FEE322 – E.C.

T IIB – Mar 2021

Lecture 5: Lattice networks, Bartlett’s

Theorem, Attenuators & Filters(2 hrs)
Lecturer: Prof H A Ouma

09/04/2021
 Overview
• Lattice network
– Characteristics
– Symmetric
– Propagation function
• Bartlett’s Bisection Theorem
– Networks to lattice network
– Lattice network to other networks
• Attenuators and Impedance Matching
• Filters

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 Content
• Lattice Network

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 Lattice Network[1]
• Lattice Network takes the form:

• Consider the z-parameters

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 Lattice Network[2]
z-parameters
1 =
11 1 +
12 2 
11
12 1
⇒  1  =

22  2 
• Defining equations:
2 =
21 1 +
22 2 2 21

1 A + C B + D 

11 =  =
1  A + B + C + D
2 =0

2 A + B C + D 

22 =  =
2  A + B + C + D
1 =0

1 B C − A D

12 =  =
2  A + B + C + D
1 =0

2 B C − A D

21 =  =
1  A + B + C + D
2 =0

• Thus the lattice network is reciprocal since

12 =
21
• For symmetry it is necessary to have
11 =
22 ⇒  =  or  = 
• For convenience both are made true to give us the symmetrical lattice network

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 Lattice Network[3]
• Symmetrical lattice network would normally be represented in the form:
1 1
• Then
11 =
22 = A + B 
12 =
21 = B − A 
2 2

• Characteristic impedance
1 1
oL = z11
2
−
12
21 = A + B 2 − B − A 2
4 4
1 1
= "2A B + 2A B = "2A B + 2A B = "A B
2 2
1

+ "z 2
−

A + B  + "A B
• Propagation function # =
$ 11 11 12 21
= 2
1
%

21  − A 
2 B
"A + "B
2
A + 2"A B + B & "  + "  '
= =
A B =
B − A &"B − "A '&"B + "A ' &"B − "A '

"A ⁄B + 1 1 + "A ⁄B

= ⇒ γ% = ln , -
1 − "A ⁄B 1 − "A ⁄B
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 Content
• Lattice network
– Characteristics
– Symmetric
– Propagation function
• Bartlett’s Bisection Theorem

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 Bartlett’s Bisection theorem[1]
• Applies to networks that are symmetrical about a center line,
both physically and electrically
• Physical symmetry implies that a mirror symmetry line can be

• Electrical symmetry implies that:

11 =
22
placed in the circuit diagram

• When the two conditions are met, Bartlett’s Bisection theorem

enables the conversion of any such network into the lattice
network equivalent; and vice versa
• The series arm impedance of the equivalent lattice network is
given by the terminal input impedance when the bisection line
wires are short circuited
• The diagonal arm impedance is equivalent to the open circuit
terminal impedance when the bisection line wires are open
circuited

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 Bartlett’s Bisection theorem[2]
T-network

A = h /0 = 1 B = h 20 = 1 + 23

⇒ 23 = "A B = "1 1 + 23 

1 + "1 ⁄1 + 23 

⇒ γ3 = ln , -
1 − "1 ⁄1 + 23 

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 Bartlett’s Bisection theorem[3]
π-network

1 2 ⁄2 1 2
A = h /0 = = B = h 20 = 1
1 + 2 ⁄2 21 + 2

Z12 2 ⁄2 Z12 2

⇒ 24 = "A B = =
1 + 2 ⁄2 21 + 2

1 + "2 ⁄21 + 2 
⇒ γ4 = ln , -
1 − "2 ⁄21 + 2 

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 Bartlett’s Bisection theorem[4]
Bridged-T network

1 2 ⁄2 1 2
A = h /0 = = B = h 2 0 = 1 + 23
1 + 2 ⁄2 21 + 2

1 2 1 + 23 
⇒ 23 = "A B =
21 + 2

1 + "1 2 ⁄621 + 2 1 + 23 7

⇒ γ3 = ln , -
1 − "1 2 ⁄621 + 2 1 + 23 7

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 Bartlett’s Bisection theorem[5]
• Conversion from the lattice network to symmetrical T-network, or π-
network uses the same equations
• T-network A = 1 ⇒ 1 = A
B = 1 + 23 ⇒ 3 = 2B − A 
1

