You are on page 1of 78

2022

annual salary

trends report
core sector
contents
Executive summary 03

About the 2022 Randstad Salary Trends Report 05

Hot jobs 2022 08

The India growth opportunity 09

Salary trends across locations 11

Salary trends across industries 20

Salary trends across functions 23

Deep dive
• By industries 26
• By functions 60
executive summary
a succinct overview
An air of hope, determination and optimism underpins India
Inc.’s mood as it rolls up its sleeves to increase both hiring
and salary budgets. An accelerated pace of digitalization
and a positive adoption of remote working models have
increased both hiring intent and salary increments across
industries. People spend and total rewards are being
reimagined to integrate competitive salaries, wellness,
learning and skilling, and employee experience.

The 2022 Randstad Salary Trends Report reflects these


trends positively across locations, industries and functions,
as Indian businesses surge confidently towards growth. It is
both a barometer of Corporate India’s strong business
performance — and, more importantly, of a future forward
vision of building a resilient workforce, and balancing the
impact of cost and demand for talent with the right
investment in talent. Organizations have not only upped
their salary budgets, but have also enhanced their focus on
performance indicators, ensuring that high performers are
compensated better.

03
Bengaluru ranks #1 in salary pay-scales

1 across the junior and middle levels; Mumbai


takes the top slot in the senior level

Across junior, middle and senior levels,

2 2022 average salaries have shown a healthy


increase over the 2021 figures

Thiruvananthapuram, Chandigarh and

key highlights 3
Bhubaneshwar, among Tier-2 cities, rank first
in the junior, middle and senior level salaries,
respectively

Among industries, IT salaries are the highest

4 in the junior level; Professional Services in


the middle level; ITeS in the senior level

Healthcare functions command the highest

5
salaries at the junior level; Operations-Tech
functions at the middle level; ITeS/BPO at
the senior level

04
about the 2022 randstad salary trends report
a deep dive into salaries in India
Every year, the Randstad Salary Trends Report
brings data-driven insights from an analysis of a
constantly evolving Indian job market. The 2022
Randstad Salary Trends Report captures both intent
of and impact on business as they step confidently
and decisively into a ‘thrive and grow’ era. Across
cities, industries and functions in India, this report
provides a comprehensive account of how salary
trends reflect the strategies in a reimagined world
of work that strives to balance workforce sentiment
and business outcomes.

This report has been compiled to serve as an


effective reference point for multiple audiences and
stakeholders (employers, employees, job aspirants,
investors, and more), so that they are armed with
information and insights on the salary market as
they make career and talent acquisition decisions.
The Randstad Salary Trends Report 2022 is based
exclusively on Randstad’s hiring information and
experience, and validated through extensive client
and candidate interactions.

05
what this report covers
Based on Randstad’s internal data on recruitment, the ‘2022
Salary Trends Report’ analyzes and assesses compensation
and benefits patterns across three key parameters:
Tier-2 cities covered in
Cities Functions
the 2022 Randstad Salary
Trends Report
1. Chandigarh
2. Thiruvananthapuram
3. Kochi
Tier-1 cities covered in the 4. Jaipur
2022 Randstad Salary 5. Nagpur
Trends Report 6. Lucknow
1. Bengaluru 7. Bhubaneshwar
Industries 2. Hyderabad 8. Indore
The study spans across 8 Tier-1 cities and 14 Tier-2 cities. 3. Chennai 9. Coimbatore
Thanks to the significant surge of Tier-2 cities as future talent 4. Mumbai 10. Vadodara
hubs and job creation centers, we have added four more 5. Delhi-NCR 11. Guwahati
cities as part of our Tier-2 location reach this year —
6. Kolkata 12. Visakhapatnam
Guwahati, Visakhapatnam, Trichy and Nashik. Spanning
across more than 100,000 jobs, the report also analyzes 7. Ahmedabad 13. Trichy
average salaries across the top six industries and functions. 8. Pune 14. Nashik

Top 6 Industries 8 Tier-1 cities


across covering
More than 1 lakh jobs
Top 6 Functions 14 Tier-2 cities
06
key definitions

senior middle junior


management management management
Managers of one or several key Executives who hold Employees at the entry level
functions who directly report to ownership for a sub-function of the corporate job
top management and/or in an organization and report hierarchy, usually involved in
geographical/function-wise directly to senior the day-to-day functioning
business heads. management. of their teams.

Experience: >=15 Yrs Experience: 6 - 14 Yrs Experience: 0 - 5 Yrs

All CTC details represented in the report are in INR lakhs per annum.

07
hot jobs 2022
top paying jobs for mid-level professionals
(6-10 years’ experience)

Machine Learning Speciality Big Data Python


Professional Doctors Engineer Specialist Risk Analyst

25.63 23.38 22.19 22.06 21.35

24.08 23.09 22.08 21.46 19.37

Hadoop AWS Java Cloud Architect / Data


Specialist Specialist professional Computing Scientist

08
the India growth opportunity
setting a strong foundation for workforce prosperity
Having established itself as the fastest-growing economy in the • The third largest global ecosystem for startups, addressing
world, India is now poised to further accelerate growth through issues in 56 diverse industrial sectors4, and a growth engine for
a three-pronged approach of global offshoring, digitalization employment.
and energy transition. According to Morgan Stanley estimates1, • A booming e-commerce market, led by a strong rise in
India will emerge as the world’s third-largest economy by 2027,
smartphone and internet users, and real-time payment
have the third-largest stock market by 2030, and more than
transactions.
double its GDP by 2031 (from the current $3.5 trillion to over
$7.5 trillion). • The largest working age population, expected to peak in 2033
at 68.5% with good employment opportunities5.
Today, India stands tall as
The Randstad 2022 Salary Trends Report resonates strongly with
• A competitive manufacturing hub, with the share of India’s economic growth and transformation, which promises to
manufacturing expected to reach 21 percent of GDP by create new businesses and strong employment opportunities.
20312. The government’s far-reaching initiatives (‘Make in Across all the growth-creating industries and functions, India Inc.
India’, ‘Atmanirbhar Bharat’, ‘Startup India’, PLI—Production
has responded with strong salary hikes — across Tier-1 and Tier-2
Linked Incentive Schemes, etc.) have boosted domestic
locations. This, in turn, is set to create larger consumer spending
manufacturing opportunities.
and significantly improve quality of life. The global professional
• An accelerator of digital transformation and technology services firm Aon projects that India will post the highest salary
growth, with its digital economy expected to touch USD 1 increments in 2023 when compared to the US, UK, China, Japan,
trillion by 20253. Germany, Brazil and Singapore6. Clearly, India can look forward to
an exciting journey of growth.

1
https://www.morganstanley.com/ideas/investment-opportunities-in-india
2
https://www.morganstanley.com/ideas/investment-opportunities-in-india
3
https://www.ey.com/en_in/news/2022/10/indias-focus-on-reforms-and-economic-growth-will-boost-fdi-to-us-dollor-475-billion-in-the-next-5-years
4
https://www.investindia.gov.in/indian-unicorn-landscape
5
https://www.ey.com/en_in/news/2022/10/indias-focus-on-reforms-and-economic-growth-will-boost-fdi-to-us-dollor-475-billion-in-the-next-5-years
6
https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/double-digit-salary-hikes-return-as-aon-survey-pegs-10-4-for-2023-122092600769_
1.html#:~:text=Aon%27s%20latest%20%E2%80%9CSalary%20increase%20Survey,9.9%20per%20cent%20in%20February 09
India – opportunities ahead for transformed growth
(Source EY-CII report, Vision - 'Developed India')

Expected to USD 1.7 trillion E-commerce Large infrastructure


remain the world's consumption growth industry expected to push - 2nd largest
fastest growing places India among become the second investments in PPP
economy in the Top 3 in demand largest e-commerce projects in transport
medium term growth for this market in the world infrastructure in the low
decade by 2034 income and emerging
market economies

Working age Export opportunity Manufacturing and Ambitious initiatives in


population set to of USD 2 trillion by services sectors renewable energy and
peak at 68.5% 2027 poised to create a reduction of carbon
by 2033 large opportunity for intensity - only G20
India country on track to meet
climate commitments in
the Paris Agreement

10
salary trends across locations
salaries across tier-1 & 2 cities, and job role hierarchies
tier - 1 cities

Bengaluru ranks #1 in salary pay-scales Mumbai stands at the top of the salary
across the junior level (average CTC INR 7.01 table for senior jobs with an average CTC of
lakhs) and mid-level (average CTC INR 19.37 INR 36.10 lakhs.
lakhs) hierarchies.

As home and headquarters to multiple industries —


On an average, junior executives in Bengaluru draw salaries financial services, retail and FMCG, pharmaceuticals,
that are 17.7 percent higher than in other Tier-1 cities, and 6.8 telecom and professional services — Mumbai has shown a
percent higher in the middle levels. strong intent to hire and competitively compensate senior
and niche professionals, both for their expertise and to
For the last two years in a row, Karnataka has emerged as a address the high costs of living and real estate in this city.
top investment destination in India, with high scores in ease
of doing business and innovation. As India’s IT and start-up
capital, and a strong location for retail, manufacturing and
telecom, Bengaluru hires a good number of freshers and
juniors at attractive salaries.

11
Hyderabad has dramatically risen four Pune has significantly jumped two levels
ranks in the senior level to occupy second from its 2021 position to the fourth rank in the
place, with an average CTC of INR 35.65 lakhs junior segment (average CTC INR 5.93 lakhs)
(a 20 percent increase over its 2021 and to the second rank (from the fourth
average CTC). position) in the middle levels (average CTC
INR 18.51 lakhs).

