Parts of Speech

1. NOUN
 A noun is a word for a person, place, thing, or idea. Nouns are often used with an article
(the, a, an), but not always.

Types/Kinds and Examples:

 Common Noun
- A common noun is the general, non-specific term for a person, place, thing, or idea.
Usually, common nouns are not capitalized unless they begin a sentence.

Example:

- I ordered a new computer online.

- We're going to play baseball in the park.
 Proper Noun
- A proper noun is a specific (i.e., not generic) name for a particular person, place,
or thing.

Example:

- I ordered the laptop from Amazon.

- We're going to play baseball in Prospect Park.

 Concrete Noun.
- A concrete noun is a noun that you can see, hear, smell, touch, and taste.
Example:
- Suddenly, a large roaring black panther appeared from behind the rock.
- The sunset unfurled ribbons of red, purple, and gold across the sky.
 Abstract Noun
- An abstract noun is a noun that refers to an intangible concept such as an emotion,
a feeling, a quality, or an idea.
Example:
- The education of children should be our number one priority.
- He was willing to sacrifice his job in order to move to Hawaii.
 Collective Noun
- A collective noun is the word used to represent a group of people, animals, or
things.
Example:
- The herd of bison ran across the prairie, leaving a massive dust cloud in its wake.
- This year’s basketball team includes three players who are over six feet tall.
  Count and mass Noun
- A mass noun in your home language may be a count noun in English! If you can
put a number in front of a noun and it makes sense, it is a count noun.

Example:
- They bought ten balloons for the party. (amount word).
- They bought some balloons for the party. (quantifier)

2. PRONOUN
- A pronoun is a word that is used instead of a noun or noun phrase, It takes the
place of a noun. Pronouns refer to either a noun that has already been mentioned
or to a noun that does not need to be named specifically.

Types/Kinds and Examples:

 Possessive pronouns
- show ownership or possession of a noun. They are: My, our, your, his, her, its
(note there is no apostrophe), their.
Example:
- No, that's his book.
- Is that my book?
 Indefinite pronouns
- Don't point to particular nouns. We use them when an object doesn't need to be
specifically identified. As such, it can remain indefinite.
Example:
- Most wealth is held by a select few.
- Everyone is here already.
 Relative pronouns
- are used to connect a clause or phrase to a noun or pronoun. We often see them
when we need to add more information.
Example:
- The driver who ran the stop sign was careless.
- I don't know which pair of shoes you want.
 Intensive pronouns
- Emphasize, or intensify, nouns and pronouns. Typically, we find them right after
the noun they're intensifying. These pronouns typically end in -self or -selves.
Example:
- I myself like to travel.
- He himself is his worst critic.
  Demonstrative pronouns
- Take the place of a noun that's already been mentioned. They can be singular or
plural. There are five of them. They include: These, those, this, that.

Example:
- These are ugly.
- Those are lovely.
 Interrogative pronouns
- Do just what they say. They work in sentences that are posing a question. They
are: Who, whom, which, what, whoever, whomever, whichever, whatever
Example:
- Who is going to arrive first?
- What are you bringing to the party?
 Reflexive pronouns
- are similar to intensive pronouns. The difference between the two is that intensive
pronouns aren't essential to a sentence's meaning. They are: Myself, yourself,
himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves
Example:
- I told myself not to spend all my money on new shoes.
- You're going to have to drive yourself to the restaurant today.

3. VERB
- A verb expresses action or being. A verb must agree with its subject in number.
Verbs also take different forms to express tense.

Types/Kinds and Examples:

 Intransitive Verbs
- are verbs that express action but do not take an object
Examples:
- I ran.
- I walk slowly.

● Transitive Verbs
- Are verbs that express action that terminates in, or is received by, an
object.
Examples:
- I threw the pen.
- We made them.
  Linking Verbs
- are verbs of the senses like “feel”, “look”, “smell”, or “taste”, and a limited
number of verbs like “be”, “seem”, “become”, or “remain” that
link the subject of the sentence with a complement.
Examples:
- I feel tired.
- It seems that we will lose the game.

● Passive-voice Verbs
- are verbs that allow the subject to receive the action rather than to do
the action.
Examples:
- The ball was thrown by me.
- The building is destroyed by the wrecking crew.

4. ADJECTIVE
- Adjectives are words that describe the qualities or states of being of nouns: enormous,
doglike, silly, yellow, fun, fast. They can also describe the quantity of nouns: many, few,
millions, eleven.

Examples:
- Margot wore a beautiful hat to the pie-eating contest.
- Furry dogs may overheat in the summertime.
- My cake should have sixteen candles.
- The scariest villain of all time is Darth Vader.

 In the sentences above, the adjectives are easy to spot because they come immediately
before the nouns they modify.
 But adjectives can do more than just modify nouns. They can also act as a complement to
linking verbs or the verb to be. A linking verb is a verb like to feel, to seem, or to taste
that describes a state of being or a sensory experience.
Examples:
- That cow sure is happy.
- It smells gross in the locker room.
- Driving is faster than walking.
- The technical term for an adjective used this way is predicate adjective.

 Uses of adjectives
- Adjectives tell the reader how much—or how many—of something you’re talking about,
which thing you want passed to you, or which kind of something you want.
Example:
- Please use three white flowers in the arrangement.
- -Three and white are modifying flowers.