1 2
A =
• π-network 21 + 2
B 2 2A B
B = 1 ⇒ 1 = B ⇒ A = ⇒ 2 =
2B + 2 B − A

• Bridged-T network has 3 unknown impedances to be determined

from the two lattice network equations;
• An additional condition is thus required to allow determination of its
impedance values

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 Content
• Lattice network
– Characteristics
– Symmetric
– Propagation function
• Bartlett’s Bisection Theorem
– Networks to lattice network
– Lattice network to other networks
• Attenuators and Impedance Matching

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 Attenuators[1]
• The results from the symmetrical lattice network characterization
and the Bartlett’s Bisection theorem allow us to design some
types of two port networks
• Attenuators, impedance equalizers, phase equalizers, and filters
are examples of such networks
• It must always be remembered that the lattice network is
reciprocal and symmetric and thus the designs based on it are for
similar characteristics
• Requirements for the different two port networks to be designed
are given in terms of the desired attenuation and characteristic
impedance
• The lattice network equations and the equivalent network
equations are then used to design the networks
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 Attenuators[2]
• Networks designed as attenuators are usually purely resistive
• They thus give the designed for level of attenuation irrespective of frequency
• The design equations for the lattice network are thus:
o = "A B 8o = "8A 8B

1 + "A ⁄B 1 + "8A ⁄8B

γ% = ln , - γ% = ln , -
1 − "A ⁄B 1 − "8A ⁄8B
• Note that the attenuator may provide a 180o phase shift when RA > RB , i.e.
inverting attenuator
• The propagation constant may be re-written to include the characteristic
resistance Ro
8B + 8o 8o + 8A α + j0 8 ≥ 82
γ% = ln 9 : = ln 9 : = ;α + jπ 8 < 82
8B − 8o 8o − 8A

• Remember that α is the attenuation in neper

• It is noteworthy that if RA or RB is equal to Ro then ‘infinite attenuation’ is
achieved
• Once the lattice network attenuator has been designed, the equivalent
attenuator of other types can be derived by converting from the lattice structure
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 Attenuators[3]
1 1 8B + 8o 8o + 8A α + j0 8 ≥ 82
# = = =A ⇒ γ% = ln 9 : = ln 9 : = ln A = ;α ± jπ
• Since $
2 −2 8B − 8o 8o − 8A 8 < 82

8o + 8A N−1 8B + 8o N+1
• Thus
A= ⇒ 8A = 8o N= ⇒ 8B = 8o
8o − 8A A+1 and 8B − 8o A−1

• These are the design equations for the lattice attenuator

• After obtaining these values the equivalent for the other forms is calculated
• T-type attenuator: 1 = A ⇒ 81 = 8o N − 1
A+1
N+1 N−1 2N
3 = 2B − A 
1 1
⇒ 83 = 2 98o − 8o : = 8o 2
A−1 A+1 A −1

N+1
1 = B ⇒ 81 = 8o
• Π-type attenuator: A−1
N−1 N+1
2A B 28o A + 1 8o A − 1 A 2 − 1 
2 = ⇒ 82 = = 8o
B − A 4N 2N
8o
A2−1

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 Attenuators[4]
• Bridged-T type attenuator: With the series arm bridge resistance values set to
Ro , the BT-type attenuator may be designed
1 2 8o 82 28o 8A
A = ⇒ 8A = ⇒ 82 =
21 + 2 28o + 82 8o − 8A

B = 1 + 23 1
⇒ 8B = 8o + 283 ⇒ 83 = 8 − 8o 
2 B
N−1 N+1
8A = 8o 8B = 8o
A+1 A−1
• Since
N−1
28o 8o
⇒ 82 = A + 1 = 8o N − 1
N−1
8o − 8o
A+1

1 N+1 1
⇒ 83 = 98o − 8o : = 8o 9 :
2 A−1 A−1

• Since 8o = "82 83
the attenuator characteristic resistance does not change with
change in attenuation level, N
• Attenuator remains matched to the circuit even as the attenuation is changed,
giving rise to a variable attenuator

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 Attenuators[5]
Asymmetric attenuators
• These are normally L-type networks and are operated on iterative basis
• This is because attenuation networks are often interposed between two already matched
2-port networks
• This attenuator is designed to maintain the matching from the generator side
• Consider the arrangement =8o1

2 = −2 8L = 1 + 2 82
– At the output:

1 82 + 8L
⇒A= = =8o1
−2 82
8L 8o1
⇒ 82 = =
N−1 N−1
82 8L
And at the input: 8o1 = 81 +
82 +8L 8o1
–