Besides being an information technology industry


stronghold, Hyderabad has witnessed significant growth in Pune has been a strong center for the manufacturing and auto
the pharma, banking and finance, and real estate sectors, industries — and, in recent years, for the IT/ITES industry too.
and reflects the intent of organizations in these industries The salary levels reflect India’s rise in these sectors, and the
to push home their advantage with senior hiring. willingness of organizations to counter the severe
competition for talent. Pune hosts the global in-house
centers (GICs) of prestigious firms such as Citibank, Deutsche
Bank, Barclays, Credit Suisse, BNY Mellon, and more — and it
is estimated that 5,000 people across all levels will be hired in
the next two years for GICs7. Its proximity to Mumbai, India’s
commercial capital is another advantage.

7
https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/jobs/pune-becomes-new-hub-for-global-banks-back-offices/articleshow/42313410.cms?from=mdr

12
Chennai has shown the highest upward Across all three hierarchical levels,
trend across all levels in the 2022 Salary Trends there is a positive increase in the 2022 average
Report, when compared to the 2021 report salaries when compared to 2021.
(average CTCs in the junior, middle and senior
levels are INR 6.16 lakhs, 17.79 lakhs, and 32.43
lakhs, respectively).
The mid-level average salaries are more than triple that of the
junior levels (INR 18.06 and 5.77 lakhs, respectively), while the
Especially in the middle and senior levels, it increases by average senior level salaries are nearly twice that of the
close to 23 percent and 13 percent, respectively, over the mid-levels (INR 34.18 and 18.06 lakhs, respectively). Given the
2021 levels. Known for long for its strengths in the rapid increase in niche job roles and responsibilities that we
automotive and industrial sectors, Chennai has, in recent have witnessed in the last couple of years, the high premium
years, also risen as a flourishing location for SaaS placed on seniority of job levels is inevitable. This is also
(Software as a Service), deep tech, FinTech, EdTech, and evident in the declining variance levels with increasing
consumer tech businesses. The state of Tamil Nadu has seniority levels.
signed 109 MoUs that envisage jobs for more than 174,000
people8. This high demand for quality talent across a
multitude of industries explains the attractive jumps in
salaries at all job hierarchies.

8
https://www.inventiva.co.in/trends/top-10-innovative-startups-in-chennai/

13
salary trends
middle level (6-14 years)
across tier-1 cites and
Avg CTC Variance

Bengaluru 19.37
job hierarchies Pune 18.51 -4.4%
Hyderabad 18.32 -5.4%
Mumbai 17.86 -7.8%
Chennai 17.79 -8.2%
junior level (0-5 years) Avg CTC Variance Ahmedabad 17.58 -9.2%
Bengaluru 7.01 Delhi-NCR 17.57 -9.3%
Chennai 6.16 -12.1% Kolkata 14.11 -27.2%
Hyderabad 6.13 -12.5% National Average 18.06 -6.8%
Pune 5.93 -15.3%
Mumbai 5.82 -17.0%
Ahmedabad 5.81 -17.2%
senior level (>=15 years) Avg CTC Variance
Delhi-NCR 5.74 -18.1%
Kolkata 4.30 -38.6% Mumbai 36.10

National Average 5.77 -17.7% Hyderabad 35.65 -1.2%


Bengaluru 35.60 -1.4%
Pune 34.86 -3.4%
Delhi-NCR 34.29 -5.0%
Ahmedabad 34.07 -5.6%
Chennai 32.43 -10.2%
Kolkata 30.29 -16.1%
National Average 34.18 -5.3%

(Avg CTC is in lakhs per annum) 14


tier-2 cities
Kerala has shown alacrity in aligning its industrial policy to
Thiruvananthapuram tops the chart in the needs of the future. From promoting industries and
technologies for a fourth industrial revolution, to
salaries paid at the junior level (average CTC
upgrading youth skills for future-ready and future-relevant
INR 5.97 lakhs), followed closely by
jobs, the state has focused on leveraging its inherent
Chandigarh (average CTC INR 5.89 lakhs). strengths while moving ahead to foster investments in
sunrise sectors.

Chandigarh has, over the past few years, successfully


Both these cities seem to have consolidated their top ranks promoted the IT industry and has a very supportive
from the 2021 finding with strong increments that place them infrastructural ecosystem. At the same time, it has
far ahead of other cities. Kochi ranks third in the junior level nurtured its traditional strengths in manufacturing -
with an average CTC of INR 5.29 lakhs. agricultural equipment, auto and tractor components,
electronics and engineering items, pharmaceuticals, etc.

In the middle level, Chandigarh rises


to the top slot, with an average CTC of INR Chandigarh, Thiruvananthapuram and
15.23 lakhs (a jump of 11% over its 2021 Kochi have shown a significant upward jump in
average). Kochi ranks second (average CTC of average CTCs in both junior and middle levels,
INR 14.75 lakhs), while Thiruvananthapuram indicating the seriousness of organizations to
ranks third (average CTC of INR 13.83 lakhs). attract and retain talent in these locations.

15
Similarly, Indore jumps to the fourth
Bhubaneshwar, zooms convincingly to the
position in the senior level with an average CTC
top in the senior level segment with a strong
of INR 24.5 lakhs.
average CTC of INR 33.74 lakhs (comparing
favorably with the average senior CTC levels
in Tier-1 cities).
Indore has a good mix of IT and non-IT industries (textile,
metal, automobile, steel etc.) and has shown a significant
increase in junior (average CTC INR 4.42 lakhs) and middle
Bhubaneshwar has developed a wide range of industries,
(average CTC, INR 11.99 lakhs) salaries over 2021 levels.
from traditional sectors such as aluminum, iron and steel,
paper and cement to modern sectors such as IT.

Jaipur surges to the fifth spot in senior


level salaries (average CTC, INR 24.10 lakhs, a
jump of 32 percent over 2021).

Over the last few years, Jaipur has become home to a host of
industries — auto, IT & ITES, cement, minerals, textile,
agro-products, chemicals, marble and ceramics, gems and
jewellery, energy, etc. With a strong infrastructure for a good
quality of living, organizations in Jaipur are keen to attract the
best senior talent.

16
The growth and development of Tier-2 cities is very evident in This city has created significant industrial revenue through
our 2022 Annual Salary Report. its ports. Its locational advantage has brought in various
industries, besides ship building and maintenance,
petrochemicals, and power — IT & ITeS, pharmaceuticals,
This year, four new cities — Visakhapatnam,
steel, etc. In the recent past, major companies (such as
Guwahati, Trichy and Nashik — make their Wipro, Tech Mahindra, HSBC, Essar Steel, Dr. Reddy’s,
entry into the Tier-2 segment. Pfizer, Cipla) have opened their offices here. In October
2022, Randstad India opened an office in Visakhapatnam to
expand job opportunities for the city’s diverse local talent
As the ‘gateway to northeast India’, Guwahati is a melting
pot of people from different parts of northeast India.
Designated as a smart city, it has experienced rapid urban As one of the fastest-growing cities in
growth and development in the last two decades, and is a
Tamil Nadu, Trichy enters our list as a
veritable stronghold for India’s ‘Look East/Act East’ policy.
promising Tier-2 location. It ranks a
competitive ninth in middle level salaries
Both in the junior and middle levels (with (average CTC, INR 12.37 lakhs, well above
average CTCs of INR 4.32 lakhs and 10.55 lakhs, the national average for this level).
respectively), Guwahati ranks commendably
in its first presence in the 2022 Randstad
Annual Salary Report. It is home to India's largest public sector engineering
company, Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL), and to
two major defense establishments of the Indian
Ordnance Factories Board. Additionally, Trichy is fast
Ranking sixth in the junior (average CTC, developing as an IT base, after Chennai and Coimbatore.
INR 4.73 lakhs) and fourth in middle level
salaries (average CTC, INR 13.25 lakhs),
Visakhapatnam is a string entrant to our
list of Tier-2 locations.
17
The third largest industrial hub of
Maharashtra, Nashik enters our list of
Tier-2 locations, with average CTCs of
INR 4.06 lakhs, 10.01 lakhs and 24.06 lakhs
at the junior, middle and senior levels,
respectively.

With its traditional strengths in manufacturing, textiles,


and wines, it has also emerged as an emerging
destination for IT/ITeS companies

On a national scale, the average


mid-level salaries in Tier-2 cities are
approximately 1.5 times that of junior levels
(INR 11.59 and 4.55 lakhs, respectively), while
the senior level salaries are more than
double that of the mid-levels (INR 24.56 and
11.59 lakhs, respectively).

Similar to Tier-1 cities, the premium for senior job levels is


evident among Tier-2 cities.

