MKSSS’s

Cummins College of Engineering for Women, Pune

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Second Year of Engineering

Subject Name: Machine Drawing

Subject Code : ME 2104

Subject Teacher : Prof. Vishwanath Mali

Contact : vishwanath.mali@cumminscollege.in
 A
Presentation
On

UNIT IV

Limits, Fits and Tolerance

by

Prof. V. A. Mali
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Syllabus
• Theory of conventional tolerancing, tolerancing and limit systems,
symbols for tolerances, deviation and fits, method of tolerancing,
tolerance grade.
• Fits-system of fits, classification of fits, selection of fits, method of
indicating fits on drawing.
Introduction
• The manufacturing of interchangeable parts require precision and accuracy.

• However, experience shows that it is impossible to make parts economically to

the exact dimensions. This may be due to,
(i) inaccuracies of machines and tools,
(ii) inaccuracies in setting the work to the tool, and
(iii) error in measurement, etc.

• The operator, therefore, has to be given some allowable margin so that he/she
can produce a part, the dimensions of which will lie between two acceptable
limits, a maximum and a minimum.
• The system in which a variation is accepted is called the limit system.

• The allowable deviations are called tolerances.

• The relationships between the mating parts are called fits.

• The study of limits, tolerances and fits is a must for technologists involved in
production.

• The same must be reflected on machine drawing, for guiding the craftsman on
the shop floor.
Limit System
Tolerance
• Tolerance can be defined as the magnitude of permissible variation of a
dimension.

• It is the algebraic difference between the upper and lower acceptable

dimensions.

• The basic purpose of providing tolerances is to permit dimensional variations in

the manufacture of components, adhering to the performance criterion as
established by the specification and design.
Manufacturing cost and work tolerance
• As the permissive tolerance goes on decreasing, the manufacturing cost incurred
to achieve it goes on increasing exponentially.

• When the permissive tolerance limits are relaxed without degrading the
functional requirements, the manufacturing cost decreases.
Classification of tolerances
Tolerance can be classified under the following categories:

1. Unilateral tolerance

2. Bilateral tolerance

3. Compound tolerance

4. Geometric tolerance
Unilateral tolerance
• When the tolerance distribution is only on one side of the basic size, it is known
as unilateral tolerance.

• In other words, tolerance limits lie wholly on one side of the basic size, either
above or below it.
Bilateral tolerance
• When the tolerance distribution lies on either side of the basic size, it is known as
bilateral tolerance.

• In other words, the dimension of the part is allowed to vary on both sides of the
basic size but may not be necessarily equally disposed about it.
Compound tolerance
• When tolerance is determined by established tolerances on more than one
dimension, it is known as compound tolerance.

• The tolerance obtained for dimension R is known as compound tolerance

Geometric tolerance
• Geometric tolerances are used to indicate the relationship of one part of an
object with another.

• Diameters of the cylinders need be concentric with each other.

• For proper fit between the two cylinders, both the centers to be in line.
• This information is represented in the feature control frame.
Tolerance grade
• Tolerance grades indicates the degree of accuracy of manufacture.

• 18 grades of fundamental tolerances are available.

• Designated by the letters IT followed by a number.

• The ISO system provides tolerance grades from IT01, IT0, and IT1 to IT16.
Tolerance grades application
Letter symbol
Fits
Manufactured parts are required to mate with one another during assembly.

The relationship between the two mating parts that are to be assembled, that is, the hole and the shaft,
with respect to the difference in their dimensions before assembly is called a fit.

The degree of tightness and or looseness between the two mating parts.

Three basic types of fits can be identified, depending on the actual limits of the hole or shaft
1. Clearance fit
2. Interference fit
3. Transition fit
Clearance fit
• The largest permissible diameter of the shaft is smaller than the diameter of the smallest hole.
This type of fit always provides clearance.

Small clearances are provided for a precise fit that can easily be assembled without the assistance of
tools.

When relative motions are required, large clearances can be provided, for example, a shaft rotating in
a bush.

In case of clearance fit, the difference between the sizes is always positive.
Interference fit
• The minimum permissible diameter of the shaft exceeds the maximum allowable diameter of the
hole.
• This type of fit always provides interference.

• Interference fit is a form of a tight fit.

• Tools are required for the precise assembly of two parts with an interference fit.

• When two mating parts are assembled with an interference fit, it will be an almost
permanent assembly, that is, the parts will not come apart or move during use.

• To assemble the parts with interference, heating or cooling may be required.

• In an interference fit, the difference between the sizes is always negative.

Transition fit
• In transition fit, the fit might be either clearance fit or interference fit.
• Tolerance zones of the shaft and the hole will be overlapped between the interference and
clearance fits.

• Neither loose nor tight like clearance fit and interference fit.

• Dia. of the largest permissible hole is greater than the dia. of the smallest shaft
Selections of fits

Clearance fit
Transition fit
Interference fit
Specifying the fits in machine drawing