8o1
N − 1 8o1 8o1 A−1
⇒ 8o1 = 81 + ⇒ 8o1 = 81 + ⇒ 81 = 8o1 9 :
8o1 N A
+8o1
N−1
• These are the design equations for the asymmetric attenuator
• A similar design can also be done, with the generator looking into port 2

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 Attenuators[6]
Asymmetric attenuators for impedance matching
• The L-type networks when operated on image basis allow interconnection of two 2-port
networks of different impedances, so that each sees a matched network
• Consider the arrangement
82 8L =8i1
⇒ 8i1 = 81 + = 8G
82 +8L
82 81 + 8G 
⇒ 8i2 = = 8L
82 + 81 + 8G =8i2
82 8i2
• And
⇒ 8i1 = 81 +
82 +8i2
82 81 + 8i1 
⇒ 8i2 =
82 + 81 + 8i1
8i1 8i2
• Addition gives 81 = 8i1 8i2
82 8i1 8i2 82 8i2 8i1
⇒ 8i1 = + ⇒ 82 = 8i2
• Substituting back and making R2 the subject 82 82 +8i2 8i1 − 8i2
⇒ 81 = 8i1 "8i1 − 8i2
• It can be shown that the attenuation of the network is
8i1 8i1
A= + −1
8i2 8i2
• Network is reciprocal so depending on impedances, source and load may be interchanged
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 Content
• Lattice network
– Characteristics
– Symmetric
– Propagation function
• Bartlett’s Bisection Theorem
– Networks to lattice network
– Lattice network to other networks
• Attenuators and Impedance Matching
• Filters

09/04/2021 FEE 322 - Lecture by Prof H A Ouma 20

 Filters[1]
• Filter networks discriminate on the basis of frequency
• Often designed using mainly reactive elements and are thus mainly non-
dissipative networks
• Transmit freely some band of frequencies (pass band), while severely attenuating
other bands (stop band)
• Transition between the two bands is at a frequency termed the cut-off frequency
• One filter classification criterion is by the ranges of frequency they pass or stop
• Main categories: low pass filters (LPF), high pass filters (HPF), band pass filters
(BPF), band stop filters(BSF)
• Ideal filters have zero attenuation in the pass band and infinite attenuation in the
stop band
• Practical filters have a non-zero attenuation in the pass band, and a finite high
attenuation in the stop band
• Ideal filters have instant transition between bands at the cut-off frequency
• Practical filters have a gradual transition between bands, over a range of
frequencies
• Frequency characteristics often shown as a gain plot (normalized gain in dB vs.
frequency) or an attenuation plot (attenuation in dB vs. frequency)

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 Filters[2]
• Networks designed as filters are usually purely reactive
• They are thus mostly non-dissipative
• Attenuation levels however vary with frequency
• Filter design may be based on the symmetrical lattice network and
then converted to the other network structures
• Base design equations:
o = "A B o = "±GHA ±GHB  = "−±HA ±HB 

1 + "A ⁄B 1 + "±GHA ⁄±GHB

γ% = ln , - γ% = ln F I
1 − "A ⁄B 1 − "±GHA ⁄±GHB

1 + "±HA ⁄HB 
= ln , - = α + jβ
1 − "±HA ⁄HB 

• Depending on the signs of the individual lattice reactance values, on

the series arm and the diagonal arm, different circuit conditions arise
• These different conditions affect the characteristic impedance,
attenuation constant and the phase constant
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 Filters[3]
Case 1:
• At some frequencies the two reactance values have the same sign, i.e. arms
are either both capacitive (-ve reactance) or both inductive (+ve reactance)

o = "A B = "−HA HB  = G"HA HB

• Design equations the are:

1 + "A ⁄B 1 + "HA ⁄HB 1+x α + j0 L≤1

γ% = ln , - = ln , - = ln 9 : = ;α ± jπ L>1
1 − "A ⁄B 1 − "HA ⁄HB 1−x

1+x 1+x
α = ln   β = ∠9 :
• Note that 1−x 1−x
• The characteristic impedance is purely reactive in this scenario
• For this scenario there is attenuation that depends on x; the closer x
is to 1, the higher the attenuation
• For x = 1 there is infinite attenuation
• Phase change on the input is zero unless x > 1, in which case there
will be a phase reversal
• For x >> 1 there is near zero attenuation, and with phase reversal
• This combination is therefore useful in the filter for a stop band
action
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 Filters[4]
Case 2:
• At some frequencies the two reactance values have different signs, i.e. one
arm is capacitive (-ve reactance) while the other is inductive (+ve reactance)
• Design equations the are:
o = "A B = "−±HA ∓HB  = "HA HB
1 + "A ⁄B 1 + "−HA ⁄HB  1 + Gx
γ% = ln , - = ln , - = ln 9 : = 0 + j2 tan−1 L
1 − "A ⁄B 1 − "−HA ⁄HB  1 − Gx