18
middle level (6-14 years)
salary trends
Avg CTC Variance

Chandigarh 15.23
across tier-2 cites Kochi 14.75 -3.2%
Thiruvananthapuram 13.83 -9.2%
and job hierarchies Visakhapatnam 13.25 -13.0%
Nagpur 12.89 -15.4%
Vadodara 12.70 -16.6%
junior level (0-5 years) Avg CTC Variance
Jaipur 12.63 -17.1%
Thiruvananthapuram 5.97 Bhubaneshwar 12.55 -17.6%
Chandigarh 5.89 -1.3% Trichy 12.37 -18.8%
Kochi 5.29 -11.4% Lucknow 12.19 -20.0%
Coimbatore 5.00 -16.2% Indore 11.99 -21.3%
Jaipur 4.88 -18.3% Guwahati 10.55 -30.7%
Visakhapatnam 4.73 -20.8% Coimbatore 10.42 -31.6%
Bhubaneshwar 4.49 -24.8% Nashik 10.01 -34.3%
Indore 4.42 -26.0% National Average 11.59 -23.9%
Lucknow 4.32 -27.6%
Guwahati 4.32 -27.6%
senior level (>=15 years) Avg CTC Variance
Nagpur 4.27 -28.5%
Vadodara 4.12 -31.0% Bhubaneshwar 33.74
Nashik 4.06 -32.0% Kochi 30.33 -10.1%
Trichy 3.79 -36.5% Vadodara 26.20 -22.3%
National Average 4.55 -23.7% Indore 24.50 -27.4%
Jaipur 24.10 -28.6%
Nashik 24.06 -28.7%
(Avg CTC is in lakhs per annum) Nagpur 23.80 -29.5%
*Salaries have been reported for cities which have sufficient Coimbatore 23.78 -29.5%
sample data National Average 24.56 -27.2%
19
salary trends across industries
how salaries compare between different industries

IT salaries stand at the top of the table


in the junior level with an average CTC of Pharma, Health and Life Sciences (PHL)
INR 6.82 lakhs - a jump of nearly 11 percent ranks second in the junior level, with an average
over 2021 figures, where it ranked third. salary of INR 6.64 lakhs.

Demand for technology-led skills is extremely high — in


artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), blockchain, India’s healthcare market has grown at a CAGR of 22
business analytics, cloud computing, etc. In order to scale percent, and it is estimated that it will touch USD 367
rapidly (and to acquire and retain talent in the wake of the billion by 2023 and USD 638 billion by 202510. A lot of
‘Great Resignation’ and ‘Great Reshuffle’ waves), companies start-ups are also entering this arena, and that is good
are now hiring freshers and junior level employees and news for the PHL industry.
training them in niche skills. It is estimated that in FY22, six IT
companies hired 2.15 lakh freshers (as compared to 90,000 in
the previous year)9. An observation we made in last year’s
Salary Trend Report (2021) was that talent building must be
accorded priority at the fresher and junior levels, so that they
can address the vital need for digital and emerging
technologies to be the growth engines of India’s new age
economy. IT companies are doing just that — and with
great success.
9
https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/it-firms-double-down-on-fresher-hiring-as-attrition-spikes-8060801.html
10
https://www.india-briefing.com/news/indias-healthcare-ecosystem-key-segments-market-growth-prospects-26225.html/
20
The last two decades have witnessed exponential growth
Professional Services emerges a clear in the ITES-BPO industry, and it is further expected to grow
winner in the middle level salaries with an at an eight per cent CAGR to touch ~USD250 billion by
average CTC of INR 20.70 lakhs. 2025. Digital services (driven by the growth of new
technology-focused businesses), burgeoning data
volumes, rapid growth of the packaged software segment
The IT industry (average CTC, INR 16.29 lakhs) and Internet will set an exciting pace of growth in the future. Senior
and E-Commerce industry (average CTC, INR 16.25 lakhs), take professionals with both domain and technology expertise
the second and third spots, respectively in the middle job will continue to be in fair demand — as India gallops to
levels. As businesses move determinedly to the growth phase, becoming the world’s primary provider of software,
the critical importance of a service delivery approach in IT iFintech, SaaS, and network security.
services, engineering services, consulting, and
media/marketing cannot be emphasized enough.
Professionals who demonstrate outstanding capabilities in
Advertising, MR & PR salaries come
accelerating transformation to achieve high levels of
sustainability and profitability through digitization, smart second at senior levels, with an average of
pricing, and design of great customer experience will be in INR 38.33 lakhs.
great demand at all levels. And that is why it also stands at a
competitive third place at the junior (average CTC, INR 6.22
lakhs) and senior levels (average CTC, INR 38.08 lakhs).
A recent report by Dentsu International estimates that the
Indian ad market will reach USD 11 billion in 2022 (from
USD 9.6 billion in 2021), and hold the distinction of being
ITES salaries stand first in the senior the fastest-growing in the world over the next two years11.
level jobs, with an average of INR 44.57 lakhs — In the rapidly transforming digital marketing scene,
a significant increase of 13 percent over the businesses will look for senior level professionals who can
2021 figures. combine traditional marketing knowledge with digital
strategies.

11
https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/indian-advertising-market-to-grow-16-in-2022-touch-11-billion-report-122071401365_1.html

21
salary trends senior level (>=15 years) Avg CTC Variance

across industries
ITES 44.57
Advertising, MR, PR 38.33 -14.0%
Professional Services 38.08 -14.6%
IT 34.54 -22.5%
BFSI 33.62 -24.6%
Telecom 25.67 -42.4%

middle level (6-14 years) Avg CTC Variance

Professional Services 20.70


IT 16.29 -21.3%
Internet & Ecommerce 16.25 -21.5%
ITES 16.03 -22.5%
Advertising, MR, PR 14.69 -29.0%
Media & Entertainment 14.01 -32.3%

junior level (0-5 years) Avg CTC Variance

IT 6.82
PHL 6.64 -2.7%
Professional Services 6.22 -8.9%
Media & Entertainment 5.88 -13.8%
Telecom 5.73 -16.0%
Internet & Ecommerce 5.13 -24.8%
(Avg CTC is in lakhs per annum)

22
salary trends across functions
how salaries compare between different functions
Across industries, digitization has reduced the manual
In the junior level, healthcare functions employment, and this has increased the need for junior
commanded the highest salaries in 2022, level jobs. For example, production chains in
with an average CTC of INR 10.59 lakhs. manufacturing, digitally connected healthcare, experience
designing in retail and e-Commerce, network
management in telecom, and more — demand for IT-Tech
and Operations-Tech has significantly surged.
This industry discovered the advantage of hiring junior
workers in the critical period of the COVID-19 crisis, and has
learned to press home the advantage — for today, and into
the future.

Business and technology have become


more closely intertwined than ever before. That
is why IT-Tech (average CTC, INR 9.95 lakhs) and
Operations-Tech (average CTC, INR 9.77 lakhs)
take the second and third positions,
respectively, at the junior level.

23
At an average CTC of INR 18.80 lakhs, At the senior level, as functions move to
Operations Tech emerges as the best paying strategic heights, ITES/BPO leads the pack
function in the mid-level job segment, and it is with an average CTC of INR 40.03 lakhs.
easy to see why.

Today, the BPM 4.0 industry has some far-reaching and


Whether it is to support technology that power businesses future-relevant value propositions — resilience and agility,
in the IT industry, or whether it is to create technical exponential efficiencies, active contribution to business
processes in non-IT businesses, Operations-Tech plays a outcomes, and creation of superior stakeholder
vital role. This is where the cutting edge of IT and experience. This definitely needs mature leadership, and
Engineering meet, and where automation and Internet of that is why there is a demand for senior positions.
Things transform operations across industries.

IT-Functional, which is a niche combination of one or more Finance & Accounts (average CTC,
capabilities across analytics, design, testing, project and INR 38.67 lakhs) Sales, BD & RM (average CTC,
program management, and digital transformation, ranks INR 37.98 lakhs) feature in the second and third
second in average CTC for the middle level (INR 17.69 positions at the senior level.
lakhs) — followed by strategy and consulting professionals
(average CTC, INR 17.48 lakhs).

These are pivotal functions for any organization, and thus


demand the expertise of senior professionals.

24
salary trends senior level (>=15 years)
Function Avg CTC Variance

across functions ITES/BPO 40.03


Finance & Accounts 38.67 -3.4%
Sales, BD & RM 37.98 -5.1%
Legal & Compliance 35.11 -12.3%
Operations-Technical 33.66 -15.9%
Operations-Management 32.77 -18.1%

middle level (6-14 years)


Function Avg CTC Variance

Operations-Technical 18.80
IT-Functional 17.69 -5.9%
Strategy & Consulting 17.48 -7.0%
IT-Tech 16.22 -13.7%
Legal & Compliance 15.33 -18.5%
Healthcare 14.35 -23.7%

junior level (0-5 years)


Function Avg CTC Variance

Healthcare 10.59
IT-Tech 9.95 -6.0%
Operations-Technical 9.77 -7.7%
Operations-Management 8.57 -19.1%
IT-Functional 6.14 -42.1%
Legal & Compliance 5.83 -45.0% (Avg CTC is in lakhs per annum)

