
(4)STEP 2 : XOR GATE MEASUREMENTS
The mystery logic gate (function) is a(n) ______________
Input Output
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1
42 April 2022
ANSWERS
(2)1.
April 2023 43
Dennis Myer P.Eng.
44 April 2022

Combining Logic Gates 1 10
MATERIALS REQUIRED
1 - 74LS00 NAND (optional)
1 - 74LS02 NOR (optional)
1 - 74LS04 NOT
1 - 74LS08 AND
1 - 74LS32 OR
1 - 330Ù, resistor (as needed)
1 - 1KÙ, resistor (as needed)

OBJECTIVES
1. To investigate combinations of Logic gates.
THEORY
By combining simple logic gates it is possible to generate complex functions. This

exercise examines some of the benefits and features which result.
April 2023 45
Dennis Myer P.Eng.
PROCEDURE
1. Based upon your knowledge of logic circuits complete the truth table, in the
RESULTS section for the Boolean equation :
Do not simplify the equation in any way. Your resulting table and the circuit in the
next step should be based only on this equation. The table should use only logic
values and is not based on any measurements. It is your anticipation of what will
happen.
Have this signed off by the instructor before proceeding.
2. From the Boolean equation for F in step 1, draw a schematic in the RESULTS
section for F. Have this schematic signed off before proceeding.
3. Using the data sheets for your chips, connect the circuit. You will need to add
switches from the trainer to get your inputs. The switches will be the same input
switches that you have used in each lab up until now. The output should go to an
LED on the trainer so you can verify the logic output. Make sure you have
connected power and ground to the Vcc and GND pins of each chip before
connecting any of the logic gates together.
4. Verify your predicted outputs by testing the circuit with all possible input
combinations of A, B, C and D. Complete the corresponding column in the table
for STEP 1 in the RESULTS section.
QUESTIONS
1. What is the Boolean Equation for the circuit :
You may consider the output as variable “F”.
46 April 2022
RESULTS
(2)STEP 1 : TRUTH TABLE FOR :
A B C D F F
PREDICTED MEASURED
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1
0 0 1 0
0 0 1 1
0 1 0 0
0 1 0 1
0 1 1 0
0 1 1 1
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 1
1 0 1 0
1 0 1 1
1 1 0 0
1 1 0 1
1 1 1 0
(1) STEP 1 : TABLE COMPETED SIGN OFF
April 2023 47
Dennis Myer P.Eng.
(4) STEP 2 - SCHEMATIC FOR :
(1) STEP 2 : SCHEMATIC COMPETED SIGN OFF
9
48 April 2022
ANSWERS
(2)1. _________________________________________________________________
April 2023 49
Dennis Myer P.Eng.
50 April 2022

Combining Logic Gates 2 10
MATERIALS REQUIRED
74LS00 NAND Gate (as needed)
74LS02 NOR Gate (as needed)
74LS04 Inverter Gate (as needed)
74LS08 AND Gate (as needed)
74LS32 OR Gate (as needed)
330Ù, resistor (as needed)
1KÙ, resistors (as needed)

OBJECTIVES
1. To investigate combinations of Logic gates.
THEORY
By combining simple logic gates it is possible to generate complex functions. This

exercise examines some of the benefits and features which result.
April 2023 51
Dennis Myer P.Eng.
PROCEDURE
1. Given the following Boolean equation, draw the schematic in the RESULTS
section :
Include all switches, resistors, and LEDs in the result.
2. Given the Boolean equation in step 1, build the circuit on a breadboard. Have
this step signed off by the instructor.
3. Create a “Part List” for the components you are actually using. At the very least,
you may refer to the Materials section of this lab for an acceptable format. Keep
in mind the Materials section does not know exactly which part you are using but
You do.
4. Power up the circuit and complete the expected results column in the table and
the actual measured outputs for the circuit. Compare your results with others
around you and correct accordingly.
5. Measure the voltages at the output for each row in the function table. Complete
the corresponding column in the table for step 4 in the RESULTS section of the
lab.
52 April 2022
QUESTIONS
N/A
April 2023 53
Dennis Myer P.Eng.
RESULTS
(4) STEP 1 - SCHEMATIC FOR :
Points will be deducted for messy or incomplete schematics !
54 April 2022
() STEP 2 : CIRCUIT BUILD FOR :
() STEP 3 : PARTS LIST FOR CIRCUIT
April 2023 55
Dennis Myer P.Eng.
() STEP 4 : FUNCTION OPERATIONAL MEASUREMENTS
A B C D F F F
PREDICTED MEASURED MEASURED
(LOGIC (LOGIC (V)
VALUE) VALUE)
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1
0 0 1 0
0 0 1 1
0 1 0 0
0 1 0 1
0 1 1 0
0 1 1 1
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 1
1 0 1 0
1 0 1 1
1 1 0 0
1 1 0 1
1 1 1 0
56 April 2022
ANSWERS
N/A
April 2023 57
Dennis Myer P.Eng.
58 April 2022

