CRIMSO1 First Sem SY2122 Ver1

SCHOOL OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE AND PUBLIC SAFETY
INTRODUCTION TO
CRIMSO1 CRIMINOLOGY
A Self-regulated Learning Module
Prepared by: Marie Joy M. Capdos

A Self-Regulated Learning Module 1
Purpose of this Module
In compliance with the CHED guideline and the directives from the VPAA
on flexible learning, this material is prepared to continuously deliver quality
education and provide students the opportunity to still acquire knowledge
despite of the pandemic. This material is composed of four modules Module
1 contains discussions on Nature of Criminology, Module 2 covers the topic
on Criminal Etiology & Sociology of Law, Module 3 is Penology and
Victimology, and Module 4 is on RA 6506 and RA 11131. This strategy will
give the students the chance to study the lessons specified in the course
syllabus.
Each module contains the learning objectives, discussions of the lesson
and learning assessment activities to determine how well the students
studied and understood the lesson.
The time frame for each module is one week since the lesson contents
are as good as a three-hour lecture, thus students have enough time to
accomplish all the task given on every module. Consultations can be done
through Group Chats and text messaging with the course instructor so that
no students will be left behind.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
MODULE LESSONS PAGE
FIRST GRADING LESSONS
TOPICS
A. Development of Criminology
Module 1 B. Goals of Criminology
C. Important Areas in the Study of Criminology
Nature of D. What is Criminology?
Criminology E. Nature of Criminology
F. Principal Division of Criminology 5-11
G. Criminology in the Philippines
H. Importance and Purposes of Studying Criminology
I. Criminal Justice System, Criminalistics, Criminologist, Criminal
Activity:
Learning Assessment No.1 (70points)
Module 2 TOPICS
A. What is Crime?
Understanding B. Crime and Criminal Law
Crime: C. Stages of Criminal Act
Criminal D. Relativity of Crime
Etiology & E. General Classification of Crime
Sociology of F. Circumstances affecting criminal liability
Law G. Criminological Classification of Crimes 13-19
H. Other Classification of Crimes
I. How are crimes committed based on the RPC?
J. Victimless Crime
K. Index Crimes
L. Who is a Criminal?
M. Classification of Criminals
N. Criminal Behavior
O. General Approaches in the Study of Crimes
Activity:
Module 3 MIDTERM LESSONS
A. Penology
Penology & B. Punishment
Victimology C. Victimology 23-28
Activity:
Module 4 FINAL GRADING LESSONS
A. RA 6506
Laws Related B. RA 11131 33-37
to the practice
of Criminology Activity:

COURSE OUTLINE
COURSE NAME: CRIMSO1 (Introduction to Criminology)
COURSE DESCRIPTION: The study of the development of criminology, causes of crimes, characteristics
of crimes, criminals and victims, theory, policy, and practice in Criminology and the current issues. It
provides background information on criminal sociology, criminal psychology, criminal justice administration,
criminal law, law enforcement administration, crime detection and investigation, Criminalistics, and
correctional administration. It also presents the salient provisions of Republic Act # 6506 and RA 11131.
Therefore, this is a foundation subject that serve as a pre-requisite of all other major subjects in B.S.
Criminology curriculum.
NO. OF UNITS: 3 units NO. OF HOURS PER WEEK: 3 hours
RATIONALE: The study of this course is of vital importance to the student for it provide a bird’s eye view
in the process of studying criminology as a body of knowledge and to other allied subjects. It treats primarily
on the analysis of the causes of crime, the development of laws in controlling and preventing crimes and
the punishment of treatment of criminal offenders.
OBJECTIVES: At the end of the course, the students should be able to:
1. Know the importance, purposes, nature and scope of criminology as a field of interest;
2. Define criminology, crime, criminal, law, criminal law and other important concepts in
understanding criminology;
3. Explain the criminal formula or the birth of crime;
4. Understanding the Philippine criminal law and to know about RA 6506 & RA 11131.
GRADING SYSTEM: Section 8. Computation of Undergraduate Grades
The cumulative computation of grades during the second and final grading periods still applies:
1/3 of the previous grade plus 2/3 of the tentative grade. All failing grades in the final grading period are
converted to seventy (70).
a. Highest Possible Score (HPS) - refers to the sum total points of all quizzes, unit test,
assignments and/ or projects, and periodical examinations given or administered within the
grading period.
b. Student Actual Total Score (SATS) - refers to the total score obtained by the student in the
given quizzes, unit test, assignments and/or projects and examinations and other activities.
c. Lowest Possible Score (LPS)- refers to the cut-off score as indicated below:
Cut-off Score. The cut-off points which determines the lowest passing score shall be as follows:
General Education Subjects in Non-Board and Board Programs 70% equivalent to 75
Professional Subjects in Non-Board Examinations Programs 70% Equivalent to 75
Professional subjects in Board Programs 70% equivalent to 75
COURSE REQUIREMENTS:
1. Attendance during virtual class
2. Copy of module (hard/soft)
3. Quiz
4. Major Examinations (First Grading, Midterms & Finals)
5. Recitation
6. Final Output (Portfolio)
INSTRUCTOR
Marie Joy M. Capdos
mjcapdos@e.ubaguio.edu

MODULE 1: NATURE OF CRIMINOLOGY
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: At the end of this module, the student should be able to:
1. know the importance, purposes, nature and scope of criminology as a field of interest; and
2. define criminology, crime, criminal, law, criminal law and other important concepts in
understanding criminology;
A. DEVELOPMENT OF CRIMINOLOGY
The discipline of criminology has evolved in three phases, beginning in the 18th century. Although
crime and criminals have been around for as long as societies have existed, the systematic study of these
phenomena did not begin until the late 1700s. Prior to that time, most explanations of crime equated it with
sin—the violation of a sacred obligation.
The first phase involved when scholars first distinguished crime from sin, they made possible
explanations of criminal behavior that were not theological (religious). This, in turn, allowed for the
dispassionate, scientific study of why crime occurs. The development of this study is now known as the era
of classical criminology.
The second phase, which began in the 19th century, is referred to as modern criminology. During
this era, criminology distinguished itself as a subspecialty within the emerging disciplines of psychology,
sociology, and economics. Scholars formed criminological societies and founded criminology journals.
Criminologists conducted empirical tests (observations or experiments) of their theories, rather than relying
solely on speculation, and consequently developed a wide range of theories.
The third phase, beginning in the second half of the 20th century, may best be called independent
criminology. During this period, criminology began to assert its independence from the traditional
disciplines that spawned it. In Western Europe, the United States, and Canada, criminologists expanded
their professional associations and published an increasing number of journals. A number of universities
developed graduate programs in criminology. Criminological theories have become more multidisciplinary
(spanning various fields of study) because independent criminologists seek to understand crime itself rather
than study crime as one aspect of an overall sociological or psychological theory
B. THE GOALS OF CRIMINOLOGY

The classical criminologists of the 18th century were primarily concerned with ending brutality
and inequality against criminals by enforcing limitations on government power. They believed that criminal
behavior was the product of the offender's rational choice, and that crime could be prevented through the
speedy and certain application of penalties that attached painful and unattractive consequences to such
behavior.
Beginning in the era of modern criminology, the emphasis of the discipline shifted. Criminologists
sought to develop theories to explain why crime occurred. They no longer relied as strongly on explanations
of crime based on the offender’s rational choice. Instead, they attributed criminal behavior to the motivation
to commit crime and the social context that allows people to pursue criminal inclinations.
Contemporary scholars believe that criminal motivation is the product of one or more of a complex
set of factors. These factors are so numerous and so varied that no system of classification can describe
the current theories of crime causation with complete accuracy. However, broadly speaking these theories
may be considered in one of the following three categories: (1) theories attributing criminal behavior to
biological or congenital (inherited) defects of the offender, (2) theories relating crime to psychological factors
or mental disorders, and (3) theories relating crime to environmental or social factors. Many criminologists
have suggested theories of multiple causation involving factors from more than one of these categories.
C. IMPORTANT AREAS IN THE STUDY OF CRIMINOLOGY

1. The development of Criminal Law and in defining crime.
2. The cause of law violation; and
3. Methods used in controlling criminal behavior.

D. WHAT IS CRIMINOLOGY?
I. EVOLUTION OF CRIMINOLOGY
▪ Etymologically, the term criminology came from the Latin word “crimen” meaning crime and
Greek word “logos” which means study. Thus, criminology is the study of crime.
▪ The term criminology was derived from the Italian term “criminologia” coined by Raffaele
Garofalo, an Italian professor in 1885.
▪ In 1887, French Anthropologist Paul Topinard used it for the first time in French the term
criminologie.
II. IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS OF CRIMINOLOGY
▪ EDWIN H. SUTHERLAND & DONALD R. CRESSEY “Criminology is the body of knowledge

regarding crime as a social phenomenon”. It includes within its scope the processes of making
laws, of breaking laws, and of reacting toward the breaking of laws. This definition exhibits
sociological bias and regards crimes to be a reaction to certain set of social factors and causes.
Phenomenon: refers to the appearance or observed features of something

experienced as distinguished from reality, or the thing itself; any extremely
unusual or extraordinary thing or occurrence; or any fact, circumstances, or
experiences that is apparent to the sense and that can be scientifically
described or appraised (Webster’s New World Dictionary).
▪ ELLIOT, M. A & MERILL, F. E “Criminology may be defined as the scientific study of crimes and
its treatment.” This definition, besides emphasizing the scientific investigation into the nature and
etiology of crime, stresses the practical or utilitarian nature of this body of knowledge, namely,
devising, ways and means to prevent of or reduced the incidence of crime and to rehabilitate
criminals as an normal members of the society.
▪ DONALD R. TAFT “Criminology is the study which includes all the subject matter necessary to
the understanding and prevention of crimes together with the punishment and treatment of
delinquents and criminals.” This is a comprehensive definition and describes theoretical as well
as practical aspects of the study. It brings out clearly the fact, which may get overlooked usually,
that criminology is concerned not with the offences committed by adults only but also with juvenile
offences.
▪ WEBSTER’S DICTIONARY. Criminology may be described to be “the scientific study of

crime as a social phenomenon, or of criminals in their mental traits, habits and discipline
etc.” This definition has the merit of emphasizing equality the sociological as well as
psychological aspects of the crime and the criminal.
E. NATURE OF CRIMINOLOGY
In 1889, an anthropologist named Paul Topinard, introduces the term criminology in the English
language. He derived from the Latin word crimen, which can be translated to offense. According to Prof.
Cirilo Tradio, Criminology is a body of knowledge regarding crime as a social phenomenon. The scope of
Criminology covers:
1. the making of laws
2. the breaking of laws
3. the reaction towards the breaking of laws
Criminology is the study of crime and its various aspects. According to Edwin Sutherland, it is the
science regarding crime and delinquency as a social phenomenon. This is a field that addresses the issue
of crime and criminal behavior and attempts to define explain and predict it.