25
deep dive
industry
BFSI
skills-wise salary breakup for profiles in the BFSI

account executive branch manager


Location Junior Mid Senior Location Junior Mid Senior

ahmedabad - - - ahmedabad - - -

bengaluru 2.90 8.03 14.75 bengaluru 5.32 14.71 29.48

chennai 3.23 9.32 16.98 chennai 5.77 16.66 33.11

hyderabad 2.61 8.67 16.86 hyderabad - - -

kolkata - - - kolkata 4.74 17.26 40.40

mumbai 3.00 10.22 20.65 mumbai 6.17 21.00 46.27

delhi-NCR 2.86 8.74 17.07 delhi-NCR 5.06 15.49 30.24

pune 2.93 9.13 17.20 pune 5.54 17.27 32.52

business operations collection manager


Location Junior Mid Senior Location Junior Mid Senior

ahmedabad 4.91 14.87 28.81 ahmedabad - - -

bengaluru 5.94 17.46 34.98 bengaluru 5.59 17.14 34.33

chennai 4.65 14.88 27.13 chennai 4.14 11.95 23.74

hyderabad 4.45 13.29 25.87 hyderabad - - -

kolkata 3.96 12.98 27.87 kolkata - - -

mumbai 4.97 16.94 37.33 mumbai 6.62 22.57 49.72

delhi-NCR 4.53 16.64 32.47 delhi-NCR 5.35 18.17 38.65

pune 4.88 17.31 32.60 pune 5.82 20.14 37.93

28
skills-wise salary breakup for profiles in the BFSI

credit manager data analyst


Location Junior Mid Senior Location Junior Mid Senior

ahmedabad 3.48 10.53 20.41 ahmedabad - - -

bengaluru 3.97 12.18 24.40 bengaluru 3.02 9.27 17.05

chennai 4.26 13.66 27.13 chennai 2.93 8.45 15.41

hyderabad 3.85 11.51 22.40 hyderabad 2.77 8.28 16.12

kolkata 3.22 10.58 22.71 kolkata - - -

mumbai 5.44 18.53 40.83 mumbai 2.64 8.98 19.79

delhi-NCR 4.41 14.97 31.85 delhi-NCR 3.20 9.80 19.12

pune 4.22 14.62 27.54 pune 2.71 8.44 15.90

investment banking portfolio manager


Location Junior Mid Senior Location Junior Mid Senior

ahmedabad 5.69 17.24 33.42 ahmedabad - - -

bengaluru 7.46 20.41 40.89 bengaluru 5.53 16.95 33.96

chennai 5.31 17.19 34.15 chennai - - -

hyderabad 5.54 16.56 32.23 hyderabad - - -

kolkata 6.76 22.19 47.64 kolkata - - -

mumbai 7.88 20.68 41.80 mumbai 6.25 19.18 38.76

delhi-NCR 6.55 18.67 36.44 delhi-NCR 4.80 14.69 28.66

pune 6.86 20.17 37.99 pune 4.62 16.00 30.14

29
skills-wise salary breakup for profiles in the BFSI

relationship manager
Location Junior Mid Senior

ahmedabad - - -

bengaluru 4.36 12.04 22.13

chennai 4.39 12.69 23.12

hyderabad - - -

kolkata - - -

mumbai 4.23 12.98 26.24

delhi-NCR 3.76 11.50 22.44

pune 3.21 10.01 18.85

30
construction &
infrastructure
skills-wise salary breakup for profiles in the construction & Infrastructure

architect civil engineer


Location Junior Mid Senior Location Junior Mid Senior

ahmedabad 6.56 16.84 32.64 ahmedabad 8.38 13.27 25.71

bengaluru 8.71 21.84 40.14 bengaluru 5.69 15.74 31.53

chennai 6.64 19.17 34.94 chennai 8.29 23.95 43.65

hyderabad 6.00 19.89 38.71 hyderabad 4.87 14.55 28.32

kolkata - - - kolkata 5.38 19.61 42.09

mumbai 5.78 19.70 39.83 mumbai 6.45 19.80 40.02

delhi-NCR 6.29 15.83 30.89 delhi-NCR 5.31 16.79 32.76

pune 6.81 21.25 40.02 pune 4.43 15.34 28.90

electrical engineer procurement


Location Junior Mid Senior Location Junior Mid Senior

ahmedabad 6.50 14.46 30.55 ahmedabad 6.23 15.83 30.69

bengaluru 8.15 22.52 41.38 bengaluru 5.66 19.92 36.61

chennai 4.57 13.20 24.06 chennai 4.98 14.18 28.18

hyderabad - - - hyderabad 4.82 14.42 28.05

kolkata - - - kolkata 4.24 13.90 29.84

mumbai 4.54 13.93 28.15 mumbai 5.19 31.33 63.33

delhi-NCR 5.53 16.91 33.01 delhi-NCR 4.81 16.33 31.87

pune 3.55 11.08 20.87 pune 4.09 14.18 26.70

32
skills-wise salary breakup for profiles in the construction & Infrastructure

project manager site engineer


Location Junior Mid Senior Location Junior Mid Senior

ahmedabad 7.89 23.88 46.28 ahmedabad 8.32 21.25 44.88

bengaluru 7.71 23.66 47.40 bengaluru 9.69 26.78 49.22

chennai 6.28 18.15 33.08 chennai 5.86 16.92 30.84

hyderabad - - - hyderabad - - -

kolkata - 15.30 35.80 kolkata - - -

mumbai 7.70 14.90 30.11 mumbai 3.91 13.31 29.33

delhi-NCR 5.67 15.91 31.05 delhi-NCR 4.66 15.84 33.70

pune 5.03 16.60 34.07 pune 4.49 14.02 26.40

33
energy & utilities
skills-wise salary breakup for profiles in the energy & utilities

design engineer supply/production/space planning


Location Junior Mid Senior Location Junior Mid Senior

ahmedabad - - - ahmedabad - - -

bengaluru 5.11 14.13 25.97 bengaluru 9.07 25.06 46.05

chennai 4.80 13.88 25.29 chennai 6.06 17.52 31.93

hyderabad - - - hyderabad - - -

kolkata - - - kolkata - - -

mumbai - - - mumbai - - -

delhi-NCR 7.25 22.20 43.32 delhi-NCR 7.03 21.52 45.79

pune 3.91 12.20 22.97 pune 6.09 21.09 43.28

technical engineer other technical roles: t&d


Location Junior Mid Senior Location Junior Mid Senior

ahmedabad 4.64 14.04 27.22 ahmedabad 4.96 15.01 29.09

bengaluru 8.79 22.90 42.08 bengaluru 6.02 16.63 30.56

chennai 4.04 11.66 21.26 chennai 4.18 12.08 24.01

hyderabad 5.66 16.93 32.94 hyderabad 4.43 13.24 25.77

kolkata 6.17 20.26 43.49 kolkata - - -

mumbai 4.78 16.27 35.85 mumbai 3.75 11.51 23.26

delhi-NCR 5.07 17.21 33.59 delhi-NCR 4.91 15.03 29.34

pune 5.04 17.46 32.89 pune 3.95 13.69 25.78

35
FMCG & retail
skills-wise salary breakup for profiles in the FMCG & retail

fashion/graphic/accessory designers retail/visual merchandising


Location Junior Mid Senior Location Junior Mid Senior

ahmedabad 5.93 17.96 34.81 ahmedabad 4.26 14.32 30.26

bengaluru 7.07 19.53 35.89 bengaluru 5.78 15.97 31.99

chennai 7.01 20.26 36.93 chennai 4.53 14.52 28.86

hyderabad 5.90 19.58 38.11 hyderabad 4.69 14.02 27.29

kolkata - - - kolkata 4.17 15.20 35.56

mumbai 5.42 18.45 40.65 mumbai - - -

delhi-NCR 6.05 20.56 40.12 delhi-NCR 5.49 18.65 39.67

pune 4.53 14.14 29.03 pune 5.73 19.83 40.71

store manager
Location Junior Mid Senior

ahmedabad 5.17 15.66 30.34

bengaluru 4.66 12.89 23.69

chennai 6.70 19.35 35.26

hyderabad - - -

kolkata - - -

mumbai - 16.14 35.56

delhi-NCR 5.15 15.75 30.75

pune - - -

37
information
technology
skills-wise salary breakup for profiles in the IT industry

agile android developer


Location Junior Mid Senior Location Junior Mid Senior

ahmedabad - - - ahmedabad 6.04 18.28 35.43

bengaluru 12.91 22.12 40.66 bengaluru 12.04 20.82 38.26

chennai 10.88 21.31 42.34 chennai 8.28 23.92 43.61

hyderabad 10.59 31.66 61.61 hyderabad 7.92 23.67 46.07

kolkata - - - kolkata 6.31 22.98 53.78

mumbai 11.37 34.89 70.53 mumbai 7.21 22.14 44.74

delhi-NCR 11.36 23.09 45.05 delhi-NCR 8.63 29.31 57.19

pune 11.91 41.24 77.67 pune 8.89 27.74 52.23

angular js animations/graphics
Location Junior Mid Senior Location Junior Mid Senior