Digital 1 Lab - 2023

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Digital 1 Lab - 2023

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DIGITAL 1

Dennis Myer, P.Eng.

- wires are more than 4 mm from the solderless breadboard

General Construction Rules

Remember that lines on a schematic diagram represent wires on a breadboard.

Refer to the component schematics or datasheets. Do not leave inputs floating

Check the operation of each gate or chip individually.

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS LAB 1 NAME

1 - IDL-800 Digital Trainer

- Make sure you understand the operation of unknown equipment.

1. To introduce some of the prototyping equipment available in a typical digital

The Prototyping Breadboard

Figure 1-1. The Prototyping Breadboard

Using the Breadboard to Build a Circuit

Figure 1-2. The Agilent E3630A Power Supply

Digital Multimeter (DMM)

Figure 1-3. The Agilent U3401A DMM

A function generator, show in figure 1-4, can generate a stream of pulses

Figure 1-4. Agilent 33210A Function Generator

Oscilloscopes are used to provide a graphical representation of an electronic, logic,

Figure 1-5. Agilent DSO1012A Oscilloscope

1. Read the entire lab before turning on any equipment.

Figure 1-6. IDL-800 Digital Lab Trainer

Figure 1-7. Power Supply Sockets on Logic Trainer

Figure 1-8. Digital Trainer Voltmeter

Most of your measurements should be either 5V or 0V, so this is an appropriate

Figure 1-9. Switches On Trainer

Figure 1-10. Trainer LEDs

Figure 1-11. Function Generator During Self Test

Figure 1-12. Function Generator Ready To Use

Figure 1-13. Display Toggle Of Frequency And Amplitude

Make sure you record the proper units.

Figure 1-14. For 5V TTL, Start With A Square Wave

Using the keypad, type in 5 and select V, as shown in Figure 1-15.

Figure 1-15. Selecting Hi Level Output Amplitude

Figure 1-16. Selecting Lo Level Output Amplitude

Figure 1-17. Function Generator Impedance Setting

Figure 1-18. Initial Oscilloscope Screen

Figure 1-19. Set Horizontal Time Scale

Figure 1-20. Set Vertical Amplitude Scale

Figure 1-21. Oscilloscope Coupling Selection

Figure 1-22. Oscilloscope Trigger Level

Figure 1-23. Trigger Menu

Figure 1-24. Sample Frequency Setting

19. Complete the SAFETY AWARENESS / HAZARD ASSESSMENT, sheet.

(1) STEP 2 : VOLTAGE READING USING TRAINER VOLTMETER : ______________

(1) STEP 2 : VOLTAGE READING USING AGILENT DMM : _____________________

(1) STEP 4 : FUNCTION GENERATOR DEFAULT FREQUENCY : ________________

(1) STEP 4 : FUNCTION GENERATOR DEFAULT AMPLITUDE : _________________

(2) STEP 14 : OSCILLOSCOPE DISPLAY SIGN OFF

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS LAB 2 NAME

- Make sure you understand the operation of unknown equipment.

1. To investigate AND, OR gate operation.

Figure 2-1. 74LS08 AND Gate Reference Drawing

The schematic block diagram for an OR chip is shown in figure2-2.

Figure 2-2. 74LS32 OR Gate Reference Drawing

1. Read the entire lab before turning on any equipment.

2. Connect one of the 2-input AND gates as shown in Figure 2-3.

Figure 2-3. AND Gate Test Circuit

(1)3. The following truth table represents which Boolean equation?

(1) STEP 3 : 2 INPUT AND GATE TRUTH TABLE MEASUREMENTS

DIGITAL DIGITAL DIGITAL MEASURED

(1) STEP 4 : 4 INPUT AND GATE TRUTH TABLE