 Often, when adjectives are used together, you should separate them with a comma or
conjunction. See “Coordinate Adjectives” below for more detail. I’m looking for a small,
good-tempered dog to keep as a pet. My new dog is small and good-tempered.

5. PREPOSITION
- Preposition is a word or group of words used before a noun, pronoun, or noun phrase to
show direction, time, place, location, spatial relationships, or to introduce an object.
Examples of prepositions are words like "in," "at," "on," "of," and "to."

Types/Kinds and Examples:

 Simple Preposition
- Used to describe location, time or place.
Example:
- at, for, in, off, over, and under
 Double Preposition
- Word that is made by combination of two simple prepositions made into one word to
make a whole new word.
Example:
- out of, because of, onto, outside ,inside and out of
 Compound preposition
- Is function as a single preposition.
Example:
- As of, As well as, Aside from, In addition to
 Participle Prepositions/Participial prepositions
- are participles( gerund forms -ing or ed forms)
Example:
- excluding, following, pending, during, regarding and considering.
 Phrase preposition
- is a words consisting of a preposition, its object or any words that modify the object.
Example:
- in the beginning, Before the fall, and Under the couch.

6. CONJUCTION
- Conjunctions are words that link other words, phrases, or clauses together.
Conjunctions allow you to form complex, elegant sentences and avoid the choppiness of multiple
short sentences.
Types/Kinds and Examples:
 Coordinating conjunctions
- allow you to join words, phrases, and clauses of equal grammatical rank in a sentence
Example:
- My dog enjoys being bathed but hates getting his nails trimmed.
- -You can eat your cake with a spoon or fork.

 Correlative conjunctions
- are pairs of conjunctions that work together. Some examples are either/or, neither/nor,
and not only/but also.
Example:
- Jerry is neither rich nor famous.
- I will either go for a hike or stay home and watch TV.

 Subordinating conjunctions
- Join independent and dependent clauses. A subordinating conjunction can signal a cause-
and-effect relationship, a contrast, or some other kind of relationship between the clauses.
Example:
- Sara begins to sneeze whenever she opens the window to get a breath of fresh air.
- When the doorbell rang, my dog Skeeter barked loudly.

 Conjunctive adverb
- are parts of speech that are used to connect one clause to another. They are also used to
show sequence, contrast, cause and effect, and other relationships.
Examples:
- Jeremy kept talking in class; therefore, he got in trouble.
- She went into the store; however, she didn’t find anything she wanted to buy.

7. INTERJECTION
- An interjection is used to show your feelings and emotions. These are the phrases or
words that can be used to express exclamation, surprise, command and attention.

Types/Kinds and Examples:

 Express joy
- When you want to express your feelings of happiness then you use these Interjection
words like Hurrah! Ha! Ha! Wow!
Example:
- Ha! Today I am very happy.
- Wow! It is a beautiful place to stay.
 Express sorrow
- When you want to express your feelings of sadness then you use these Interjection words
like Ah! Ah me! Alas!
Example:
- Ah! I have lost my sister’s bag.
- Alas! She has failed in the exam.
  Express Surprise
- When you want to express your feelings of being surprised then you use these
Interjection words like Oh! What! Well
Example:
- What! Is it true that you are leaving this school?
- Oh! Really you killed a snake, I can’t believe this.
 Express Approval
- When you want to express your feelings of approval for any task then you use these
Interjection words like well done! O.K!
Example:
- Well done! You performed you best.
- Bravo! The trophy is yours.
 Express Calling
- When you call someone for any reason then you use these Interjection words like Halloo!
Ho!
Example:
- Hello! Why are you looking here?
- Hello! Mark, please come with me.
 Express Attention
- When you order anyone to be in attention then you use these Interjection words like
Listen! Look! Behold! Hush.
Example:
- Listen! To me, you cannot do this at all.
- Behold! The bride comes.

8. ADVERB
- An adverb is a word that modifies (describes) a verb (he sings loudly), an adjective (very
tall), another adverb (ended too quickly), or even a whole sentence (Fortunately, I had
brought an umbrella).

Types/Kinds and Examples:

 Conjunctive Adverbs
- A conjunctive adverb connects phrases or independent clauses. It
provides transitions between ideas and shows relationships.
Example:
- It rained last night. Nonetheless, the final match has not been canceled.
- We are still confused, however, if the umpires will come.
 Sentence Adverbs
- A sentence adverb starts the sentence and modifies the whole sentence.
Example:
- Hopefully, we will win the match.
- Apparently, the sky is getting cloudy.
  Adverbs of Place
- Adverbs of place/direction that indicate place/direction of the action in the sentence.
They answer the question ‘where is the action performed?’.
Example:
- I went through the jungle.
- He plays in the field.

 Adverb of Time
- Adverbs of time/frequency indicate time or frequency of the action in the sentence. They
answer the question ‘when/how frequently is the action performed?”.
Example:
- I went to school a little late yesterday.
- He always gets a good result.
 Adverbs of Degree
- Adverbs that express the importance/degree/level of the action in the sentence are called
adverbs of degree. They answer the question ‘how much is the action performed?’.
Example:
- She completely forgot about her anniversary.
- I read the newspaper thoroughly.
 Adverb of Manner
- Adverbs that express the manner/approach/process of the action in the sentence are called
adverbs of manner. They answer the question ‘how is the action performed?’.
Example:
- Let's divide the prizes equally.
- Please, handle the camera carefully.

9. ARTICLE