ahmedabad 7.48 22.66 43.92 ahmedabad 4.30 13.01 25.22

bengaluru 12.07 20.64 37.94 bengaluru 6.95 19.20 35.28

chennai 8.68 27.82 50.72 chennai 5.71 16.50 30.08

hyderabad 9.16 27.37 53.25 hyderabad 5.25 17.43 33.92

kolkata 6.08 22.13 47.50 kolkata 3.33 12.13 28.37

mumbai 8.29 25.44 51.42 mumbai 4.70 16.00 35.26

delhi-NCR 8.85 30.08 58.71 delhi-NCR 4.81 14.26 27.83

pune 10.77 19.79 37.27 pune 5.47 17.06 32.14

39
skills-wise salary breakup for profiles in the IT industry

automation testing aws


Location Junior Mid Senior Location Junior Mid Senior

ahmedabad - - - ahmedabad - - -

bengaluru 9.85 17.69 32.51 bengaluru 12.70 38.97 71.63

chennai 8.28 26.56 48.40 chennai 11.70 37.52 68.40

hyderabad 8.58 25.65 49.91 hyderabad 14.60 43.62 84.89

kolkata - - - kolkata - - -

mumbai 7.55 25.70 51.96 mumbai 11.86 36.38 73.54

delhi-NCR 18.35 25.57 49.90 delhi-NCR 13.64 46.35 90.45

pune 9.66 33.44 62.98 pune 13.09 45.34 85.39

big data build tools


Location Junior Mid Senior Location Junior Mid Senior

ahmedabad - - - ahmedabad 5.58 18.76 39.64

bengaluru 13.01 39.92 73.37 bengaluru 12.47 21.05 38.69

chennai 10.92 35.01 63.82 chennai 12.14 38.92 70.95

hyderabad 11.07 33.10 64.41 hyderabad 8.90 26.60 51.76

kolkata - - - kolkata - - -

mumbai 8.69 26.68 53.92 mumbai 7.72 23.69 47.88

delhi-NCR 10.24 34.79 74.00 delhi-NCR 9.27 18.80 36.70

pune 10.25 31.97 60.21 pune 10.60 36.71 69.14

40
skills-wise salary breakup for profiles in the IT industry

business analyst business intelligence


Location Junior Mid Senior Location Junior Mid Senior

ahmedabad - - - ahmedabad 6.41 21.55 41.77

bengaluru 9.76 22.44 41.25 bengaluru 8.33 18.40 36.87

chennai 7.74 22.68 41.35 chennai 7.40 17.11 34.00

hyderabad 8.99 26.87 52.28 hyderabad 8.07 24.11 46.93

kolkata - - - kolkata - - -

mumbai - - - mumbai 7.64 23.46 47.41

delhi-NCR 6.85 23.27 49.50 delhi-NCR 7.17 19.00 37.09

pune 8.64 26.94 50.74 pune 8.16 25.20 47.45

c sharp c++
Location Junior Mid Senior Location Junior Mid Senior

ahmedabad 7.46 22.58 43.77 ahmedabad 7.23 21.91 42.45

bengaluru 13.04 39.99 73.50 bengaluru 11.67 22.79 45.66

chennai 9.34 29.94 54.58 chennai 8.67 25.04 45.63

hyderabad 10.34 34.31 66.77 hyderabad 7.92 26.27 51.12

kolkata - - - kolkata - - -

mumbai 7.82 26.62 58.65 mumbai 7.71 23.67 52.16

delhi-NCR 10.47 35.58 75.68 delhi-NCR 7.68 19.45 37.96

pune 10.38 35.95 73.80 pune 10.19 35.27 66.42

41
skills-wise salary breakup for profiles in the IT industry

cloud computing/architect content management


Location Junior Mid Senior Location Junior Mid Senior

ahmedabad 6.90 20.90 40.50 ahmedabad - - -

bengaluru 11.73 35.98 66.12 bengaluru 10.26 28.37 52.14

chennai 10.54 33.81 61.62 chennai 9.42 27.22 49.61

hyderabad 11.37 37.70 73.37 hyderabad 7.45 22.27 43.34

kolkata 6.11 20.06 43.07 kolkata - - -

mumbai 9.16 21.78 44.03 mumbai 5.38 18.31 37.02

delhi-NCR 9.25 22.87 44.63 delhi-NCR 5.14 15.74 30.72

pune 11.73 21.55 40.58 pune - - -

customer service executive (voice) data scientist


Location Junior Mid Senior Location Junior Mid Senior

ahmedabad 2.96 8.97 17.39 ahmedabad 7.41 22.44 43.50

bengaluru 3.03 8.37 15.37 bengaluru 11.43 22.01 40.45

chennai 3.32 9.60 17.50 chennai 10.47 33.57 61.20

hyderabad 3.06 10.14 19.72 hyderabad 9.38 31.11 60.54

kolkata 2.53 9.20 21.53 kolkata - - -

mumbai 2.99 10.18 22.43 mumbai 9.33 28.63 63.07

delhi-NCR 2.93 9.95 19.43 delhi-NCR 8.59 29.20 56.98

pune 2.70 9.34 19.18 pune 10.24 31.96 60.18

42
skills-wise salary breakup for profiles in the IT industry

database administrator front end


Location Junior Mid Senior Location Junior Mid Senior

ahmedabad 5.66 17.14 33.23 ahmedabad 6.20 20.83 40.37

bengaluru 9.86 19.22 38.51 bengaluru 11.43 35.06 64.43

chennai 8.49 17.84 35.45 chennai 8.51 24.58 44.81

hyderabad 7.36 24.42 47.52 hyderabad 7.86 23.48 45.70

kolkata 5.54 20.18 43.32 kolkata 4.98 16.35 35.10

mumbai 5.91 20.13 44.35 mumbai 6.43 19.72 39.87

delhi-NCR 6.41 15.13 29.52 delhi-NCR 7.57 17.40 33.96

pune 8.33 17.50 32.96 pune 9.33 29.12 54.84

functional consultant hardware engineer


Location Junior Mid Senior Location Junior Mid Senior

ahmedabad 3.60 12.11 25.58 ahmedabad 4.73 14.32 30.26

bengaluru - 24.13 48.34 bengaluru 7.50 20.80 38.24

chennai 6.88 19.88 36.23 chennai 6.05 17.20 31.35

hyderabad 7.15 21.38 41.61 hyderabad 5.26 17.44 36.98

kolkata 4.13 13.54 29.06 kolkata - - -

mumbai 5.87 20.00 44.07 mumbai 4.89 16.11 35.50

delhi-NCR 5.81 19.75 38.55 delhi-NCR 5.71 19.39 37.84

pune 5.76 17.98 33.86 pune 6.61 19.03 39.07

43
skills-wise salary breakup for profiles in the IT industry

information security ios


Location Junior Mid Senior Location Junior Mid Senior

ahmedabad - - - ahmedabad 4.79 16.11 34.02

bengaluru 9.38 19.09 38.24 bengaluru 10.94 33.55 61.67

chennai 7.04 22.58 44.86 chennai 8.40 24.26 44.23

hyderabad 7.66 25.41 53.89 hyderabad 7.76 23.19 45.13

kolkata - - - kolkata - - -

mumbai 6.26 15.63 34.44 mumbai 8.88 27.26 55.10

delhi-NCR 7.49 20.47 43.55 delhi-NCR 9.15 28.02 54.69

pune 9.81 30.61 57.64 pune 10.05 31.34 59.01

j2ee java
Location Junior Mid Senior Location Junior Mid Senior

ahmedabad - - - ahmedabad 6.75 22.69 47.94

bengaluru 12.16 21.06 59.80 bengaluru 12.09 24.79 45.56

chennai 11.25 22.51 44.73 chennai 10.08 19.08 37.90

hyderabad 10.91 32.60 63.44 hyderabad 9.92 32.90 64.02

kolkata - - - kolkata 7.68 25.20 58.95

mumbai 11.58 35.55 71.85 mumbai 9.81 33.42 67.54

delhi-NCR 11.26 34.47 67.26 delhi-NCR 9.68 24.86 52.89

pune 12.21 38.10 71.76 pune 10.92 37.81 71.20

44
skills-wise salary breakup for profiles in the IT industry

javascript machine learning


Location Junior Mid Senior Location Junior Mid Senior

ahmedabad 7.45 25.04 48.53 ahmedabad - - -

bengaluru 12.56 21.43 39.39 bengaluru 11.44 31.62 58.11

chennai 9.46 16.13 29.40 chennai 6.06 17.50 34.77

hyderabad 8.77 18.33 38.89 hyderabad - - -

kolkata 7.20 23.61 50.69 kolkata - - -

mumbai 9.03 20.12 40.68 mumbai 6.58 22.43 49.42

delhi-NCR 9.53 20.90 40.78 delhi-NCR 8.55 26.16 51.06

pune 9.94 19.02 35.82 pune 10.45 32.61 61.41

manual testing networking


Location Junior Mid Senior Location Junior Mid Senior

ahmedabad - - - ahmedabad 4.67 15.71 33.19

bengaluru 9.42 26.02 47.83 bengaluru 7.22 19.14 38.34

chennai 6.68 19.30 38.34 chennai 6.02 18.76 34.20

hyderabad 7.85 26.03 55.21 hyderabad 5.54 18.38 38.98

kolkata - - - kolkata 5.11 18.62 39.98

mumbai 6.99 21.44 43.33 mumbai 5.41 16.58 33.51

delhi-NCR 7.67 23.47 45.81 delhi-NCR 6.05 17.00 33.17

pune 7.84 24.45 46.04 pune 16.25 16.83 34.54

45
skills-wise salary breakup for profiles in the IT industry

oracle other testing


Location Junior Mid Senior Location Junior Mid Senior

ahmedabad - - - ahmedabad - - -

bengaluru 9.98 16.81 33.67 bengaluru 10.88 33.37 61.32

chennai 9.05 29.00 52.87 chennai 12.23 35.32 64.37

hyderabad 9.41 28.12 59.65 hyderabad 10.53 31.46 61.23

kolkata - - - kolkata - - -

mumbai 7.91 24.27 53.46 mumbai 7.08 24.10 53.10

delhi-NCR 9.47 28.97 56.55 delhi-NCR 9.32 28.53 60.69

pune 11.55 36.04 67.88 pune 10.81 37.45 70.52

php project management


Location Junior Mid Senior Location Junior Mid Senior