Understanding crime is a complicated matter just like other social broad sciences. It requires therefore a
systematic and balanced knowledge in the examination of why crimes exist. In this sense, criminology is:
1. An Applied Science (use of instrumentation) – Anthropology, psychology, sociology and other
natural sciences may be applied in the study of the causes of crime while chemistry, medicine,
physics, mathematics, etc. maybe utilized in crime detection.
2. A Social Science – In as much as crime is a creation of the society and that it exists in a society,
its study must be considered a part of social science.
3. Dynamic – Criminology changes as social condition changes. That means the progress of
criminology is concordant with the advancement of other sciences that has been applied to it.
4. Nationalistic – The study of crime must always conform to the existing criminal law of the land.
Criminology is a multidisciplinary study of crimes. This means that many disciplines are involved in
the collection of knowledge about criminal action, including, psychology, sociology, anthropology, biology,
neurology, political science and economics. But over the years, the study of crime has been dominated by:
1. Sociology – (Sociological Criminology): This is the study of crime focused on the group of people
and society as a whole. It is primarily based on the examination of the relationship of demographic
and group variables to crime. Variables such as socioeconomic status, interpersonal relationships,
age, race, gender, and cultural groups of people are probed in relation to the environmental factors
that are most conducive to criminal action, such as time, place, and circumstances surrounding the
crime.
2. Psychology – (Psychological Criminology): This is the science of behavior and mental processes
of the criminal. It is focused on the individual criminal behavior - how it is acquired, evoked,
maintained, and modified.
3. Psychiatry – (Psychiatric Criminology): This is the science that deals with the study of criminal
behavior in terms of motives and drives; better known today as forensic psychiatry.
F. PRINCIPAL DIVISION OF CRIMINOLOGY

In accordance with Sutherland’s discretion of the scope of criminology, the study of criminology has
the following divisions, namely:
1. Sociology of Law-attempts to scientifically analyze the conditions under which penal/criminal laws
develop as a process of formal social control;
2. Criminal Etiology-a systematic investigation into the various causes of crime.
3. Penology-concerned with the control and prevention of crime and treatment of offenders.
4. Victimology- deals on the study of what makes a person victim of crime.
G. IS CRIMINOLOGY A SCIENCE?
▪ Edwin H. Sutherland and Donald R. Cressey. American authors of the book “Principles of
Criminology,” claim that criminology at present is clearly not a science, but it has hope of
becoming a science.
▪ George L. Wilker, argued that criminology cannot possibly become a science. Accordingly,
general propositions of universal validity are the essence of science; such propositions can be
made only regarding stable and homogenous unit but varies from one time to another; therefore,
universal proposition cannot be made regarding crime, and scientific studies of criminal behavior
is impossible.
▪ Cirilo M. Tradio humbly submits that criminology is a science. The argument is that, crime is
universally defined, is the commission and omission by a person having capacity, of any act, which
is either prohibited or compelled by law, and the commission or omission of which is punishable by
a proceeding brought in the name of the government (or the people for that matter) whose law has
been violated. Explanations for the causes of crimes are universally the same. The causes of crime
in the Philippines which can be contributed to social disorganization, weakening of social control,

biological, economic and psychological factors, could be the same causes of crime in all parts of
the world.
Criminology, however, at present, is not an absolute science, for anything, which is absolute, is
always the same in all places. What makes criminology therefore, at present, not an absolute science is
how a criminal or penal law of a particular country of state defines crimes, treats of their nature and
provides for their punishment. Thus, an act or omission may be punishable in one country but may not be
punishable in another.
H. CRIMINOLOGY IN THE PHILPPINES

The first ever educational institution offering the criminology course, is the Philippine College of
Criminology, at Sta. Cruz, Manila, formerly known as Plaridel College. This pioneering College of
criminology became scientific in crime detection in the whole of Southeast Asia, in the 1950’s. Today, it
offers High School, BSCriminology, M.A in Criminology and Ph.D in Criminology and Bachelor of Laws (LlB)
exclusively.
In the early part of 1960’s, criminology course was offered by the University of Manila, Abad
Santos College, both in Metro Manila, University of Visayas-Cebu City, University of Mindanao-Davao
City, University of Baguio-the second school to offer Ph.D in Criminology nationwide in June 2011.
On January 15, 1983, the Philippine Educators Association for Criminology Education
(PEACE), during the National Conference of Criminology Deans and School Heads and Presidents, held
at the University of Negros Occidental-Recoletos, College of Criminology.
The primary objective of the PEACE is to professionalize criminology education in the context of
national development.
The first set of officers PEACE:

1. Dean Cirilo M. Tradio, Founder/President 6. Mr. Artemio Panganiban of Cebu, VP for
2. Col. Felimon Mamaril, Executive VP Visayas
3. Dean Isaias Alma Jose of the PCCR, VP for 7. Ben Floretino of NAPOLCOM, Secretary
Metro Manila 8. Atty. Ernesto de los Santos, Univ. of Manila
4. Dean Jose Maniwang of AUF, VP for Luzon Treasurer
5. Dr. Eustaquio of Zamboanga Colleges VP for 9. Brig.Gen. Maria Luisa Dimayuga, Auditor
Mindanao 10. Col. Jake Giron, PRO
Board of Advisers
1. Arcadio S. Lozada, NAPOLCOM Commissioner 4. Dr. Nilo Rosas, DepEd-Central Office
2. Dr. Enrique C. Galang, PCCR Graduate School 5. Constante Tavanlar, NBI
3. Cecero C. Campos, NAPOLCOM Commissioner 6. Alfredo Pagulayan, NAPOLCOM Commissioner
Successful projects of PEACE from Jan. 13, 1983 to May, 1987:
1. Implementation of the first Licensure Examination for Criminology;
2. The recognition of the NAPOLCOM Police Examination by the Civil Service Commission as eligibility for
employment in all other Government Civil Service Positions;
3. The accreditation of participants in the Seminar/Workshop on Police Marksmanship for Instructional Purposes
in all Criminology Schools: and
4. The upliftment of Criminology Education in line with the professionalization of the country’s police service.
Various studies and science related to Criminology
1. study of law; 4. education;
2. science of medicine, chemistry and psychology; 5. social work involving sociology and psychology;
3. religion; 6. public administration;
Similarly, Criminology includes the activities of the following offices and agencies of the governments
1. legislative bodies and law makers;
2. law enforcement agencies;
3. courts and prosecution arms of the government;

4. educational institutions like schools and colleges;
5. correctional institution;
6. public charitable and social agencies;
7. public welfare agencies;
I. IMPORTANCE AND PURPOSES OF STUDYING CRIMINOLOGY

Studying crime is very important, not only to criminologists. Criminologists and non-criminologists study
crime because of various reasons. If we generalize these, they fall on any of these reasons:
1. Criminology can be a source of philosophy of life. The knowledge derived from studying crime is a good
foundation for an individual’s philosophy and lifestyle.
2. Criminology is a profession not only for social service but for legal practice as well
3. People study criminology because criminals are legitimate objects of interest. They should be understood to
know how to control them.
4. Authorities should know a bit of criminology because crime is a very expensive problem of the society. The
value of property lost, medical expenses, insurances, moving costs, and intangible costs of pain and suffering
is too high because of victimization.
Studying criminology is aimed towards the following:

1. The primary aim is to prevent the crime problem.
2. To understand crimes and criminals which is basic to knowing the actions to be done to prevent them.
3. To prepare for a career in law enforcement and scientific crime detection.
4. To develop an understanding of the constitutional guarantees and due process of law in the administration of
justice.
5. To foster a higher concept of citizenry and leadership together with an understanding of one moral and legal
responsibilities to his fellowmen, his community, and the nation
There are many and varied purpose of studying criminology. However, all these purposes fall on either of
the two (2) primary aims of studying criminology.
1. To understand crimes and criminals and
2. To prevent the occurrence of crime
J. CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM AND CRIMINALISTICS

▪ Criminal Justice
➢ Refers to the system used by government to maintain social control, prevents crime, enforce laws,
and administer justice. The Philippine Criminal Justice System (PCJS): Law enforcement,
Prosecution, Courts, Corrections and Community are the primary agencies charged with these
responsibilities.
Note: When processing the accused through the criminal justice system, government must keep
within the framework of laws that protect individual’s right. The pursuit of criminal justice is, like all
forms of "justice", "fairness" or "process", essentially the pursuit of an ideal.
➢ In the United States, Law enforcement, Courts, and Corrections are the three (3) pillars of their
criminal justice.
▪ Criminalistics
➢ Criminology and criminalistics are often mixed up in the minds of the people. Comparatively
speaking, criminology is the study of criminal people, and criminalistics is the study of criminal
things, or the sum total of the application of all sciences in crime detection.
➢ Instrumentation is the application of instruments and methods of criminalistics to the detection of
crime. It is otherwise known as criminalistics although instrumentation means more than
criminalistics because it includes all technical methods by which the fugitives may be traced,
identified and examined.

 DIVISIONS OF CRIMINALISTICS
There are six (6) divisions of criminalistics. The first three are scientific and the other three are technological.
The following are:
1. Scientific
a. Chemistry - The original name for ciminalistics is Forensic Chemistry. E.x. alcoholic analysis, toxicology,
narcotic and substance abuse testing, firearms discharge residues, etc
b. Physics - Duties of a physicist in a crime laboratory includes but not limited to firearms identification,
toolmark comparison, scientific photography, traffic or vehicular accidents for the purpose of finding out the
speed and direction of vehicles and use of X-Rays to the detection of crime.
c. Biology - Biology is the study of living things. Deals with the origin, history, physical characteristics, life,
processes, habits, etc. of plants and animals. The biologists in a police laboratory study all kinds of living
things- blood, semen, urine, hairs, and skin. He is particularly skilled in the use of a microscope. His most
important role in criminalistics is to examine bloodstains in order to find out if they are of human or animal
origin.
2. Technological
a) Polygraphy or Lie Detection
b) Police Photography
c) Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology
d) Forensic Ballistics or Firearms Identification
e) Dactyloscopy or Personal Identification
f) Questioned Document Examination
 A criminal commits crime by means of things, or that something he left in the crime scene. Those things
he used or left in the crime scene are the objects of criminalistics known as evidence such as but not
limited to the following:
a. Blood and bloodstain
b. Firearms and other deadly weapons
c. Fingerprints and footprints
d. Tool marks and many more
▪ Criminalist
➢ a criminalist is a person who is trained in sciences of the application of instruments and methods,
to the detection of crime.
▪ Criminologist
➢ Through R.A. 6506, a criminologist is any person who is a graduate with the Degree of
Criminology, who passes the examination for criminology and is registered through Board of
Examiners of the PRC. The term criminologist is one who has been engaged in the practice of
criminology if he holds himself out to the public in any of the following capacities.
1. As a professor, instructor or teacher in criminology in any university, college or school duly

recognized by the government and teaches any of the following:
a. Law Enforcement
b. Criminalistics
c. Correctional Administration
d. Criminal Sociology and Applied Subjects
e. Other technical and specialized subjects in criminology.
2. As a law enforcement administrator, executive, adviser, consultant or agent in any government
or private agency.
3. As technician in any forensic science and other aspects of crime detection.
4. As a correctional administrator, executive supervisor, worker or officer in any correctional and
penal institution.