• The characteristic impedance is purely resistive in this scenario

• For this scenario there is no attenuation
• The degree of phase change permissible in the system, for which the
filter is to be used, is controlled by the value of x
• For x >> 1 there is near phase reversal
• For x << 1 there is near zero phase change
• This combination is therefore useful in the filter for a pass band
action
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 Filters[5]
Basic reactive structures:
• Understanding frequency response of basic reactive structures, gives
insight into the combinations that could give various filter types

• Capacitor:
−jT
C = −G⁄S S
0

• The reactance sign is ever negative

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 Filters[6]
Basic reactive structures:
• Inductor:
L = GS% −jU

0 S

• The reactance sign is ever positive

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 Filters[7]
Basic reactive structures:
• Series LC:
1
LC−series = G 9S% − :
S
−jUYZ[
S2 %
−1
= GF I
S

1
⇒ Sx =
%
0 S
S\

• The reactance sign starts negative and changes positive at frequency ωx,
then remains positive
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 Filters[8]
−jUYZ^
Basic reactive structures:
S%
• Parallel LC:
LC −para = G9 :
1 − S 2 %

1
⇒ Sx =
%

0 S\ S

• The reactance sign starts positive and changes negative at frequency ωx,
then remains negative

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 Filters[9]
Combining basic reactive structures:
• Since signs of ZA and ZB dictate the behavior of the filter at a given
frequency, arranging the structure characteristics appropriately gives the
desired filter action
/ef# ⇒ `3a_
−j
• LPF: bcdd ⇒ _``

S%
B = G 9 :
1 − S 2 %

0 S
ST
A = −G⁄S

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 Filters[10]
Combining basic reactive structures:
• LPF:

bcdd ⇒ _`` /ef# ⇒ `3a_

−j

B = GS%

0 S
ST

S2 % − 1
A = G F I
S

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 Filters[11]
Combining basic reactive structures:
• HPF:
/ef# ⇒ `3a_ bcdd ⇒ _``
−j
S2 % − 1
B = G F I
S

0 S
ST
A = −G⁄S

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 Filters[12]
Combining basic reactive structures:
• HPF:

−j
/ef# ⇒ `3a_ bcdd ⇒ _``

B = GS%

0 S
ST

S%
A = G 9 :
1 − S 2 %

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 Filters[13]
Combining basic reactive structures:
• BPF:
/ef# ⇒ `3a_ bcdd ⇒ _`` /ef# ⇒ `3a_

−j

S%
B = G 9 :
1 − S %
2

S Th
0 S Tg S

S%
A = G 9 :
1 − S 2 %

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 Filters[14]
Combining basic reactive structures:
• BPF:
/ef# ⇒ `3a_ bcdd ⇒ _`` /ef# ⇒ `3a_

−j S2 % − 1
A = G F I
S
S2 % − 1
B = G F I
S

0 S Tg S Th S

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 Filters[15]
Combining basic reactive structures:
• BSF:
bcdd ⇒ _`` /ef# ⇒ `3a_ bcdd ⇒ _``

−j

S2 % − 1
A = G F I
S

S Th
0 S Tg S

S%
B = G 9 :
1 − S 2 %

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 Filters[16]
Combining basic reactive structures:
• BSF:
bcdd ⇒ _`` /ef# ⇒ `3a_ bcdd ⇒ _``

−j

S2 % − 1
A = G F I
S

0 S Tg S Th S

S%
B = G 9 :
1 − S 2 %

09/04/2021 FEE 322 - Lecture by Prof H A Ouma 36

 Review
• Lattice network
– Characteristics
– Symmetric
– Propagation function
• Bartlett’s Bisection Theorem
– Networks to lattice network
– Lattice network to other networks
• Attenuators and Impedance Matching
• Filters

09/04/2021 FEE 322 - Lecture by Prof H A Ouma 37

 QUESTIONS?

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