ahmedabad 6.26 21.05 40.80 ahmedabad 3.42 22.77 48.10

bengaluru 9.42 26.02 47.83 bengaluru 7.60 24.00 44.10

chennai 8.03 23.19 46.07 chennai 6.92 17.66 35.09

hyderabad 9.32 27.85 54.19 hyderabad 6.00 19.90 42.22

kolkata - - - kolkata - - -

mumbai 6.55 20.10 40.64 mumbai 6.26 17.78 39.18

delhi-NCR 7.14 18.49 39.32 delhi-NCR 6.50 19.07 37.21

pune 8.26 25.76 48.52 pune 5.57 17.40 35.72

46
skills-wise salary breakup for profiles in the IT industry

python quality analyst/assurance


Location Junior Mid Senior Location Junior Mid Senior

ahmedabad 7.56 22.89 44.37 ahmedabad 6.05 18.33 35.52

bengaluru 12.86 22.40 41.17 bengaluru 9.17 20.51 37.69

chennai 10.09 17.55 34.86 chennai 8.21 16.00 31.78

hyderabad 10.59 35.12 68.34 hyderabad 7.96 26.42 51.41

kolkata 8.55 31.15 66.86 kolkata 4.80 17.47 37.50

mumbai 12.31 37.77 76.35 mumbai 5.81 15.32 30.96

delhi-NCR 11.25 38.23 74.61 delhi-NCR 7.24 16.09 31.40

pune 12.31 42.63 80.28 pune 6.33 16.58 34.03

salesforce sap
Location Junior Mid Senior Location Junior Mid Senior

ahmedabad 4.27 14.35 30.30 ahmedabad 4.95 16.65 32.27

bengaluru 6.14 18.58 34.15 bengaluru 11.77 17.16 34.38

chennai 4.90 14.01 27.83 chennai 10.00 19.27 38.28

hyderabad 4.89 16.22 31.56 hyderabad 8.76 29.06 56.56

kolkata 3.87 13.48 31.54 kolkata 7.74 25.39 54.50

mumbai 4.87 15.54 34.24 mumbai 7.19 24.48 49.48

delhi-NCR 4.83 15.77 30.77 delhi-NCR 8.35 18.33 39.00

pune 5.13 16.69 34.26 pune 8.90 30.80 58.01

47
skills-wise salary breakup for profiles in the IT industry

sql unix
Location Junior Mid Senior Location Junior Mid Senior

ahmedabad 6.73 22.61 47.77 ahmedabad - - -

bengaluru 10.60 32.51 59.74 bengaluru 9.52 17.99 36.05

chennai 8.71 17.96 35.68 chennai 7.27 21.01 41.75

hyderabad 8.75 29.03 56.49 hyderabad 7.94 23.73 46.18

kolkata 6.43 21.11 45.32 kolkata - - -

mumbai 6.37 19.53 39.49 mumbai 9.17 28.13 56.86

delhi-NCR 7.79 20.41 43.42 delhi-NCR 6.94 23.59 50.19

pune 7.20 24.92 46.92 pune 8.86 27.63 52.03

vb windows
Location Junior Mid Senior Location Junior Mid Senior

ahmedabad - - - ahmedabad 4.57 13.83 29.22

bengaluru 4.69 14.38 26.43 bengaluru 5.59 16.89 31.05

chennai 3.05 8.81 17.51 chennai 5.28 15.26 27.82

hyderabad - - - hyderabad 5.03 15.03 29.25

kolkata - - - kolkata 3.31 12.06 25.89

mumbai 3.34 11.36 25.04 mumbai 4.45 13.66 27.62

delhi-NCR 5.79 19.68 41.87 delhi-NCR 4.29 14.56 28.42

pune - - - pune 4.86 15.16 31.13

48
skills-wise salary breakup for profiles in the IT industry

devOps engineer full stack developer


Location Junior Mid Senior Location Junior Mid Senior

ahmedabad - - - ahmedabad - - -

bengaluru 13.98 38.65 71.04 bengaluru 11.93 32.96 60.58

chennai 12.79 36.95 67.35 chennai 8.51 24.58 44.81

hyderabad 10.98 32.80 63.84 hyderabad 11.10 33.18 64.57

kolkata - - - kolkata - - -

mumbai - - - mumbai 9.29 28.50 57.61

delhi-NCR 13.17 40.31 78.67 delhi-NCR 10.19 31.18 60.85

pune 12.81 39.95 75.23 pune 10.79 33.67 63.42

software developer software engineer


Location Junior Mid Senior Location Junior Mid Senior

ahmedabad 7.23 21.88 42.40 ahmedabad - - -

bengaluru 12.21 19.37 35.60 bengaluru 10.67 29.50 54.22

chennai 10.70 22.90 41.73 chennai 8.58 24.77 45.15

hyderabad 10.39 22.40 43.58 hyderabad - - -

kolkata 8.55 28.05 60.22 kolkata - - -

mumbai 8.90 27.31 55.20 mumbai - - -

delhi-NCR 9.62 32.70 63.82 delhi-NCR 8.73 29.67 57.90

pune 10.40 36.02 67.84 pune 7.58 23.66 44.55

49
skills-wise salary breakup for profiles in the IT industry

software test engineer system administrator


Location Junior Mid Senior Location Junior Mid Senior

ahmedabad - - - ahmedabad - - -

bengaluru 8.53 23.58 43.33 bengaluru 5.91 18.13 36.31

chennai 7.65 22.10 40.29 chennai 5.32 17.06 33.90

hyderabad 8.00 23.91 46.53 hyderabad 6.52 21.63 42.10

kolkata - - - kolkata - - -

mumbai - - - mumbai 5.60 19.07 42.02

delhi-NCR 8.52 26.09 50.92 delhi-NCR - - -

pune - - - pune - - -

technical support engineer .net


Location Junior Mid Senior Location Junior Mid Senior

ahmedabad - - - ahmedabad 6.86 20.78 40.28

bengaluru 5.31 14.69 26.99 bengaluru 10.11 31.01 56.99

chennai 4.59 13.25 26.32 chennai 8.68 27.83 50.73

hyderabad - - - hyderabad 8.74 28.99 56.42

kolkata - - - kolkata 6.31 20.70 44.43

mumbai 3.73 12.71 27.99 mumbai 7.45 22.86 46.20

delhi-NCR 4.69 14.35 28.01 delhi-NCR 7.05 16.76 32.70

pune 4.16 12.98 24.45 pune 8.80 30.46 57.37

50
manufacturing
skills-wise salary breakup for profiles in the manufacturing

design engineer operations management


Location Junior Mid Senior Location Junior Mid Senior

ahmedabad 3.97 13.34 28.17 ahmedabad 4.62 15.53 30.10

bengaluru 7.94 24.30 44.65 bengaluru 6.62 16.74 30.77

chennai 5.70 15.22 30.24 chennai 5.48 14.04 25.59

hyderabad 5.88 19.52 41.40 hyderabad 5.82 17.39 36.88

kolkata 3.96 - - kolkata 5.22 19.00 40.79

mumbai 5.53 18.84 41.50 mumbai 6.48 16.55 36.47

delhi-NCR 5.34 18.14 35.40 delhi-NCR 6.15 20.91 40.80

pune 5.53 15.37 31.56 pune 4.75 16.46 31.00

plant/factory manager process engineer


Location Junior Mid Senior Location Junior Mid Senior

ahmedabad 7.09 21.47 41.60 ahmedabad 4.26 14.33 30.28

bengaluru - - - bengaluru 6.47 17.89 32.88

chennai 7.29 21.07 38.40 chennai 5.05 14.59 28.98

hyderabad - - - hyderabad 5.87 17.53 37.19

kolkata - - - kolkata 5.89 19.32 45.20

mumbai 4.44 13.62 30.00 mumbai 4.38 14.93 -

delhi-NCR - 14.12 30.04 delhi-NCR 5.15 11.21 23.85

pune 5.60 17.45 32.87 pune 4.59 12.60 25.87

52
skills-wise salary breakup for profiles in the manufacturing

production manager quality manager


Location Junior Mid Senior Location Junior Mid Senior

ahmedabad 4.71 22.01 43.23 ahmedabad 7.03 21.30 41.27

bengaluru 8.70 26.70 49.08 bengaluru 6.07 16.84 30.96

chennai 5.60 16.66 30.36 chennai 4.85 14.05 27.91

hyderabad 6.74 17.65 34.34 hyderabad 5.44 16.26 34.48

kolkata 5.06 16.61 35.66 kolkata - - -

mumbai 7.10 24.18 48.88 mumbai 4.58 15.61 31.54

delhi-NCR 6.95 23.62 29.30 delhi-NCR 5.15 11.70 24.89

pune 5.14 15.96 30.05 pune 3.74 12.95 26.58

service management supplychain/logistics


Location Junior Mid Senior Location Junior Mid Senior

ahmedabad 8.05 24.39 47.26 ahmedabad 5.71 17.29 27.28

bengaluru 6.12 17.74 32.60 bengaluru 6.55 17.08 31.39

chennai 4.26 12.31 22.44 chennai 5.70 13.52 26.86

hyderabad 5.95 17.78 37.72 hyderabad 5.58 16.68 35.39

kolkata - - - kolkata 5.66 18.57 39.86

mumbai 5.08 17.29 34.95 mumbai 5.25 17.88 36.14

delhi-NCR 5.08 17.27 33.70 delhi-NCR 5.23 16.98 33.14

pune 4.97 15.51 29.22 pune 4.76 12.43 23.41

53
skills-wise salary breakup for profiles in the manufacturing

graphic designer mechanical engineer


Location Junior Mid Senior Location Junior Mid Senior

ahmedabad - - - ahmedabad - - -

bengaluru 4.22 11.66 23.35 bengaluru 7.00 19.33 35.54

chennai - - - chennai 4.06 13.03 25.89

hyderabad 3.62 10.83 21.08 hyderabad - - -

kolkata - - - kolkata 6.80 24.76 53.16

mumbai 3.46 11.80 23.85 mumbai 3.97 12.18 24.61

delhi-NCR 3.46 10.59 20.68 delhi-NCR - - -

pune 3.19 9.95 18.75 pune 4.27 13.31 25.06

54
pharma,
healthcare &
lifesciences
skills-wise salary breakup for profiles in the PHL