5. As a counselor, expert, adviser, researcher in any government or private agency or any aspect
of criminal research or project involving the causes of crime, juvenile delinquency, treatment of
offenders, police operations, law enforcement administration, scientific criminal investigation or
public welfare administration.

LEARNING ASSESSMENT NO. 1
NAME: DATE:
SECTION: SCORE: 70
TEST I. IDENTIFICATION. Read each questions/statement carefully and identify what is asked. No credit for
incomplete answer to include acronyms! For this part use CAPITAL LETTERS only! 2points each= 50points
_______________ 1. Who coined the term criminology?

_______________ 2. It refers to the body of knowledge regarding crime as a social phenomenon.
_______________ 3. Defined as the study of the victims of crime and the psychological effects on them of their
experience.
_______________ 4. It refers to the systematic investigation into the various causes of crime.
_______________ 5. This is the science that deals with the study of criminal behavior in terms of motives and
drives.
_______________ 6. Who is the founder of Philippine Educators Association for Criminology Education
(PEACE)?
_______________ 7. What law amended RA 6506?
_______________ 8. It is concerned with the control and prevention of crime and treatment of offenders.
_______________ 9. What is the current name of the first school that offed Bachelor of Criminology?
_______________ 10. Who introduced the term criminology in the English language?
_______________11. Refers to the collective institutions through which an accused offender passes until the
accusations have been disposed of or the assessed punishment concluded.
_______________12. It is the application of scientific techniques in collecting and analyzing physical evidence
in criminal cases.
_______________13. What law created the board of examiners for criminologists in the Philippines?
_______________14. Any person who is a graduate with the degree of criminology, who passes the
examination for criminology and is registered through Board of Examiners of the PRC.
_______________15. What is the first pillar of the Philippine Criminal Justice System?
_______________16. What pillar conducts preliminary investigation of cases?
_______________17. What pillar is responsible in the treatment and rehabilitation of criminal offenders?
_______________18. What pillar have the responsibility in assisting law enforcement and courts in solving
crime by providing information, participation and supporting the mobilization of resources for peace and order?
_______________19. A person who is trained in sciences of the application of instruments and methods to the
detection of crime?
_______________20. Refers to the scientific method of detecting deception with the use of the polygraph.
_______________ 21-25: Enumerate IN ORDER the pillars of the Philippine Criminal Justice System (use dash
(-) to separate each pillar)
_______________ 26-28: Enumerate IN ORDER the pillars of the US Criminal Justice System (use dash (-) to
separate each pillar)
_______________29-30: Enumerate two (2) aims of studying criminology.
TEST II. ESSAY. INSTRUCTION: For this part use SENTENCE CASE. Answer the questions directly in 2-3
sentences only!
1. What is the most important lesson you learned in Module 1? Why?
2. Discuss this quotation: “The major cause for the collapse of society at any level, maybe traced not only to the
criminal activities of the bad people alone, but to the sin of silence of the good people as well.”-Tradio (1994)

MODULE 2: UNDERSTANDING CRIME: CRIMINAL ETIOLOGY &
SOCIOLOGY OF LAW
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: At the end of this module, the students should be able to:
1. define and discuss crime and its nature ;
2. compute for crime rate; and
3. discuss and give examples on the classifications of crime.
A. WHAT IS CRIME?
▪ In the legal point of view, it refers to any violation or infraction of the existing policies, laws, rules and
regulations of the society.
▪ is an act omitted or committed in violation of public law forbidding nor commanding it;
 Terms related
▪ Offense – an act or omission punishable by special laws;
▪ Felony – an act or omission punishable by the RPC;
▪ Misdemeanor – an act against simple rules and regulations like city or municipal ordinances;
▪ Sin- against the bible
 Crimes are defined by two components:

1. Act (actus reus)-outward movement tending to produce effect.
2. Criminal intent (mens rea-mental state)
Example: A person purposely commits a criminal act when they desire to engage in criminal conduct
to cause a particular criminal result.
 Anatomy of a Crime
➢ Crime takes place if the 3 elements or ingredients are present at the same time and place –
INSTRUMENTALITIES, MOTIVE and OPPORTUNITY
a. INSTRUMENTALITY – the means or instrument used in the commission of the crime.
b. MOTIVE – the reason or cause why a person or group of persons will perpetrate a crime.
c. OPPORTUNITY – Chance or twist of fate, consist of the acts by a person that enables another
person or group of persons to perpetrate the crime.
 Scientific Formula of Crime

➢ According to Abhramsen (1947), crime is a product of the individual’s tendencies and the situation of
the moment interacting with his mental resistance. Letting C=Crime, T for tendencies, S for situation
and R for resistance, thus deriving the following formula:
𝐓+𝐒
C= 𝐑
 Formula of crime rate
100,000
Number of Reported Crimes
Total Population
Example: In 2018 there were 58,100 physical injuries in the Philippines and the population was
106,886,636. This equals a physical injury crime rate of 54.36 per 100,000 general population.
B. CRIME AND CRIMINAL LAW

▪ Crime is an act committed or omitted in violation of public law forbidding or commanding it.
▪ Criminal Law- is that branch or division of law which defines crime, treats of their nature, and provides
for their punishment.

o Sources of Criminal Law
1. The Revised Penal Code (Act. No. 3815) and its amendments.
2. Special Penal Laws
3. Penal Presidential Decrees
▪ Characteristics of Criminal Law

1. Generality – laws apply to all (Filipinos and foreigners)
2. Territoriality - laws apply within the Philippine territory only.
3. Prospectivity – laws cannot punish previous crimes committed after a law is enacted.
▪ History of Revised Penal Code

The Revised Penal Code was a revision of the old Penal Code through a committee which was created
by Administrative Order No. 94 of the Department of Justice, dated October 18, 1927, composed of
Anacleto Diaz, as chairman, and Quintin Paredes, Guillermo Guevara, Alex Reyes and Mariano H.de
Joya, as members.
It is commonly known as the Revised Penal Code it became effective since January 01, 1932. The
Old Penal Code, which was modified by the committee, took effect in the Philippines on July 14, 1887,
and was in force up to December 31, 1931.
▪ Brief History of Philippine Criminal Law

Before the Code of Kalantiao by Datu Kalantiao which was promulgated in 1433, the People of Pre-
Spanish Philippines had a customary and unwritten laws like Maragtas Code (1240) by Datu Sumakwel
of Panay, Rizal. Some of the most striking laws promulgated during this period were:
a. Due respects to elders and parents
b. Strict obedience of children to their parents
c. Strict fulfillment of contract, and
d. Equality of husband and wife both socially and in the control of their property
With the promulgation of the Code of Kalantiao, the penal laws were made severe and extensive.
According to the code, the penalties for felonies and other misdemeanors were:
a. death,
b. incineration (born thoroughly)
c. mutilation of fingers,
d. slavery, flagellation,
e. being bitten by ants,
f. swimming under water for a time and other disciplinary penalties.
The code likewise provides severe punishment to men who were cruel to their wives, husbands who
maltreated innocent wives were sentence to death. Adultery, as well as the contracting of marriage to
very young girls was severely punished.
▪ Some of the most significant attribute of the Kalantiao Code

1. Ye shall not kill; neither shall ye steal; neither shall ye hurt the aged; lest ye incur the danger of death.
All those who infringe this order shall be condemned to death by being drowned with stones in the
river, or in boiling water.
2. Ye shall obey. Let all obey. Let your debts with headmen be met punctually. He who does not obey
shall receive for the first time one hundred lashes.
3. He, who does not comply, shall be beaten for one hour, he who repeats the offense shall be exposed
for one day among ants.
4. Slavery of doom (certain period of time) shall be suffered by those who steal away women of the
headmen; by him who keeps ill-tempered dogs that bite the headman; by him who burns the fields of
another.

5. All those, shall be beaten for two days, who sing while traveling by night; kill the bird mana-ol; tear
the documents belonging to the headman……or mock the dead.
6. They shall be burned; those who by their strength, cunning have mocked at and escaped punishment;
or who kill young boys; or to steal away the women of the agorangs (oldmen).
 Criminality is a serious problem. This may be explained by the following characteristics of a crime:
1. It does not respect age, sex, culture, customs and tradition, race, and religion of the society.
2. Crime is a worldwide phenomenon
3. It occurs in all the existing economic strata.
4. Its causes are multifarious.
5. It is difficult to eradicate.
 People cannot avoid offending others. Some offensive actions are considered abnormal behavior
while some are classified as crime. What therefore is the requirement before an act is considered a
crime? The following is the “Differentiae” of crime:
1. An act maybe called crime if there is a certain external consequence or harm. Physical injury is the
most obvious external consequence of an offensive action.
2. The harm must be legally forbidden and prescribed by the law.
3. There must be a conduct; that is, there must be an intentional or reckless action that results to harmful
consequence.
4. “Mens Rea” must be present.
5. There must be a fusion or concurrence of mens rea and conduct.
6. There must be a casual relationship between the legally forbidden harm and the voluntary misconduct.
7. There must be legally prescribed punishment of the misconduct.
 Close Examination of Crime:

1. Before saying that a crime has been committed, you must have a “personal knowledge” of its actual
commission or that you must have caught the offender “in flagrante delicto”.
2. An act can only be called as crime if there is a law that defines it, prohibit its commission, and provides
punishment for its commission.
3. In a criminal act, there should be malicious intent - a harmful consequence (oppressive outcome of an
act) is an inherent result.
4. There should be a continuity of the criminal act before an offender is criminally charged.
C. STAGES OF A CRIMINAL ACT

Article 6 of the RPC, Book I
1. Attempted crime: A stage of crime wherein the offender starts the commission of a felony directly by
overt acts and does not perform all the acts of execution which should produce the crime by reason
of some cause or accident other than his own spontaneous desistance. The elements of the criminal
offense were initially executed.
2. Frustrated crime: A crime is frustrated when the offender performs all the acts of execution which
would produce the felony as a consequence but which, nevertheless, do not produce it by reason of
causes independent of the will of the perpetrator. The elements of the criminal offense were all
executed but the main evil intent of the offender did not take place.
3. Consummated crime: A crime is consummated when all the elements necessary for its execution
and accomplishment are present. The elements of the criminal act were all completely executed thus
producing the corpus delicti (body of the crime).
D. RELATIVITY OF CRIME
What are the changing concepts of crime and criminal laws?
1. Most of the existing laws define acts as crimes when some acts were not crimes a few years ago.
2. Laws differ from jurisdiction to another and so with acts, which are considered as crimes.
3. Interpretation and implementation of laws vary in terms of:
a. characteristics of crimes c. status of offenders
b. age d. status of enforcers

E. GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF CRIMES
1. As to Atrocity – severity of the criminal act/offense
a. grave offense
b. less grave offense
c. minor/light offense
2. As to Intent
a. crime mala in se – acts which are evil in themselves
b. crime mala prohibita – acts which are prohibited because the law has defined it be a crime
3. As to Motive
a. economic crimes – crimes which directly involve money and/or valuable properties
b. sexual crimes
c. political crimes
d. miscellaneous crimes
4. As to Statistical Purposes
a. crimes against persons
b. crimes against property
c. crimes against morals
d. crimes against public order
e. crimes against security
5. As to Penalty
a. crimes punishable by afflictive penalties
b. crimes punishable by correctional penalties
c. crimes punishable by light penalties
F. CIRCUMSTANCES AFFECTING CRIMINAL LIABILITY (RPC, Art. 11-15)

1. Justifying circumstance – a condition that proves the fact that the act of a person is said to be in
accordance with law, so that such person is deemed not to have transgressed the law and is free from
both criminal and civil liability; no crime committed if the act is justified
2. Exempting circumstance – non-imputability; ground for exemption from punishment because there is
an existing natural condition that makes the act voluntary, or negligent; basis of exemption from
punishment are:
▪ complete absence intelligence, freedom of action, or intent
▪ absence of negligence on the part of the accused
3. Mitigating circumstance – a condition, if present in the commission of the crime, does not entirely
free the actor from criminal liability, but serve only to reduce the penalty; based on:
▪ diminution of either freedom of action, intelligence, or intent
▪ the lesser perversity of the offender
4. Aggravating circumstance – circumstance that serve to increase the penalty without however
exceeding the maximum penalty of the law for the offense
5. Alternative circumstance – circumstance that mitigates or aggravates the crime depending on the
nature of the offense or the state of the person committing the crime
G. CRIMINOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF CRIMES

Crimes are classified in order to focus a better understanding on their existence. Criminologists consider
the following as criminological classification of crimes.
1. As to the result of crime:
a. Acquisitive Crime – when the offender acquires something as a consequence of his criminal
act.
b. Extinctive Crime – crime is extinctive when the result of criminal act is destruction
2. As to the time/period of commission:
a. Seasonal Crime – crime committed only at certain period of the year
b. Situational Crime – crime committed only when given a situation conductive to its commission

3. As to the length of commission:
a. Episodal Crime – serial crime, committed by series of acts within a lengthy period of time
b. Instant Crime –committed the shortest possible time
4. As to the place of the location of the commission:
a. Static Crime –committed only in one place
b. Continuing Crime –committed in several places
5. As to the use of mental faculties:
a. Rational Crime –committed with intent; offender is in full possession of his mental faculties
b. Irrational Crime –committed without intent; offender does not know the nature of his act
6. As to type of offender:
a. White Collar Crime –committed by a person of responsibility in the course of his occupation
b. Blue Collar Crime –committed by ordinary professionals to maintain their livelihood
7. As to the standard of living of the criminals:
a. Upper World Crime –committed by individuals belonging t the upper class of society
b. Under World Crime –committed by members of the lower or under privilege class of society
8. As to manner of commission:
a. Crime by Imitation – “copy cat” crime, committed by merely duplication of what was done by
others
b. Crime by Passion – committed because of the fit of great emotion, such as anger
c. Occupational (service-related) Crime –committed by rendering all service to satisfy the desire
of another
H. OTHER CLASSIFICATION OF CRIMES

1. Traditional Crimes - crimes that are committed every now and then.
e.q. robbery, theft, homicide
2. Crimes due to changing society (social change) - poverty crimes.
e.q. prostitution, child labor
3. Emergency Crimes - crimes that are committed to take advantage of an abnormal situation, or the nature
of a social problem, or the vulnerability of a person or groups of persons.
I. HOW ARE CRIMES COMMITTED BASED ON THE RPC?

Crimes are committed by means of:
1. Dolo – deceit
2. Culpa – fault (when wrongful act results from imprudence, negligence, lack of foresight, or lack of skill)
J. IS THERE SUCH THING AS VICTIMLESS CRIME?

YES. Victimless crime refers to acts committed by consenting adults in private. In victimless crimes, the
acts involve only the participants and do not directly harm others. Examples are: drug addiction, prostitution, and
gambling.
 Victimless crime has the following applications:

1. The victim is the accused.
2. In common usage, victimless crime refers to behavior that is illegal but which is claimed to not violate
or threaten the rights of anyone and may be associated with the implication that the behavior should
therefore not be illegal.
3. In criminology, victimless crime is now termed public order crime.
4. In the law, case law has developed to discuss what used to be termed "victimless" crime: It applies
to adults, and specifically not to minors who have not yet reached the age of consent, where age of
consent is relevant.

K. WHAT ARE INDEX CRIMES?
Index crimes are violent crimes. Criminal acts that involve threats or actual physical harm to a victim by
an offender. It presents not only offenses that we recognize as violent (murder, rape, robbery) or other acts
involving force and intimidation but also “violent crimes” that are commonly considered as ‘social problems’ such
as domestic violence, child abuse, elder abuse, etc.
L. WHO IS A CRIMINAL?
On the basis of the definition of crime, a criminal may be defined in three ways:
1. A Criminal is a person who has committed a crime and has been convicted of final judgment by a
competent court. (Legal definition)
2. A Criminal is a person who violated a social norm or one who acted an anti-social act. (Sociological
definition)
3. A Criminal is one who violated rules of conduct due to behavioral maladjustment. (Psychological
definition)
M. CLASSIFICATION OF CRIMINALS
▪ Based on Etiology:
1. Acute Criminal –one who violates a criminal law by impulse or due to fit of passion
2. Chronic Criminal – one who acted with deliberation or premeditation, one who plans the crime ahead
of time
▪ Based on Behavioral System:

1. Ordinary Criminal – considered as the lowest mammal in the criminal profession; he was forced by
opportunity pushed to commit crime
2. Professional Criminal – one who is engaged in criminal activities with high degree of skill; he uses
crime to maintain a living
▪ Based on Mental Attitude:

1. Active Criminal –one who commits crime due to aggressiveness
2. Passive Criminal – one who commits crime because they are forced by a reward or promise
3. Socialized Delinquent – individual with defective socialization process or development thus he lacks
proper moral values or ethical standards
▪ Other Classification of Criminals:

1. Accidental Criminal – one who commits crime when the situation is conducive
2. Habitual Criminal – one who unconsciously developed the habit of committing crime due to lack of
self–control
N. WHAT IS MEANT BY CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR?

Criminal behavior is an intentional behavior that violates the criminal law. Criminal behavior, therefore, is
beyond normal behavior since it is used to describe conducts or actions that do not belong to the standard
behavior of man.
O. GENERAL APPROACHES IN THE STUDY OF CRIMES

There are numerous theories that must be considered in studying the causes of crimes. There is a need,
therefore, to categorize or group these theories for the purpose of more systematic and simplified discussion. The
3 general groups of criminological approaches are: subjective, objective and contemporary approaches.
A. SUBJECTIVE APPROACHES. Subjective approaches deal mainly on the biological explanation of crimes.
Subjective explanations are focused on identifying the forms of abnormalities that was experienced by
criminals before, during and after committing the crime. They are the following:
1. Anthropological Approach – focused in studying the physical characteristics of offenders in the attempt
to discover physical differences between criminals and non-criminals. (Earnest Hooton’s theory)
2. Medical Approach - the application of medical examinations on offenders in order to explain the mental
and physical condition of the individual prior and after committing a crime (Positivist theory – theories of
Ferri and Garofalo)

3. Biological Approach – the evaluation of genetics in explaining criminal behavior; under this approach,
heredity is the main factor that push people to commit crimes (Positivist theory)
4. Physiological Approach – focused on the study on the nature of human beings – how they satisfy their
physical needs; this approach explains that the cause of crime is the deprivation of the physical body
from the basic needs of life (Maslow’s Theory).
5. Psychological Approach – explains that development of criminal behavior (deviations of normal
behavior resulting to unpleasant emotions) is caused by deprivation from psychological needs of man
(Theories of Freud and Maslow)
6. Psychiatric Approach – cause of the criminal behavior, according to this approach, is mental disease
as diagnosed by a trained authorized person (Positivist theory)
7. Psychoanalytical Approach –explanation of crime is based on the Freudian Theory – this theory states
that criminal behavior is caused by repression (suppression) of the basic drives (Freud’s theory)
B. OBJECTIVE APPROACHES
These approaches deal on the study of groups, social processes and institutions as factors that influence the
human behavior. They are primarily derived from social sciences.
1. Geographic Approach – topography, natural resources, geographical location, and climate are factors
that lead a person to commit crime (Adolph Quetelet’s Theory).
2. Ecological Approach – the biotic grouping of men resulting to migration, competition, social
discrimination, division of labor, and social conflict are factors that cause crime (Ezra Park’s theory)
3. Economic Approach –financial insecurity and inadequacy of the necessities to support life are important
factors to criminality (Robert King Merton’s Theory)
4. Socio–Cultural Approach – causes of crimes can be traced from the effects of institutions, economics,
education, politics, and religion to the people (Albert Cohen’s Theory).
C. CONTEMPORARY APPROACHES
Criminologists today put emphasis on scientific explanation of crime and criminal behavior. Contemporary
approaches are focused on the psychoanalytical, psychiatric and sociological explanations of crime in an
integrated theory. Integrated theory is an explanatory statement that combines ideas or concepts from
different sources.

NAME: DATE:
SECTION: SCORE: 55
TEST I. TERMS &CONCEPTS. Read each questions/statement carefully and identify what is asked. No credit
for incomplete answer to include acronyms! For this part use CAPITAL LETTERS only!2points each=20points
_________________________1. It refers to offenses where there is no private offended party.
_________________________2. These are crimes which are violent and serious in nature that involves threats
and physical harm to a victim by an offender such as crimes against persons, crimes against property etc.
_________________________3. It is defined as conduct or behavior that is being committed which can lead to
an unlawful act.
_________________________4. What approach in the study of crime is primarily concern on the biological
explanation of identifying the forms of abnormalities that was experienced by criminals before, during and after
the commission of crime?
_________________________5. How do you consider a person who has committed a crime and has been
convicted of final judgment by a competent court?
_________________________6. What approach on scientific explanation of crime and criminal behavior

mainly deals on the aspects of psychoanalytic, psychiatry and sociology?
_________________________7. A legal term used to indicate that a criminal has been caught in the act of
committing an offense.
_________________________8. This term literally means, “body of the crime”.
_________________________9. These approaches are focused on the study of groups, social processes and
institutions as factors that influence the human behavior.
_________________________10. Acts which are prohibited because the law has defined it to be a crime.
TEST II. CIRCUMSTANCES AFFECTING CRIMINAL LIABILITY. Categorize the following condition or
situation that can affect criminal liability of a person, write the CAPITAL LETTERS of your choice on the space
provided before the number. 1point each=10points
A. Justifying Circumstance B. Exempting Circumstance C. Mitigating Circumstance

D. Aggravating Circumstance E. Alternative Circumstance
_____1. Any person who, while performing a lawful act with due care, causes an injury by mere accident
without fault or intention of causing it.
_____2. That the crime be committed in the nighttime, or in an uninhabited place, or by a band, whenever such
circumstances may facilitate the commission of the offense.
_____3. Any person who acts in the fulfilment of a duty or in the lawful exercise of a right or office.
_____4. That the offender had no intention to commit so grave a wrong as that committed.
_____5. Those which must be taken into consideration as aggravating or mitigating according to the nature and
effects of the crime and the other conditions attending its commission.

_____6. A person over nine years of age and under fifteen, unless he has acted with discernment.
_____7. That the crime be committed after an unlawful entry.
_____8. Anyone who acts in defense of the person or rights of a stranger, provided that requisites of defense
were met.
_____9. That the offender had voluntarily surrendered himself to a person in authority or his agents, or that he
had voluntarily confessed his guilt before the court prior to the presentation of the evidence for the prosecution.
_____10. That the offender has been previously punished by an offense to which the law attaches an equal or
greater penalty or for two or more crimes to which it attaches a lighter penalty.
TEST III. STAGES OF A CRIMINAL ACT. Read, understand, and analyze each scenario and answer the
specific questions asked. 15points
1. One day, victim Dalisay was struck in the left arm with a club and was also stuck by a bolo twice, one on the
shoulder and the other across the lips. The suspects were Juan and Pedro. The victim was still alive after the
incident but, unfortunately, the damages on his shoulder and lips were permanent, causing his disability to
articulate well. Bringing the case in court with sufficient evidence, the accused were convicted of ________
murder.
QUESTION1: In what stage of crime do you think was he convicted? _________________________

(2points)
QUESTION2: Justify your answer in question no.1 (3points)

_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2. Danilo and his wife Nene were married on January 15, 2018. They lived together since then and raised two
children as they put up several businesses over the years. But on January 1, 2019, two information for rape
were filed before the court wherein it was alleged that the accused raped his wife on two separate occasions,
the accused by means of force upon person did then and there willfully, unlawfully and feloniously have carnal
knowledge with the private complainant, her wife, against the latter’s will.
QUESTION1: Can the husband be convicted of rape? __________ (1point)
QUESTION2: In what stage? ________________ (1point); Why? (4points)
3. A brawl involving 15 to 18 members of two rival groups resulted to the stabbing of Xander Ford, the victim,
by Patrick Lee. During the rumble, the victim was stabbed at the left side of his stomach and was beaten until
he fell into a nearby creek. In his fallen position, Xander Ford claimed that when he inspected his stabbed
wound, he saw a portion of his intestines showed. The victim received medical attention, stayed in the hospital
for one week and thereafter stayed home for one month to recuperate. The court ruled that the crime
committed only reached the _________ stage as there was lack of evidence that the stab wound inflicted
was fatal to cause the victim’s death.
QUESTION1: In what stage of crime do you think was he convicted? _________________________

(2points)
QUESTION2: Justify your answer in question no.1 (3points?)

_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________

TEST IV. CRIMINOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF CRIMES. Match Column A to Column B, use CAPITAL
LETTERS ONLY! 1point each=10points
COLUMN A COLUMN B
1. Extinctive Crime A. Crime committed with intent.
2. Episodal Crime B. Crime committed in only one place.
3. Seasonal Crime C. Crime committed by ordinary professionals.
4. Continuing Crime D. Crime committed to take advantage of an abnormal situation.
5. Rational Crime E. Crime committed by series of acts.
6. Blue Collar Crime F. Crime committed without intent.
7. Underworld Crime G. Crime committed in several places.
8. Crime by Passion H. Copycat crime.
9. Emergency Crime I. Crime committed by members of the lower class of society.
10. Static Crime J. Crime that can result to destruction.
K. Crime committed by rendering all service to satisfy others.
L. Crime committed in several places.
M. Crime committed only at certain period of the year.
N. Crime committed due to fit of great emotion.
O. Crime committed by a person of upper class in the society.

MODULE 3: PENOLOGY & VICTIMOLOGY
1. describe the meaning, nature and scope of penology;
2. understand the ethical bases of punishment, and the motives and purposes of society in inflicting it;
3. to make a comparative study of penal laws and procedures through history; to evaluate the social
consequences of the policies in force at a given time.
4. understand the historical development of victimology;
5. discuss the change from a victim justice system to a criminal justice system; and
6. understand the concepts of victim precipitation and victim blaming.
A. PENOLOGY
➢ The word “penology” is derived from the word “punishment or penalty”. It is an ancient denomination
issued since the time of struggle for prisons reform.
➢ It is concerned with the control and prevention of crime and the treatment of youthful offenders.
➢ A branch of Criminology that deals with prison management and reformation of criminals.
➢ Etymology: Poene (latin) – penalty; Logos (latin) – science
Penologist - A person who studies the science or art of punishment.
B. PUNISHMENT
➢ the infliction or imposition of a penalty as retribution for an offense.
 Purposes of Punishment
1. Retribution
- Imposes punishment based on just deserts
- Offenders should receive the punishment that they deserve based on the seriousness of
their criminal acts
- Underlying philosophy: lex talionis: “an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth”
▪ Principles in the Philosophy of Retribution

a. Proportionality – refers to the equal implementation of law.
b. Just desert - a desire to restore justice by allowing the offender to compensate to
society proportionally to the harm he has done.
c. Equity - if we take consistency to the extreme and see to it that all offenders who
commit the same crime with the same degree of culpability get exactly the same
punishment.
d. Reciprocity - if we look at the punishment as a natural part of the social order and
feel satisfied that the offender has been appropriately punished.
e. Retributive - focuses on the punishment of lawbreakers and the compensation of
victims.
2. Deterrence
- A principle or objective of sentencing a person guilty of a crime which ensures that the
punishment is sufficient to deter the guilty person, and others, from committing the same
crime.
Kinds of Deterrence
a. Specific deterrence (individual)- imposes punishment to deter or discourage an
offender from committing a crime in the future.
b. General deterrence (societal)- punishes an offender as an example to deter others
from violating the law

3. Rehabilitation
- Intended to reform the offender and to transform him/her into a law-abiding and productive
member of society
- Appeals to the idealistic notion that people are essentially good and can transform their lives
when encouraged and given support
4. Incapacitation
- The removal of offenders from society to prevent them from continuing to menace others.
- Selective incapacitation singles out offenders who have committed certain serious offenses
for lengthy incarceration
5. Restoration
- Stresses the harm caused to victims of crime
- Requires offender to engage in financial restitution and community service to compensate
the victim and the community to “make them whole once again”
 Types of Punishment
1. Fines
2. Imprisonment
3. Probation
4. Death
 Punishments used in the 18th and 19th Century

1. Transportation - convicts were sent out to the British colonies in the Americas and Australia and
either sold into slavery (America) or forced to fend for themselves and live in penal colonies
(Australia).
2. Branding - The offender was scarred with a hot iron on the flesh part of the hand or on the cheek. A
murderer would be branded with the letter 'M', vagrants with the letter 'V' and with letter 'S' for slave.
Note: Branding was abolished in 1799.
3. The Pillory - Is one of the most popular punishments of the later 17th century. Note: The Pillory
was eventually abolished in 1837.
4. Corporal Punishment- Corporal Punishment was retained as a punishment for not longer than
either the stocks or the pillory.
Forms of Corporal Punishment
1. Whipping- whipping post- cat-o-nine-tails
2. Public humiliation-for women who had been accused of scandalous language, gossip
or nagging there was a contraption, known as the 'scolds bridle' or 'brank'. One of the
most vicious forms of corporal punishment was the 'Scavengers Daughter' (body
clamp).
 The Development of Prison as a Punishment

➢ At the beginning of the 19th century there was a growing disinclination in England of imposing
any public punishment such as whipping and the gallows, this led to a growing use of
confinement as punishment. In 1808 Samuel Romily led a campaign to restructure the criminal
law system by radically decreasing the use of the death penalty.

 Imprisonment as a Modern form of Punishment
➢ A prison, penal penitentiary, or correctional facility is a place in which individuals are physically
confined or interned and usually deprived of a range of personal freedoms. Prisons are
conventionally institutions which form part of the criminal justice system of a country, such that
imprisonment or incarceration is a legal penalty that may be imposed by the state for the
commission of a crime.
 The 7 Prisons and Penal Farms in the Philippines

1. New Bilibid Prison (NBP)
2. Correctional Institution for Women (CIW)
3. Iwahig Penal Colony (IPC)
Four Subdivisions of Iwahig into Zones or Districts
a. Central sub-colony with an area of 14,700 hectares
b. Sta. Lucia with 9,685 hectares
c. Montible with 8,000 hectares and
d. Inagawan with 13,000 hectares.
4. San Ramon Prison and Penal Farm (SRPPF)
5. Davao Penal Colony (DPC)
6. Sablayan Prison and Penal Farm (SPPF)
7. Leyte Regional Prison (LRP)
 The Purpose of Prison

1. Punishment
2. Deterrence and
3. Rehabilitation: it means to restore to useful life, as through therapy and education or to restore to
good condition, operation, or capacity.
▪ Rehabilitation Programs
1. Employment of Prisoners
2. Religious Services
3. Educational Program
4. Recreational Program
5. Library Services
6. Health and Medical Services
7. Counselling
 Responsibilities of Prisons
1. The safekeeping of all inmates.
2. The maintaining and improving of welfare of all confined within it.
3. And the performance of these objectives with the maximum of efficiency and economy.
 The Psychological Effects of Imprisonment

1. Delusions – a situation where a person sees something that is not present or true.
2. Dissatisfaction with life.
2. Claustrophobia – a fear of an enclosed space or room.
3. Depression – a result of stress.
4. Feelings of panic – when a person do not know what to do/
5. Madness
All of which are symptoms of chronophobia – a state often referred to as prison neurosis.