api production
Location Junior Mid Senior Location Junior Mid Senior

ahmedabad 4.04 13.58 28.69 ahmedabad 4.60 13.94 29.45

bengaluru 7.44 20.57 37.81 bengaluru 5.61 15.50 28.49

chennai 4.62 13.35 26.52 chennai 5.65 16.32 29.74

hyderabad 8.25 24.65 47.97 hyderabad 4.80 14.36 30.46

kolkata 4.18 15.22 35.61 kolkata 5.22 19.01 40.81

mumbai 5.97 18.32 40.37 mumbai 4.88 16.62 33.58

delhi-NCR 6.60 22.43 43.77 delhi-NCR 5.20 15.92 31.07

pune 6.62 20.66 38.92 pune 4.88 15.21 28.65

research analyst speciality doctors


Location Junior Mid Senior Location Junior Mid Senior

ahmedabad 4.36 14.66 30.96 ahmedabad 9.33 28.25 54.76

bengaluru 6.92 19.13 35.17 bengaluru 7.54 23.12 42.50

chennai 5.21 15.05 27.43 chennai 9.52 30.62 60.84

hyderabad 6.12 18.30 38.82 hyderabad 10.96 36.36 70.75

kolkata - 18.82 44.03 kolkata 9.96 32.69 70.17

mumbai - 38.30 77.42 mumbai 7.65 26.06 52.67

delhi-NCR 6.40 21.75 42.45 delhi-NCR 15.78 21.46 45.65

pune 6.23 19.45 39.92 pune 8.26 25.78 48.55

56
telecom
skills-wise salary breakup for profiles in the telecom

application development customer support executive


Location Junior Mid Senior Location Junior Mid Senior

ahmedabad 4.88 14.76 31.19 ahmedabad - - -

bengaluru 11.28 31.16 57.27 bengaluru 2.66 7.35 13.51

chennai 10.42 30.09 54.85 chennai 2.64 7.62 13.89

hyderabad 9.20 30.51 59.38 hyderabad 2.97 8.86 17.25

kolkata - - - kolkata - - -

mumbai 8.21 25.18 55.47 mumbai - - -

delhi-NCR 8.98 27.50 53.67 delhi-NCR 3.02 9.24 18.04

pune 8.72 27.21 51.24 pune 3.29 10.26 19.32

mis analyst networking


Location Junior Mid Senior Location Junior Mid Senior

ahmedabad - - - ahmedabad 3.89 13.08 25.34

bengaluru 4.67 14.33 28.70 bengaluru 7.18 20.81 38.24

chennai 4.19 12.12 24.07 chennai 5.17 14.95 27.25

hyderabad - - - hyderabad 5.21 15.58 30.32

kolkata - - - kolkata - - -

mumbai 4.93 16.80 37.01 mumbai - - -

delhi-NCR 3.98 13.51 26.37 delhi-NCR 5.11 17.36 36.92

pune 5.29 16.49 31.05 pune 7.39 23.05 43.41

58
skills-wise salary breakup for profiles in the telecom

technical specialist hardware engineer


Location Junior Mid Senior Location Junior Mid Senior

ahmedabad - - - ahmedabad - - -

bengaluru 4.96 13.72 27.48 bengaluru 9.32 25.76 51.60

chennai 3.74 10.80 19.69 chennai 6.96 20.10 36.64

hyderabad 4.11 12.28 23.90 hyderabad - - -

kolkata - - - kolkata - - -

mumbai 4.19 14.28 28.86 mumbai 6.94 21.29 43.04

delhi-NCR 4.12 14.00 27.32 delhi-NCR 6.47 19.80 38.64

pune 4.81 16.65 34.19 pune 6.02 18.77 35.34

59
deep dive
function
finance
skills-wise salary breakup for profiles in the finance function

accounting audit
Location Junior Mid Senior Location Junior Mid Senior

ahmedabad 4.81 22.87 37.54 ahmedabad 5.05 16.99 35.89

bengaluru 5.86 17.35 34.75 bengaluru 8.83 23.50 43.19

chennai 4.99 16.77 30.57 chennai 7.53 18.53 33.77

hyderabad 4.81 15.97 31.08 hyderabad 7.41 22.16 43.12

kolkata 3.67 13.37 31.28 kolkata 6.25 20.52 44.06

mumbai 5.93 20.19 40.81 mumbai 7.76 26.42 53.40

delhi-NCR 5.54 17.00 33.18 delhi-NCR 6.49 22.05 46.91

pune 4.63 15.79 32.40 pune 7.12 16.92 31.87

banking costing
Location Junior Mid Senior Location Junior Mid Senior

ahmedabad 4.51 15.16 29.38 ahmedabad - - -

bengaluru 5.31 16.28 29.93 bengaluru - - -

chennai 5.52 15.94 29.06 chennai 6.42 18.56 33.83

hyderabad - - - hyderabad - - -

kolkata 4.45 16.22 37.95 kolkata - - -

mumbai 5.83 19.84 43.72 mumbai 7.53 23.11 46.72

delhi-NCR 5.26 17.86 37.99 delhi-NCR 6.30 19.30 37.66

pune 4.94 15.40 28.99 pune 5.43 16.95 31.93

62
skills-wise salary breakup for profiles in the finance function

credit manager risk management


Location Junior Mid Senior Location Junior Mid Senior

ahmedabad - - - ahmedabad - - -

bengaluru 7.36 20.34 37.38 bengaluru 8.69 21.26 39.08

chennai 7.51 21.70 39.55 chennai 6.83 19.72 35.95

hyderabad - - - hyderabad - - -

kolkata - - - kolkata - - -

mumbai 7.84 24.05 48.61 mumbai 8.24 25.28 51.10

delhi-NCR 7.64 44.80 87.44 delhi-NCR 8.28 25.34 49.45

pune 8.26 25.75 48.50 pune 9.61 17.51 35.94

taxation
Location Junior Mid Senior

ahmedabad 5.27 15.97 30.95

bengaluru 6.14 18.85 34.64

chennai 5.45 15.74 28.70

hyderabad 5.89 17.62 34.28

kolkata - - -

mumbai 5.63 13.83 27.96

delhi-NCR 5.40 18.33 35.78

pune 4.60 14.34 29.44

63
human
resources
skills-wise salary breakup for profiles in the HR function

hr business partner hr generalist


Location Junior Mid Senior Location Junior Mid Senior

ahmedabad - - - ahmedabad 4.36 19.04 36.90

bengaluru 7.62 21.06 38.70 bengaluru 5.33 17.26 34.59

chennai 6.53 18.85 34.36 chennai 5.23 14.58 26.57

hyderabad 5.04 15.07 29.33 hyderabad 5.28 17.50 34.06

kolkata - - - kolkata - 11.82 27.65

mumbai 8.18 22.02 44.51 mumbai 5.25 15.38 33.88

delhi-NCR - - - delhi-NCR 4.82 14.87 29.02

pune - - - pune 4.48 15.50 29.19

learning and development recruitment operations


Location Junior Mid Senior Location Junior Mid Senior

ahmedabad 4.27 12.92 25.05 ahmedabad 4.04 12.24 23.71

bengaluru 5.92 18.17 36.40 bengaluru 4.35 16.45 32.95

chennai 4.50 12.99 23.67 chennai 3.79 10.94 19.94

hyderabad 4.76 14.24 27.71 hyderabad 3.97 11.99 23.33

kolkata 3.87 14.10 30.27 kolkata 2.92 9.59 20.59

mumbai 4.82 16.43 36.20 mumbai 4.28 14.57 29.46

delhi-NCR 4.79 16.28 31.77 delhi-NCR 3.89 14.60 28.50

pune 5.73 17.87 33.66 pune 3.80 13.14 26.98

65
skills-wise salary breakup for profiles in the HR function

staffing talent acquisition


Location Junior Mid Senior Location Junior Mid Senior

ahmedabad 4.03 24.51 47.50 ahmedabad 3.80 11.51 22.30

bengaluru 4.48 16.71 33.47 bengaluru 4.28 22.32 41.01

chennai 4.07 18.08 32.96 chennai 3.81 11.01 20.07

hyderabad 4.10 13.87 26.98 hyderabad 3.67 12.17 23.67

kolkata 3.80 13.83 32.35 kolkata - 9.07 21.22

mumbai - 14.17 31.22 mumbai 4.59 14.12 31.10

delhi-NCR 4.17 13.36 26.08 delhi-NCR 3.97 17.27 33.70

pune 3.64 12.60 25.87 pune 4.20 13.11 24.69

training payroll
Location Junior Mid Senior Location Junior Mid Senior

ahmedabad 4.57 15.36 32.46 ahmedabad - - -

bengaluru 4.70 15.38 30.82 bengaluru 5.27 14.57 26.79

chennai 4.08 11.77 21.46 chennai 4.49 12.98 23.66

hyderabad 4.36 13.03 25.35 hyderabad 4.30 12.86 25.02

kolkata 4.12 13.52 29.03 kolkata - - -

mumbai 4.87 16.60 36.58 mumbai 4.56 15.54 34.24

delhi-NCR 4.46 13.37 26.09 delhi-NCR 4.44 13.60 28.93

pune 4.19 14.50 27.31 pune 3.91 13.54 27.79

66
legal
skills-wise salary breakup for profiles in the legal function

company secretary compliance


Location Junior Mid Senior Location Junior Mid Senior

ahmedabad - - - ahmedabad - - -

bengaluru 4.71 14.45 28.94 bengaluru 6.03 18.50 34.00

chennai - - - chennai 5.42 15.67 31.13

hyderabad - - - hyderabad 6.32 18.90 36.78

kolkata 5.29 17.37 40.64 kolkata - - -

mumbai 8.41 25.79 52.14 mumbai 6.71 22.85 46.18

delhi-NCR 4.85 16.49 32.18 delhi-NCR 6.50 22.07 43.07

pune - - - pune 5.58 19.33 36.40

lawyer legal advisor


Location Junior Mid Senior Location Junior Mid Senior

ahmedabad - - - ahmedabad - - -

bengaluru 5.36 14.82 27.23 bengaluru 6.83 20.96 38.53

chennai 5.11 14.76 29.32 chennai - - -

hyderabad - - - hyderabad - - -

kolkata - - - kolkata - - -

mumbai 7.41 22.73 45.94 mumbai 6.22 19.08 38.57

delhi-NCR 6.40 21.73 42.41 delhi-NCR 5.81 17.78 37.82

pune - - - pune 5.24 18.15 37.26

68
skills-wise salary breakup for profiles in the legal function

regulartory affairs
Location Junior Mid Senior

ahmedabad - - -

bengaluru 7.06 19.52 35.88

chennai 5.12 14.79 26.95

hyderabad 5.02 14.99 31.79

kolkata - - -

mumbai 5.72 19.48 39.37

delhi-NCR 5.58 18.95 36.99

pune 4.17 14.44 27.20

69
marketing
skills-wise salary breakup for profiles in the marketing

advertsing branding
Location Junior Mid Senior Location Junior Mid Senior

ahmedabad 3.33 11.20 23.67 ahmedabad - - -

bengaluru 6.65 18.37 33.76 bengaluru 8.36 25.64 47.12

chennai 4.61 13.32 24.27 chennai - - -

hyderabad 4.03 12.04 25.55 hyderabad - - -

kolkata 3.52 12.84 30.03 kolkata - - -

mumbai 4.90 18.60 37.60 mumbai 7.46 22.86 46.21

delhi-NCR 4.59 15.66 30.56 delhi-NCR 7.27 24.69 48.19

pune 4.37 15.12 28.47 pune 6.89 21.49 40.47

campaign managements communications


Location Junior Mid Senior Location Junior Mid Senior

ahmedabad - - - ahmedabad 3.87 16.10 31.20

bengaluru 7.79 21.52 39.55 bengaluru 4.21 15.65 28.76

chennai 6.41 18.53 33.77 chennai 3.50 11.22 22.28

hyderabad - - - hyderabad 3.54 11.74 24.91

kolkata - - - kolkata - - -

mumbai 6.93 23.61 47.73 mumbai 3.75 12.90 28.43

delhi-NCR 5.53 18.78 36.65 delhi-NCR 3.70 13.57 26.49

pune 5.95 18.56 34.96 pune 3.45 11.95 24.53

71
skills-wise salary breakup for profiles in the marketing

content writing/blogs digital marketing


Location Junior Mid Senior Location Junior Mid Senior

ahmedabad 4.05 13.62 28.76 ahmedabad 4.58 15.41 32.54

bengaluru 5.71 15.78 28.99 bengaluru 8.21 25.19 46.29

chennai 4.02 11.61 23.07 chennai 6.41 18.52 33.76

hyderabad 4.48 14.88 28.95 hyderabad 4.91 16.29 34.56

kolkata 3.49 11.44 26.76 kolkata 4.68 17.05 39.89

mumbai 4.32 14.72 32.44 mumbai 5.70 19.88 40.19

delhi-NCR 4.58 15.56 30.37 delhi-NCR 5.41 18.38 35.87

pune 5.01 15.64 32.11 pune 5.03 15.69 29.55

market research ppc


Location Junior Mid Senior Location Junior Mid Senior

ahmedabad - - - ahmedabad - - -

bengaluru 8.97 23.13 42.51 bengaluru 5.91 18.13 33.33

chennai 6.24 18.02 32.84 chennai - - -

hyderabad 5.51 16.47 34.94 hyderabad - - -

kolkata - - - kolkata - - -

mumbai 6.43 21.89 44.24 mumbai 4.84 14.84 30.00

delhi-NCR 6.68 22.71 44.32 delhi-NCR 4.36 13.36 28.41

pune 6.45 20.11 37.87 pune 5.44 18.85 35.50

72
skills-wise salary breakup for profiles in the marketing

promotion seo/sem
Location Junior Mid Senior Location Junior Mid Senior

ahmedabad 4.58 13.88 29.32 ahmedabad - - -

bengaluru 5.95 16.44 30.21 bengaluru 6.56 18.12 33.31

chennai 4.04 11.67 23.19 chennai - - -

hyderabad 3.77 12.50 26.51 hyderabad - - -

kolkata - - - kolkata - - -

mumbai 5.34 16.39 36.10 mumbai 5.22 17.78 35.94

delhi-NCR 4.79 16.27 31.75 delhi-NCR 4.59 15.61 30.46

pune 3.95 12.32 23.20 pune 4.22 13.17 27.04

social media
Location Junior Mid Senior

ahmedabad 4.77 14.44 30.51

bengaluru 6.17 17.04 31.33

chennai 8.56 24.72 45.06

hyderabad 4.05 13.45 26.17

kolkata - - -

mumbai 4.97 16.94 34.25

delhi-NCR 4.60 18.79 36.68

pune 4.53 15.69 29.56

73
sales & business
development
skills-wise salary breakup for profiles in the sales & business development

bfsi fmcg & retail


Location Junior Mid Senior Location Junior Mid Senior

ahmedabad 4.58 13.88 29.31 ahmedabad 4.92 20.92 40.53

bengaluru 5.11 17.14 31.50 bengaluru 4.35 15.93 29.28

chennai 4.59 13.93 25.39 chennai 4.23 13.61 24.80

hyderabad 4.15 12.39 26.28 hyderabad 3.71 13.92 29.53

kolkata 4.62 15.14 32.51 kolkata 5.17 13.47 31.52

mumbai 5.43 17.87 36.13 mumbai 4.58 16.01 32.37

delhi-NCR 4.64 14.62 28.54 delhi-NCR 4.23 13.53 26.40

pune 4.27 13.32 25.08 pune 3.99 12.40 23.35

infrastructure internet & ecommerce


Location Junior Mid Senior Location Junior Mid Senior

ahmedabad - - - ahmedabad 4.35 14.64 28.36

bengaluru 6.17 17.04 34.13 bengaluru 5.58 17.11 -

chennai 5.45 15.76 28.72 chennai 4.77 13.77 27.37

hyderabad 5.14 15.35 29.87 hyderabad 4.57 15.15 29.48

kolkata - - - kolkata 3.93 14.30 33.45

mumbai 5.55 15.15 33.37 mumbai 4.43 16.24 35.78

delhi-NCR 5.23 13.23 28.15 delhi-NCR 4.36 17.55 37.34

pune 5.17 16.14 30.39 pune 4.36 13.59 25.60

75
skills-wise salary breakup for profiles in the sales & business development

it manufacturing
Location Junior Mid Senior Location Junior Mid Senior

ahmedabad 3.29 11.06 23.36 ahmedabad 6.37 19.28 37.37

bengaluru 3.57 18.44 36.93 bengaluru 6.46 19.51 35.86

chennai 3.70 13.04 25.90 chennai 5.15 16.84 33.46

hyderabad 3.50 12.77 24.86 hyderabad 4.94 14.75 28.71

kolkata 2.96 10.78 25.23 kolkata 4.15 13.63 29.26

mumbai 3.87 14.87 32.75 mumbai 6.58 18.85 38.11

delhi-NCR 3.41 16.16 34.38 delhi-NCR 5.99 20.07 39.16

pune 3.33 14.73 30.24 pune 5.78 18.82 35.45

telecom
Location Junior Mid Senior

ahmedabad 3.33 11.20 23.67

bengaluru 4.29 13.17 26.39

chennai 3.28 9.48 18.83

hyderabad 2.99 9.91 19.28

kolkata 3.57 13.02 30.46

mumbai - - -

delhi-NCR 3.61 16.69 35.50

pune 3.29 11.38 23.35

76
Randstad is the global leader in the HR
services industry. We support people and
organizations in realizing their true potential
by combining the power of today’s
technology with our passion for people. We
call it
Human Forward. In 2019, we helped more
than two million candidates _ind a meaningful
job with our 280,000 clients. Furthermore, we
trained more than 350,000 people. Randstad
is active in 38 markets around the world and
has top-three positions in almost half of these.
In 2019, Randstad had on average 38,280
corporate employees and generated revenue
of € 23.7 billion. Randstad was founded in
1960 and is headquartered in Diemen, the
Netherlands. Randstad N.V. is listed on the
NYSE Euronext (symbol: RAND.AS).
For more information: www.randstad.com

Disclaimer: This study contains information in summary from data based on randstad’s hiring information and is intended for general
guidance only. It is not intended to be a substitute for detailed research or exercise of professional judgment. Neither Randstad India
Pvt. Limited nor any other member of the global Randstad organization accepts any responsibility for any loss occasioned to any
person acting or refraining from action as a result of any material in this publication.

You might also like