 Issues in Jail or Prison
▪ Crowding
▪ Riots
▪ Prison Suicide
▪ The Role of Prison Psychologists
▪ Rehabilitation Programs for Prisoners in the Philippines
 Juridical Conditions of Penalty

Under the Philippine Penal System, the following are the conditions of the imposition of penalty:
1. Must be productive of suffering but must not desecrate the human personality,
2. Must be proportionate to the crime,
3. Must be personal,
4. Must be legal
6. Must be certain so that one cannot escape from it,
7. Must be equal, and
8. Must be correctional.
C. EXECUTIVE CLEMENCY
➢ refers to Reprieve, Absolute Pardon, Conditional Pardon with or without Parole Conditions and
Commutation of Sentence as may be granted by the President of the Philippines.
1. Reprieve- refers to the deferment of the implementation of the sentence for an interval of
time; it does not annul the sentence but merely postpones or suspends its execution.
2. Absolute Pardon- refers to the total extinction of the criminal liability of the individual to
whom it is granted without any condition. It restores to the individual his civil and political
rights and remits the penalty imposed for the particular offense of which he was convicted.
3. Conditional Pardon- refers to the exemption of an individual, within certain limits or
conditions, from the punishment which the law inflicts for the offense he had committed
resulting in the partial extinction of his criminal liability.
4. Parole- refers to the conditional release of an offender from a correctional institution after
he has served the minimum of his prison sentence.
5. Commutation of Sentence- refers to the reduction of the duration of a prison sentence of
a prisoner.
D. VICTIMOLOGY
➢ Victimology is the study about victims of crime. It is a branch of criminology that deals purely on the
underlying factors of victimization and the contributory role of the victims in the commission of crimes.
➢ Victimology, being the study of “crime targets”, showed that a person becomes a victim of crime
consciously (knowingly) and unconsciously (unknowingly). A person could become a victim due to
his own action or fault. He somehow contributes to the commission of crime because of his own
making.
Terms related to Victimology

▪ Victimize - make into a victim; to cause somebody to become an injured party
▪ Victimless Crime - crime without a victim; an illegal act such as prostitution or drug use in which there
is no obvious injured party
▪ Victimization – a situation that arises when people become a target of criminal offenders
The effects of crime differ from one person to another. Crime can result to financial loss, property damage,
physical injury, and death. Less obvious but sometimes more devastating effects are the psychological
wounds after the crime, wounds that may never heal.

In an attempt to prevent victimization, individuals may move, restrict their daily activities, or purchase
expensive security measures. Billions of money and man-power are being extended by governments to
apprehend and punish offenders, yet we have only started recently to focus our attention on the victims
of crime.
Criminal victims could be key actors in the criminal justice process, but more often they are kept at the
discussion. The victim of crime often becomes the FORGOTTEN PERSON of the criminal justice system
while the criminal is the celebrity. Victims are only valued for their capacity to report crimes and to appear
in court as witnesses.
 TYPOLOGY OF CRIMINAL VICTIMS

General Classes of Victims
(Based on the classification of Hans Von Hentig, a European lawyer)
1. The Young – the weak by virtue of age and immaturity
2. The Female – often less physically powerful and easily dominated by males.
3. The Old – the incapable of physical defense and the common object of confidence scheme.
4. The Mentally Defective – those that are unable to think clearly.
5. The Immigrant – those that are unsure of the rules of conduct in the surrounding society.
6. The Minorities – racial prejudice may lead to victimization or unequal treatment by the agency of justice.
Psychological Types of Victims
1. The Depressed –submissive person by virtue of emotional condition
2. The Acquisitive or Greedy – person who wants more than what is sufficient makes a natural victim of
crime
3. The Wanton or Overly Sensual – person ruled by passion and thoughtlessly seeking pleasure
4. The Lonesome – person who eventually becomes a victim by virtue of wanting companionship or affection
5. The Heartbroken – one who is emotionally disturbed by virtue of heartaches and pains
6. The Tormented – a victim who asked for it, often from his own family or friends
 OTHER TYPES OF VICTIMS

Benjamin Mendelsohn, a European defense attorney, created his own classification of victim types. This
includes the following six categories:
1. The completely innocent victim – such a person is an ideal victim in popular perception. In this category
placed persons victimized while they were unconscious, and the child victims.
2. Victims with only minor guilt and those victimized due to ignorance.
3. The victim who is just as guilty as the offender, and the voluntary victim. Suicide cases are common
to this category.
4. The victim more guilty than the offender – this category was described as containing persons who
provoked the criminal or actively induced their own victimization.
5. The most guilty victim “who is guilty alone” – an attacker killed by a would be victim in the act of
defending themselves were placed into this category.
6. The imaginary victim – those suffering from mental disorders, or those victims due to extreme mental
abnormalities.
Benjamin Mendelsohn is generally credited as the initiator of the word VICTIMOLOGY as well as the
concept of PENAL COUPLE. Penal couple is a term that describes the relationship between the victim
and the criminal. He also coined the term VICTIMAL to describe the victim counterpart of the criminal,
and the word VICTIMITY, which signified the opposite of criminality.
Another class of victim is the ‘LOSER’ or one who is initially the attacker but later, the situation is
reversed. An example could be the case of a mugger or a bully who ends up injured or a swindler
becomes swindled.

 DYNAMICS OF VICTIMIZATION
There are several procedural models which can be applied to the study of the victimization process for
the purpose of understanding the experience the victims.
1. “Victims of Crime Model” (by Bard and Sangrey). According to this model, there are three stages involved
in any victimization:
a. Stage of Impact & Disorganization – stage during and immediately following the criminal event
b. Stage of Recoil – stage during which the victim formulates psychological defenses and deals with
conflicting emotions of guilt, anger, acceptance, and desire of revenge (said to last three to eight
months),
c. Reorganization Stage – stage during which the victim puts his or her life back to normal daily living.
Some victims, however, may not successfully adopt the victimization experience and a maladaptive
reorganization stage may last for many years.
2. “Disaster Victim’s Model” – this model was developed to explain the coping behavior of victims of natural
disaster. According to this model, there are four stages of victimization:
a. Pre-impact - stage describe the victim’s condition prior to being victimized
b. Impact - the stage at which victimization occur
c. Post-impact - stage which entails the degree and duration of personal and social disorganization
following victimization
d. Behavioral outcome – stage that describes the victim’s adjustment to the victimization experience
 FACTORS OF VICTIMIZATION
1. Hedonism
2. Materialistic Culture
3. Sex Values
4. Decay of Discipline
5. Public Morality
 VICTIMOLOGY & DAMAGES
“If there is a complainant, there must be a defendant.” Thus, there could never be a victim if there is no
offender, except in what is known as victimless crimes.
The only thing that does away with criminality is decriminalization. This is otherwise known as
LOGOMACY. Logomacy is a statement that we have no crime if we had no criminal law, and that we could
eliminate all crime by abolishing all criminal laws.
Man has a juridical capacity and capacity to act. He is normally entitled to the following civil
damages.
1. Moral Damages – the compensation awarded to a person’s physical suffering, mental anguish, fright,
serious anxiety, besmirched reputation, wounded feelings, moral shock, social humiliation, and similar
injury
2. Actual or Compensatory Damages – the compensation awarded to a person for such pecuniary loss
suffered by him as he has duly proved
3. Nominal Damages – amount awarded to a victim in order that his right that had been violated or invaded
maybe restored or recognized
4. Temperate Damages – moderate damages; the compensation that is more than nominal but less than
compensatory damages given to a person when the court finds that he has suffered some pecuniary loss,
but its amount cannot, from the nature of the case, be proved with certainty
5. Liquidated Damages – damages that agreed upon by the parties to a contract to be paid in case of
BREACH OF CONTRACT
6. Exemplary Damages – corrective damages; those that imposed by way of example or correction for the
public good, in addition to the moral, temperate, liquidated or compensatory damages.

NAME: DATE:
SECTION: SCORE: 100
INSTRUCTION: Select the best answer for each of the following questions. 2points each=80 points
1. It is concerned with the control of crime by studying prison management and prison reforms.
A. Criminal Demography B. Penology
C. Criminal Etiology D. Criminal Sociology
2. When the act is wrongful because of it nature, universally condemned and seriously affects the society
A. Mala Inse B. Mala Prohibita
C. Crime D. Felony
3. When the act is considered a crime because the law prohibits it.
A. Malam Calsum B. Mala Inse
C. Mala Prohibita D. Dura Lex Sed Lex
4. In criminological sense, it is the one who has committed anti-social or injurious acts to the society.
A. Suspect B. Criminal
C. Accused D. Offender
5. The legal definition of crime is an intentional act or omission in violation of criminal law, committed without
defense or justification and sanctioned by law as a felony or misdemeanor. This definition assumes:
A. Crime is viewed as an allied concept that becomes behavior when it violates criminal law.
B. The offender cannot be assumed a criminal until he is found guilty through court procedures
C. It is contended that criminal law is particularly stable and responsible means of adjusting social control to
changing social condition.
D. All of the above
6. Nullum Crimen Sine Lege means
A. If there is no crime there is no law B. If there is no crime no punishment
C. If there is no law there’s no crime D. If there is no punishment of crime
7. Osama Bin Laden died three days ago, therefore he is not capable of committing crime because one of the
elements of crime is missing which is________.
A. Ability B. Intent
C. Desire D. Opportunity
8. A branch of study in criminology which deals with the victimization of crime which is considered by political
society as any act or omission punishable by law.
A. Penology B. Victimology
C. Criminology D. Victimless Crime
9. A statement that we would have no crime if we had no law and that we could eliminate all crimes by abolishing
all criminal laws.
A. Logomacy B. Decriminalization
C. Sodomy D. None of the Above
10. How do you categorize individuals being victimized because they are unsure of the rules of conduct in the
surrounding society?
A. Immigrant B. Minority
C. Ignorant D. Loner
11. Who is considered as the celebrity of the criminal justice system?
A. Victim B. Criminal
C. Judge D. Lawyer
12. A device formerly used for publicly punishing offenders consisting of a wooden frame with holes in which the
head and hands can be locked.
A. Cat-o-nine-tails B. Pillory
C. Branding D. Parole

13. What principle of justice settles a dispute and repair harm by bringing together the offender, the victim, and the
community to find a solution that works for everyone involved in the best way possible?
A. Retributive Justice B. Executive Clemency
C. Restorative Justice D. Punishment
14. What principle of justice settles a dispute and repairs harm by punishing the offender for violating laws in order
to discourage the offenders and others who may be tempted to break laws?
A. Retributive Justice B. Executive Clemency
C. Restorative Justice D. Punishment
15. The doctrine that a community or a society of people can be deterred from committing a criminal act after
having witnessed the punishment of an individual or individuals for having committed that act.
A. General Deterrence B. Deterrence
C. Punishment D. Specific Deterrence
16. This style of deterrence is used with a specific offender in mind. The belief is that if an individual is punished for
a criminal act, then that individual will be less likely to violate the law in the future.
A. General Deterrence B. Deterrence
C. Punishment D. Specific Deterrence
17. Who is considered as the forgotten person of the criminal justice system?
A. Criminal B. Victim
C. Police Investigators D. Judge
18. Refers to the deferment of the implementation of the sentence for an interval of time; it does not annul the
sentence but merely postpones or suspends its execution.
A. Commutation of Sentence B. Parole
C. Probation D. Reprieve
19. Refers to the conditional release of an offender from a correctional institution after he has served the minimum
of his prison sentence.
20. Refers to the reduction of the duration of a prison sentence of a prisoner.
21. A term that describes the relationship between the victim and the criminal.
A. Couple of Criminal Justice System B. Penal Couple
C. Victimization D. Intimate Relationship
22. Who is the father of victimology?
A. Benjamin Mendelsohn B. Benjamin Gross
C. Hans Von Hentig D. Hans Gross
23. A situation that arises when people become a target of criminal offenders.
A. Victimology B. Victimization
C. Victimize D. Victimal
24. What group of victims are incapable of physical defense and the common object of confidence scheme?
A. The Old B. The Young
C. The Immigrant D. The Minorities
25. What group are usually subject of prejudice or unequal treatment by the agency of justice that leads to their
victimization?
A. The Old B. The Young
C. The Immigrant D. The Minorities
26. What is the counter part of criminality in victimology?
A. Victimity B. Victimal
D. Criminal D. Vicinity

27. How do you categorize a victim who initiated the attack but later the situation is reversed?
A. Depressed B. Loser
C. Bully D. Ignorant
28. How do you categorize victims who are submissive by virtue of their emotional condition?
A. Depressed B. Loser
C. Bully D. Ignorant
29. All of the following are the stages of Victim’s Crime Model by Bard & Sangrey except:
A. Stage of Impact & Disorganization B. Stage of Behavioral Outcome
C. Stage of Recoil D. Reorganization Stage
30. Which stage of Disaster Victim’s Model entails the degree and duration of personal and social disorganization
following victimization?
A. Pre-impact B. Impact
C. Post-impact D. Reorganization
31. What civil damages are awarded to a victim in order that his right that had been violated or invaded maybe
restored or recognized?
A. Temperate Damages B. Nominal Damages
C. Moral Damages D. Liquidated Damages
32. What compensation is awarded to a person’s physical suffering, mental anguish, and fright, serious anxiety
besmirched reputation, wounded feelings, moral shock, social humiliation and similar injury?
A. Temperate Damages B. Nominal Damages
C. Moral Damages D. Liquidated Damages
33. A process through which remorseful offenders accept responsibility for their misconduct, particularly to their
victims and to the community. It creates obligation to make things right through proactive involvement of victims,
ownership of the offender of the crime and the community in search for solutions which promote repair,
reconciliation and reassurance.
A. Retributive Justice B. Restorative Justice
C. Executive Clemency D. Community Service
34. A mode of punishment consisting of marking the subject as if goods or animals, sometimes concurrently with
their reduction of status in life?
A. Transportation B. Branding
C. Pillory D. Retribution
35. What principle in the philosophy of retribution refers to the equal implementation of law?
A. Proportionality B. Just Desert
C. Equity D. Reciprocity
36. Refers to the conditional release of an offender from a correctional institution after he has served the
minimum of his prison sentence.
A. Probation B. Parole
C. Pardon C. Community Service
37. The removal of offenders from society to prevent them from continuing to menace others.
A. Isolation B. Incarceration
C. Decriminalization D. Deterrence
38. A person who studies the science or art of punishment.
A. Criminologist B. Criminalist
C. Penologist D. Correction Officer
39. These are managed and supervised by the Bureau of Corrections, an agency under the Department of Justice.
A. Jail B. Prison
C. Police Precinct D. All of the above
40. A punishment or reward that is considered to be what the recipient deserved.
A. Proportionality B. Just Desert
C. Equity D. Reciprocity

TEST II. ESSAY. INSTRUCTION: For this part use SENTENCE CASE. Answer the questions directly in 4-5
sentences only! 20points
1. Do you believe the current system of punishment in the Philippines is effective in discouraging potential
criminals? Why? If YES, cite statistical data to corroborate your answer, if NO what can you recommend
then to improve our current system of punishment.

MODULE 4: RA 6506 and RA 11131
1. discuss the salient features of RA 6506 and RA 11131; and
2. identify amendments of RA 6505.
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 6506
An Act Creating the Board of Examiners for Criminologists

in the Philippines and for Other Purposes
Section 1. Creation and Composition of the Board.- There shall be created a Board of Examiners for
Criminologists in the Philippines to be composed of a Chairman and two members possessing the qualifications
prescribed in Section three of this Act, who shall be appointed by the President of the Philippines upon the
recommendation of the Commissioner of Civil Service from among the registered criminologists, if any, or from
known criminologists or recognized standing in the profession, with the consent of the Commission on
Appointments: Provided, That the firs Board of Examiners for Criminologists to be created pursuant to this Act
shall be issued a certificate of registration as criminologists without prior examination in accordance with the
provisions of this Act.
Section 2. Powers Vested in the Board. - The Board of Examiners for Criminologists is vested with
authority conformably with the provisions of this Act, to administer the provisions thereof, to issue, suspend or
revoke certificates of registration for the practice of criminology and to administer oaths.
Section 3. Qualifications of Board Members. - The Members of the Board shall at the time of
their appointment be:
1. Natural-born citizens of the Philippines.

2. Holders of the degree of Bachelor of Science in Criminology (B.S. Crim.) or Master of Criminology
(M.Crim.) conferred by a reputable and legally constituted College or Institute of Criminology
recognized by the Government;
3. At least thirty years of age;
4. Registered criminologists with at least ten years experience in the profession: Provided, That the
requirements of registration shall not apply to appointments to the first Board;
5. Non-members of the Faculty of any school, college or institute where a regular course in
Criminology is taught, nor have any pecuniary interest in such institution; and
6. Not connected with any government agency which operate an academy, training school or institute
for the education or training of peace officers or law enforcement agents.
Section 4. Term of Office.- The members of the Board shall hold office for a term of three years after
their appointments unless sooner removed for any of the causes enumerated in Section six of this Act. In which
case their successors shall be appointed immediately and duly qualified, who shall serve the un expired term
only. Each member of the Board shall qualify by taking the proper oath of office prior to entering upon the
performance of his duties.
Section 5. Executive Officer and Secretary of the Board.- The Commissioner of Civil Service shall be
the executive officer of the Board and shall conduct the examination given by the Board. The Secretary of all the
Boards of Examiners appointed under Republic Act Numbered Five hundred forty-six shall also be the Secretary
of the Board of Examiners for Criminologists. All records and minutes of deliberations of the Board, including
examination papers, shall be kept by the Civil Service Commission under the direct custody of the Secretary.
Section 6. Removal of Board Members.- The President of the Philippines may remove any member of
the Board for neglect of duty or incompetency or for unprofessional or dishonorable conduct, after having given
the member concerned an opportunity to defend himself in the proper administrative investigation.

Section 7. Compensation of Board Members- The members of the Board shall each receive a
compensation not exceeding ten pesos for each applicant examined. All fees shall be received by the officer
designated by competent authority as collecting officer for the Civil Service Commission, and such officer shall
pay all authorized expenses of the Board, including the compensation provided for by this Act for the members
of the Board.
Section 8. Annual Report.- The Board shall submit an annual report to the President of the Philippines
after the close of each fiscal year, giving detailed account of its proceedings, during the year and making such
recommendation as it may deem necessary and proper.
Section 9. Inhibition Against the Practice of Criminology.- No person shall practice or offer to practice
as a criminologist in the Philippines without having previously obtained a certificate of registration from the Board.
Section 10. Exemption from Registration- Registration shall not be required of the following
classes of persons:
a. Criminologists from other countries called in for consultations or for a special project related to
Criminology not requiring more than five months” residence in the Philippines in any twelve months”
period: Provided, That such criminologists are legally qualified to practice as such in their own State or
country.
b. Foreigners employed as technical officers, professors or consultants in such special branches of
Criminology or may, in the judgment of the President of the Philippines, be necessary and indispensable
for the country: Provided, however, That they are internationally recognized experts and that they do not
engage in private practice during their stay in the Philippines.
Section 11. Examination Required.- Except as otherwise specifically allowed under this Act, all
applicants for registration as criminologists shall be required to undergo an examination as provided in this Act.
Section 12. Qualifications for Examination.- Any person applying for examination and for a
certificate, shall, prior to admission to examination, establish to the satisfaction of the Board that:
a. He is at least eighteen years of age and a citizen of the Philippines;

b. He must be a person of good moral character, as certified to by at least three persons of good
standing in the community wherein he resides;
c. He must not have convicted of a crime involving moral turpitude; and
d. He has a graduated in Criminology from a school, college or institute recognized by the Government after
completing a four-year resident collegiate course leading to the degree of Bachelor of Science in
Criminology (B.S. Crim.): Provided, That holders of Bachelor of Laws degree may, within five years after
the approval of this Act, take this examination after completing at least ninety-four (94) units of
Criminology, Law Enforcement, Police Science and Penology subjects.
Section 13. Holding of Examination.- The Board is hereby authorized to conduct examinations in the
Cities of Manila, Baguio, Legaspi, Cebu, and Davao whenever practicable at least once a year and on such
working days and place as the Board may fix with the approval of the Commissioner of Civil Service. Written or
printed notice of examination shall be published in newspapers and copies mailed to each candidate who has
filed his name and address with the Secretary of the Board, at least thirty days prior to the date of examinations.
Section 14. Scope of Examination.- The examination shall be in writing and shall cover the
following subjects with their respective relative weights:

Subjects Relative Weight
Criminal Jurisprudence and Procedure 20%

Law Enforcement Administration 20%
Correctional Administration 15%
Criminalistics 20%
Criminal Sociology 15%
Ethics and Human Relations 10%
However, the Board may change or revise any of the above subjects in the event the Department of
Education shall correspondingly change the curriculum prescribed for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in
Criminology. In the conduct of the examination, the Board, in its discretion, may give practical and field
examinations in each subjects, as it may deem fit.
Section 15. Ratings in the Examination.- In order to pass the examination, a candidate must obtain a
general average of at least seventy-five percent with no rating below fifty percent in any of the subjects.
Section 16. Report of Ratings.- The Board shall within ninety days after the date of the completion of
the examination, report the ratings obtained by each candidate to the Commissioner of Civil Service.
Section 17. Oathtaking- All successful candidates shall be required to take a professional oath before
the Board or before any person authorized to administer oaths prior to entering upon the practice of criminology
in the Philippines.
Section 18. Issuance of Certificate- Upon payment of the registration fee as provided in this Act, the
Board shall issue a certificate of registration as criminologists to any applicant who, in the opinion of the Board
has satisfactorily met all the requirements specified in this Act. All certificates of registration issued under this Act
shall show the full name of the registrant; shall have serial numbers, shall be signed by all the members of the
Board, shall be attested to by the Secretary of the Board, and shall be authenticated by the official seal of the
Board: Provided, That upon application filed within six months after the approval of this Act, the Board shall issue
a certificate of registration without examination to persons who have graduated with the Degree of
Bachelor of Science in Criminology (B.S. Crim.) and who have been in the practice of criminology for at least ten
years prior to the enactment of this Act.
Section 19. Fee for Examination and Registration- All applicants for examination shall pay an
application fee of fifty pesos and every applicant for registration shall pay a registration fee of thirty pesos.
Section 20. Revocation of Certificate of Registration. - The Board may, after giving due notice and
hearing to the party concerned, revoke or suspend his certificate of registration if found guilty of malpractice,
incompetency, unprofessional conduct, serious ignorance or gross negligence in the practice of criminology. He
shall be required to surrender his certificate of registration to the Board. The decision of the Board, however, may
be appealed within thirty days to the President of the Philippines whose decision shall be final.
Section 21. Reissue of Revoked Certificate of Replacement of Lost Certificate.- After the expiration
of one year from the date of revocation of a certificate of registration, and after payment of the required fee, the
Board 8 may, for reasons it may deem sufficient, entertain an application for new certificate of registration from a
person whose certificate has been revoked. A new certificate of registration to replace a certificate lost, destroyed
or mutilated may be issued, subject to the rules of the Board and upon payment of a fee of thirty pesos.
Section 22. Criminologist Defined.- A criminologist is any person who is a graduate of the Degree of
Criminology, who has passed the examination for criminologists and is registered as such by the Board.
Section 23. Practice of Criminology Defined.- A person is deemed to be engaged in the practice of
Criminology if he holds himself out to the public in any of the following capacities:

1. As a professor, instructor or teacher in Criminology in any university, college or school duly recognized
by the government and teaches any of the following subjects: (a)Law Enforcement Administration,
(b)Criminalists, (c) Correctional Administration, (d)Criminal Sociology and allied subjects, and (e)other
technical and specialized subjects in the Criminology curriculum provided by the Department of
Education.
2. As law enforcement administrator, executive, adviser, consultant or agent in any government or
private agency.
3. As technician in dactyloscopy, ballistics, questions documents, police photography, lie detection,
forensic chemistry and other scientific aspects of crime detection.
4. As correctional administrator, executive supervisor, worker or officer in any correctional and
penal institution.
5. As counselor, expert, adviser, researcher in any government or private agency on any aspects of criminal
research or project involving the causes of crime, juvenile delinquency, treatment of offenders, police
operations, law enforcement administration, scientific criminal investigation or public welfare
administration.
Section 24. Privileges of certified criminologists.- All certified criminologists shall be exempt from
taking any other entrance or qualifying government or civil service examinations and shall be considered civil
service eligibles to the following government positions: (1) dactylographer, (2) ballistician, (3) questioned
document examiner, (4) correctional officer, (5) law enforcement photographer, (6) lie detection examiner, (7)
probation officer, (8) agents in any law enforcement agency, (9) security officer, (10) criminal investigator, or (11)
police laboratory technician. Certified criminologists shall be eligible for appointment as Partrolman in chartered
cities and municipalities, provided they posses the general qualifications for appointment provided in Section nine,
Republic Act Numbered Forty-eight hundred and sixty-four.*
Section 25. Penal Provisions.- Any person who shall hold himself out as a criminologist without being
duly registered and certified in accordance with the provisions of this Act, or who shall give any false or fraudulent
evidence of any kind to the Board in connection with any examination, or who shall violate any of the rules and
regulations promulgated by the Board in connection with any examination, or who shall violate any of the rules
and regulations promulgated by the Board in connection with the practice of Criminology in the Philippines, shall
upon conviction be sentenced to a fine of not less than two thousand pesos nor more than ten thousand pesos
or to suffer imprisonment for a period of not less than one year but not exceeding three years or both, at the
discretion of the court.
Section 26. Repealing Clause.- All laws, executive orders, administrative orders or ordinance
inconsistent with any provision of this Act are hereby repealed or modified accordingly.
Section 27. Effectivity.- This Act shall take effect upon its approval. Approved, July 1, 1972.

Salient Features of RA 11131: An Act Regulating the Practice of Criminology Profession in the
Philippines, and Appropriating Funds Therefor, Repealing for the Purpose Republic Act No. 6506,
'An Act Creating the Board of Examiners for Criminologists in the Philippines’
RA 11131 otherwise known as "The Philippine Criminology Profession Act of 2018"
1. Those who failed five (5) times whether consecutive or cumulative in the criminologist licensure
examination, must present a certification issued by a reputable institution duly recognized by the
CHED that such applicant has satisfactorily completed a refresher course in criminology.-Sec. 14
(e)
2. To pass the licensure examination for criminologist, a candidate must obtain a weighted average
of 75% with no grade less than 60% in any given subject.
3. In the case the examinee obtains a weighted average rating of 75% but, has a grade below 60%
in any of the subjects, the result of the examinee shall be deferred, and be required to retake that
particular subject/s.
4. The deferred examinee shall only be allowed to retake once within two (2) years from the date of
the examination and shall be required to obtain a grade not lower than 80% on the subject, to be
considered to have passed the licensure exam.
5. If the examinee failed to retake after the lapse of two (2) years or failed to get the passing mark of
80%, the examinee shall retake all the board subjects.
6. Any examinee who failed three (3) or more board subjects shall be deemed to have failed the
board examination. -Sec. 17.
A Self-regulated Learning Module 37

NAME: DATE:
SECTION: SCORE: 100
INSTRUCTION: Compare RA 6506 and RA 11131, cite ten (10) areas of comparison. Use the table
below.
POINT OF COMPARISON RA 6506 RA 11131

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

EVALUATION OF THE COURSE
Name: ______________________________ Date: ______________
Subject/Schedule: _____________________ Score: _____________
Instruction: Please answer the following questions truthfully. This will be used to enhance the module for
improvement.
1. What lesson or activity did I enjoy most? Why?

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
2. What is the most important lesson which I can apply in my daily life?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
3. What are the new insights/discoveries that I learned?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
4. What topic/s do I find least important?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
5. What possible topics should have been included?

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
END OF MODULE

REFERENCES
Akers, R. (2009). Criminological theories: introduction evaluation, and application. 5th ed. New York:
Oxford University Press
DeKeseredy, W. (2011). Contemporary critical criminology. London: Routledge
Eduardo, J. (2010). Essentials of criminology. Quezon City: Wiseman
Furst, G. (2009).Contemporary readings in criminology. Los Angeles: Sage
Guevara, R. (2014). Criminology glossary. 3rd ed. Quezon City: Wiseman's Book Trading
Hagan, F. (2011). Introduction to criminology: theories, methods, and criminal behavior. Los Angeles:
Sage
Hall,S. & Winlow, S (2012). New directions in criminological theory. London: Routledge
Madelo, P., Amante,D. & Lorenzo, H. (2010). Introduction to criminology and psychology of crimes.
Intramuros, Manila: Mindshapers Co.
Manwong, R. (2011). My quizzer in criminology: reviewer. Quezon City
McLaughlin, E. & Muncie, J. (2013). The Sage dictionary of criminology. 3rd ed. Los Angeles: Sage
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CRIMSO1 First Sem SY2122 Ver1

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CRIMSO1 First Sem SY2122 Ver1

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SCHOOL OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE AND PUBLIC SAFETY

A Self-regulated Learning Module

Prepared by: Marie Joy M. Capdos

on flexible learning, this material is prepared to continuously deliver quality

education and provide students the opportunity to still acquire knowledge

despite of the pandemic. This material is composed of four modules Module

1 contains discussions on Nature of Criminology, Module 2 covers the topic

on Criminal Etiology & Sociology of Law, Module 3 is Penology and

Victimology, and Module 4 is on RA 6506 and RA 11131. This strategy will

Each module contains the learning objectives, discussions of the lesson

and learning assessment activities to determine how well the students

studied and understood the lesson.

are as good as a three-hour lecture, thus students have enough time to

no students will be left behind.

A Self-Regulated Learning Module 2

A Self-Regulated Learning Module 3

NO. OF UNITS: 3 units NO. OF HOURS PER WEEK: 3 hours

GRADING SYSTEM: Section 8. Computation of Undergraduate Grades

A Self-Regulated Learning Module 4

B. THE GOALS OF CRIMINOLOGY

C. IMPORTANT AREAS IN THE STUDY OF CRIMINOLOGY

A Self-Regulated Learning Module 5

II. IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS OF CRIMINOLOGY

▪ EDWIN H. SUTHERLAND & DONALD R. CRESSEY “Criminology is the body of knowledge

Phenomenon: refers to the appearance or observed features of something

▪ WEBSTER’S DICTIONARY. Criminology may be described to be “the scientific study of

A Self-Regulated Learning Module 6

F. PRINCIPAL DIVISION OF CRIMINOLOGY

A Self-Regulated Learning Module 7

H. CRIMINOLOGY IN THE PHILPPINES

The first set of officers PEACE:

A Self-Regulated Learning Module 8

I. IMPORTANCE AND PURPOSES OF STUDYING CRIMINOLOGY

Studying criminology is aimed towards the following:

J. CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM AND CRIMINALISTICS

A Self-Regulated Learning Module 9

1. As a professor, instructor or teacher in criminology in any university, college or school duly

A Self-Regulated Learning Module 10

A Self-Regulated Learning Module 11

_______________ 1. Who coined the term criminology?

A Self-Regulated Learning Module 12

 Crimes are defined by two components:

 Scientific Formula of Crime

B. CRIME AND CRIMINAL LAW

A Self-Regulated Learning Module 13

▪ Characteristics of Criminal Law

▪ History of Revised Penal Code

▪ Brief History of Philippine Criminal Law

▪ Some of the most significant attribute of the Kalantiao Code

A Self-Regulated Learning Module 14

 Close Examination of Crime:

C. STAGES OF A CRIMINAL ACT

A Self-Regulated Learning Module 15

F. CIRCUMSTANCES AFFECTING CRIMINAL LIABILITY (RPC, Art. 11-15)

G. CRIMINOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF CRIMES

A Self-Regulated Learning Module 16

H. OTHER CLASSIFICATION OF CRIMES

I. HOW ARE CRIMES COMMITTED BASED ON THE RPC?

J. IS THERE SUCH THING AS VICTIMLESS CRIME?

 Victimless crime has the following applications:

A Self-Regulated Learning Module 17

▪ Based on Behavioral System:

▪ Based on Mental Attitude: