Unit No.

03
The Earth
a) The Earth - its Interior, Composition & Structure
b) Origin of continents & Ocean basin
i.Wegener's continental Drift Theory
ii.Theory of Plate Tectonics - sea Floor Spending
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¹ãÆãÔ¦ããÌã¶ãã
¹ãð©ÌããèÞããè „¦ã¹ã¦¦ããè 4.5 ‚㺕ã ÌãÓã㛹ãîÌããê Öãñ…¶ã ¦ããè ÖßîÖßî ©ãâ¡ Öãñ… ÊããØãÊããè Ìã ¹ãÆ©ã½ã ¦ããè ³ÌãÁ¹ãã¦ã ‚ããÊããè. ³ÌãÁ¹ãã¦ãî¶ã
¦ããè¶ãñ Üã¶ãÁ¹ã ‚ãÌãÔ©ãã ¹ãƹ¦ã ‡ãñŠÊããè. ãä¦ãÞãñ Üã¶ããè¼ãÌã¶ã Öãñ¦ã ‚ãÔã¦ãã¶ããÞã ©ãâ¡ Öãñ¥¾ããÞ¾ãã ãä‰ãŠ¾ãñ½ãìßñ ºããÛã ‡ãŠÌãÞããÞããè ãä¶ããä½ãæããè
¢ããÊããè ¢ããÊããè.Ìã ¦¾ããŒãÊããèÊã ¼ããØãÖãè ÖßîÖßî Üã¶ã ºã¶ãÊãã ‚ãÔããÌãã ‚ãÍãã Àãè¦ããè¶ãñ ¦ã¾ããÀ ¢ããÊãñʾãã ¹ãð©ÌããèÞ¾ãã Üã¶ãÁ¹ã ‡ãŠÌãÞããÔã
ãäÍãÊããÌãÀ¥ã ‚ãÔãñ ½Ö¥ã¦ãã¦ã.
a) The Earth - its Interior, Composition Ü㛇㊠& Structure ÀÞã¶ãã
¹ãð©ÌããèÞãñ ‚ãâ¦ãÀâØã (Interior of the Earth)
¹ãð©ãÌããèÞ¾ãã ‚ãâ¦ãÀâØããÞãñ Øãî¤ ½ãã¶ãÌããÔã ‚ã•ãî¶ãÖãè ¹ãî¥ãùã¥ãñ „ÊãØã¡ÊãñÊãñ ¶ããÖãè. ‡ãŠãÀ¥ã ¹ãƦ¾ãàãã¦ã ‚ãâ¦ãÀâØãã¦ã •ãㅶ㠦¾ããÞããè
¹ããÖ¥ããè ‡ãŠÀ¥ãñ Ìãã †Œãªñ ¾ãâ¨ã ãä‡ãâŠÌãã „¹ã‡ãŠÀ¥ã ¹ããŸÌãî¶ã ãä¶ããäÀàã¥ã ‡ãŠÀ¥ãñ ‚ãÍã‡ã‹¾ã ‚ããÖñ. ¦¾ãã½ãìßñ ¼ãîØã¼ãÃÍããÔ¨ã—ããâ¶ããè ¹ãì¤ãèÊã
ØããñÓ›ãèÞ¾ãã ãä¶ããäÀàã¥ããÞ¾ãã ‚ãã£ããÀñ ¹ãð©ÌããèÞãñ ‚ãâ¦ãÀâØã Ô¹ãÓ› ‡ãñŠÊãñ ‚ããÖñ.
1. ¹ãð©ÌããèÞ¾ãã ‚ãâ¦ããéØãã¦ããèÊã ¦ãã¹ã½ãã¶ã
2. ¹ãð©ÌããèÞ¾ãã ‚ãâ¦ããéØãã¦ããèÊã ªãºã
3. Üã¶ã¦ãã
4. ¼ãî‡ã⊹ã ÊãÖÀãéÞãã ‚ã¼¾ããÔã
5. •ÌããÊãã½ãìŒããè „³ñ‡ãŠã¦ãî¶ã ºããÖñÀ ¹ã¡¥ããÀñ ¹ãªã©ãÃ
6. „ʇãŠãâÞ¾ãã ÀÞã¶ãñÞãã ‚ã¼¾ããÔã
¼ãî¹ãðÓŸã¹ããÔãî¶ã ¼ãî‡ãñŠâ³ã¹ã¾ãĦãÞãñ ‚ã¦ãâÀ 6371 ãä‡ãŠ.½ããè. ‚ããÖñ. ¼ãî¹ãðÓŸã¹ããÔãî¶ã ¼ãî‡ãñŠâ³ã¹ã¾ãĦ㠹ãð©ÌããèÞ¾ãã ‚ãâ¦ãÀâØããÞ¾ãã
ÔÌãÁ¹ãã¦ã ºãªÊã Öãñ¦ã •ãã¦ããñ. ¾ãã ºãªÊ㦾ãã Øãì¥ã£ã½ããöãìÔããÀ ¼ãîØã¼ãÃÍããÔ¨ã—ããâ¶ããè ãä¦ãÞãñ ¹ãì¤ãèÊã ©ãÀ ¹ãã¡Êãñ ‚ããÖñ¦ã.
1. ãäÍãÊããÌãÀ¥ã/ ‡ãŠÌãÞã (Lithosphere/ Crust)
2. ¹ãÆãÌãÀ¥ã / ½ã£¾ããÌãÀ¥ã (Mesosphere / Mental)
3. Øãã¼ãã / ‡ãòŠ³ãÌãÀ¥ã (Centrospheres / Core)
¹ãð©ÌããèÞãñ ‚ãâ¦ãÀâØã

ãäÍãÊããÌãÀ¥ã ¹ãÆãÌãÀ¥ã Øãã¼ãã

1.ãäÔã¾ããÊã 1.½ããñÖ ãäÌãÊãØã¦ãã 1.Øã›ñ¶ãºãØãà ãäÌãÊãØã¦ãã

2.‡ãŠãù¶ãÀù¡ ãäÌãÊãØã¦ãã 2.ºããÛã ¹ãÆãÌãÀ¥ã 2.ºããÛã Øãã¼ã
3.Ôãã¾ã½ãã 3.‚ããâ¦ã¹ãÆãÃÌãÀ¥ã 3.‚ãâ¦ãØããüãã
ãäÍãÊããÌãÀ¥ã/ ‡ãŠÌãÞã (Lithosphere/ Crust)
¹ãð©ÌããèÞ¾ãã ºããÛã Üã¶ãÁ¹ã ¼ããØããÔã ãäÍãÊããÌãÀ¥ã/ ‡ãŠÌãÞã (Lithosphere/ Crust) ½Ö¥ã¦ãã¦ã. ãäÍãÊããÌãÀ¥ããÞãã 29% ¼ããØã
¼ãî½ããè¶ãñ ¦ãÀ 71%¼ããØã ¹ã㥾ãã¶ãñ ̾ãã¹ãÊãñÊãã ‚ããÖñ. ãäÍãÊããÌãÀ¥ããÞããè •ãã¡ãè 22 ¦ãñ 40 ãä‡ãŠ.½ããè. ¹ã¾ãĦ㠂ããÖñ. ãäÍãÊããÌãÀ¥ããÞãñ ªãñ¶ã
©ãÀ ¹ã¡¦ãã¦ã.
1. ãäÔã¾ããÊã (Sial)
2. Ôãã¾ã½ãã (Sima)
1. ãäÔã¾ããÊã (Sial)
Öã ãäÍãÊããÌãÀ¥ããÞãã ÔãÌããæã ÌãÀÞãã Ìã ºããÖñÀÞãã ©ãÀ ‚ããÖñ. ¹ãð©ÌããèÌãÀãèÊã ¼ãî½ããèŒãâ¡ñ ¹ãÆã½ã쌾ãã¶ãñ ãäÔã¾ããÊãÞããè ºã¶ãÊãñÊããè
‚ããÖñ. ¾ãã ©ãÀã¦ã ãäÔããäÊã‡ãŠãù¶ã (Si) Ìã ‚ãʾãìãä½ããä¶ã¾ã½ã (Ai) Öãè ½ãìÊã³Ì¾ã ¹ãÆã½ã쌾ãã¶ãñ ‚ãã¤ß¦ãã¦ã. ¾ãã ©ãÀãÞããè Üã¶ã¦ãã
2.7 ‚ãÔãî¶ã ÔãÀãÔãÀãè •ãã¡ãè 29 ãä‡ãŠ.½ããè. ‚ããÖñ. ãäÔã¾ããÊã ¾ãã ©ãÀã¦ã ¹ãÆã½ã쌾ãã¶ãñ ØãÆù¶ããƒÃ› ( ‡ãŠ¥ããͽã) Ìã ¦¾ããÞãñ
Á¹ããâ¦ãÀãè¦ã Œã¡‡ãŠ ‚ãã¤ß¦ãã¦ã. ¦ãÀ ‡ãŠãÖãè Ÿãè‡ãŠã¥ããè ºãñÔããùÊ› ‚ãã¤ß¦ããñ. ¾ãã ©ãÀã¦ã ¼ãî‡ã⊹ããÞ¾ãã ¹ãÆã©ããä½ã‡ãŠ ÊãÖÀãè
5.6ãä‡ãŠ.½ããè.¹ãÆãä¦ã Ôãò‡ãŠª ÌãñØãã¶ãñ ¦ãÀ ªì¾¾ã½ã ÊãÖÀãè 3.2 ãä‡ãŠ.½ããè.¹ãÆãä¦ã Ôãò‡ãŠª ÌãñØãã¶ãñ ¹ãÆÌããÔã ‡ãŠÀ¦ãã¦ã.
2. ‡ãùŠã¶ãÀù¡ ãäÌãÊãØã¦ãã (Conrad Discontinuity)
ãäÔã¾ããÊã Ìã Ôãã¾ã½ãã ¾ããâÞããè Üã¶ã¦ãã •¾ãã ¼ããØãã¦ã ºãªÊã¦ãñ ¦¾ãã ¼ããØããÔã ''‡ãùŠã¶ãÀù¡ ãäÌãÊãØã¦ãã'' ‚ãÔãñ ½Ö¥ã¦ãã¦ã. Öã
ãäÌã¼ããØã ã䟇ãŠã䟇ãŠã¥ããè ºãªÊ㦾ãã ŒããñÊããèÌãÀ ‚ãã¤ß¦ããñ.
3. Ôãã¾ã½ãã (Sima)
Öã ãäÔã¾ããÊã ¾ãã ©ãÀãŒãÊããè ‚ãÔãî¶ã ¾ãã½ã£¾ãñ ãäÔããäÊã‡ãŠã (Si) Ìã ½ãùضãñãäÍã¾ã½ã (Mg) Öãè Ü㛇㊳̾ãñ ¹ãƽã쌾ãã¶ãñ
‚ãã¤ß¦ãã¦ã. ¾ãã ©ãÀãÞããè •ãã¡ãè ÔããØãÀ ©ãÀãŒããÊããè 3 ¦ãñ 5 ãä‡ãŠ.½ããè. ‚ãÔãî¶ã ¼ãîŒã¡ãŒãÊããè 13 ãä‡ãŠ.½ããè. ‚ããÖñ. Ôãã¾ã½ãã
©ãÀãÞããè Üã¶ã¦ãã 2.9 ¦ãñ 3.3 ‚ããÖñ. ¾ãã ©ãÀã¦ã ¹ãÆã½ã쌾ãã¶ãñ ºãñÔããùÊ› ( ‚ããäÔã¦ããͽã) Ìã ØãùºãÆãñ Öñ Œã¡‡ãŠ ‚ãã¤ß¦ãã¦ã. ¾ãã
©ãÀã¦ãî¶ã ¹ãÆã©ããä½ã‡ãŠ ¼ãî‡ã⊹ã ÊãÖÀãè 6.4 ¦ãñ 7.2 ãä‡ãŠ.½ããè.¹ãÆãä¦ã Ôãò‡ãŠª ÌãñØãã¶ãñ ¦ãÀ ªì¾¾ã½ã ÊãÖÀãè 3.2 ¦ãñ 4 ãä‡ãŠ.½ããè.¹ãÆãä¦ã
Ôãò‡ãŠª ÌãñØãã¶ãñ ¹ãÆÌããÔã ‡ãŠÀ¦ãã¦ã. ½ãÖãÔããØãÀãÞãñ ¦ãß ¹ãÆã½ã쌾ãã¶ãñ Ôãã¾ã½ããÞãñ ºã¶ãÊãñÊãñ ‚ãÔãî¶ã ãäÔã¾ããÊã¹ãñàãã Ôãã¾ã½ããÞããè
Üã¶ã¦ãã •ããԦ㠂ãÔãʾãã¶ãñ ãäÔã¾ããÊã ©ãÀ Ôãã¾ã½ããÌãÀ ¦ãÀâØã¦ã ‚ããÖñ.
¹ãÆãÌãÀ¥ã / ½ã£¾ããÌãÀ¥ã (Mesosphere / Mental)
ãäÍãÊããÌãÀ¥ããÞ¾ãã ŒããÊãÞ¾ãã ©ãÀãÔã ''¹ãÆãÌãÀ¥ã ãä‡ãâŠÌã㠽㣾ããÌãÀ¥ã'' ‚ãÔãñ ½Ö¥ã¦ãã¦ã. ¾ãã ©ãÀãÞãã ãäÌãÔ¦ããÀ ¼ãî¹ãðÓŸãŒããÊããè
Ôãì½ããÀñ 42 ãä‡ãŠ.½ããè. ¹ããÔãî¶ã 2900 ãä‡ãŠ.½ããè. ¹ã¾ãĦ㠂ãã¤Êã¦ããñ. ¹ãÀãÌãÀã¶ãñ ¹ãð©ÌããèÞ¾ãã †ñ‡ãã Üã¥ã¹ãŠßã¹ãõ‡ãŠãè 83% ¼ããØã
̾ãã¹ãÊãñÊãã ‚ããÖñ ¦ãÀ ¹ãð©ÌããèÞ¾ãã †ñ‡ãã ÌãÔ¦ãî½ãã¶ãã¹ãõ‡ãŠãè 68% ÌãÔ¦ãî½ãã¶ã †ñ‡ãŠ›¾ãã ¹ãÆãÌãÀã¦ã ‚ããÖñ. ¾ãã ©ãÀãÞãñ ¹ãì¤ãèÊã „¹ã©ãÀ
¹ã¡¦ãã¦ã.
1. ½ããñÖãñ ãäÌãÊãØã¦ãã (MOHO Discontinuity)
¹ãð©ÌããèÞãñ ãäÍãÊããÌãÀ¶ã ‚ãããä¥ã ¹ãÆãÌãÀ¥ã ¾ãã ªãñ¶ã ©ãÀãâ¶ãã ÌãñØãßñ ‡ãŠÀ¥ããžãã ãäÌãÊãØã¦ãñÔã ''½ããñÖãñ ãäÌãÊãØã¦ãã'' ‚ãÔãñ
½Ö¥ã¦ãã¦ã. ¾ãã ©ãÀãÞãã Íããñ£ã 1909 ½ã£¾ãñ ½ããñÖãñÀãñãäÌããä¶Ôã‡ãŠ ¾ãã ÍããÔ¨ã—ãã¶ãñ ¼ãî‡ã⊹ã ÊãÖÀãéÞãã ‚ã¼¾ããÔã ‡ãŠÁ¶ã ÊããÌãÊãã.
¾ãã ¼ããØãã¦ã ¼ãî‡ã⊹ã ÊãÖÀãéÞãã ÌãñØã †ñ‡ãŠª½ã Ìã㤦ããñ. ¾ãã ©ãÀãÌããè •ãã¡ãè ÔããØãÀ¦ãßãŒããÊããè 5 ¦ãñ 10 ãä‡ãŠ.½ããè. ¦ãÀ
¼ãîŒãâ¡ãŒããÊããè 20 ¦ãñ 90 ãä‡ãŠ.½ããè. ½Ö¥ã•ãñ ÔãÀãÔãÀãè 35 ãä‡ãŠ.½ããè. ¹ã¾ãĦ㠂ãã¤ß¦ãñ.
 2.ºããÛã¹ãÆãÌãÀ¥ã
ºããÛã¹ãÆãÌãÀ¥ããÞãã ãäÌãÔ¦ããÀ 42 ãä‡ãŠ.½ããè. ¹ããÔãî¶ã 700 ãä‡ãŠ.½ããè. ŒããñÊããè¹ã¾ãĦ㠾ãã ©ãÀã¦ã 60% ¦ãñ 70% ‚ãùãäÊãÌÖãè¶ã
(Allivin) Ìã 15% ¦ãñ 20% ¹ãã¾ãÀùãä‡ã‹Ôã¶ã (Pyroxin) ¾ãã Ü㛇㊳̾ããâÞãñ ¹ãƽãã¥ã ‚ãÔã¦ãñ. ÖñÞã ¹ãƽãã¥ã „ʇãŠãâÞ¾ãã
ºããÛã¼ããØãã¦ã ‚ãÔã¦ãñ. ºããÛã¹ãÆãÌãÀ¥ããÞããè Üã¶ã¦ãã 4.3 Þ¾ãã ªÀ½¾ãã¶ã ‚ãã¤ß¦ãñ.
2. ‚ããâ¦ã¹ãÆãÌãÀ¥ã
‚ããâ¦ã¹ãÆãÌãÀ¥ããÞãã ãäÌãÔ¦ããÀ ¹ãð©ÌããèÞ¾ãã ‚ãâ¦ãÀâØãã¦ã 700 ãä‡ãŠ.½ããè. ¹ããÔãî¶ã 2900 ãä‡ãŠ.½ããè. ¹ã¾ãĦ㠂ãã¤ß¦ããñ.¾ãã ©ãÀã¦ã
•ããÔ¦ã Üã¶ã¦ãñÞãñ ãäÔãÊããè‡ãŠã ³Ì¾ã Ìã ãäÌããäÌã£ã ‚ããù‡ã‹ÔããƒÃ¡Ôãá ‚ãÔã¦ãã¦ã. ‚ãÍããÞã ¹ãƇãŠãÀÞããè ³Ì¾ãñ „ʇãŠãâÞ¾ãã ‚ãâã¦ãÀ¼ããØãã¦ã
‚ãÔã¦ãã¦ã.
¹ãÆãÌãÀ¥ã Öñ ¹ãð©ÌããèÞ¾ãã ‚ãâ¦ãØãæã Íã‡ã‹¦ããèÞãñ „Øã½ãÔ©ãã¶ã ‚ããÖñ. ¹ãÆãÌãÀ¥ãã¦ããèÊã Íããä‡ã‹¦ã½ãìßñ Œãâ¡ÌãÖ¶ã, ÔããØã¦ã¦ãß
ãäÌãÔ¦ããÀ, ãäØããäÀ•ã¶ã‡ãŠ ÖãÊãÞããÊããè Ìã ¼ãî‡ã⊹ã Ûãã ãä‰ãŠ¾ãã Öãñ¦ã ‚ãÔã¦ãã¦ã. ¹ãÆãÌãÀ¥ãñ¦ã ŒããñÊããè¶ãìÔããÀ Üã¶ã¦ãñ¦ã Ìã㤠Öãñ¦ã
•ãã¦ãñ. Öãè Üã¶ã¦ãã 42 ¦ãñ 700 ãä‡ãŠ.½ããè. ŒããñÊããèÌãÀ 4.3, 700 ¦ãñ 1000 ‡ãŠ.½ããè. ŒããñÊããèÌãÀ 5.5 ¦ãÀ 1000 ¦ãñ 2900
ãä‡ãŠ.½ããè. ŒããñÊããèÌãÀ 10 ƒ¦ã‡ãŠãè ‚ãã¤ß¦ãñ. ¹ãÆãÌãÀ¥ããÞ¾ãã ¹ãÆÞãâ¡ ÌãÔ¦ãì½ãã¶ãã½ãìßñ, ¦ãã¹ã½ãã¶ã Ìã ªãºããÞ¾ãã ¹ãƼããÌãã½ãìßñ
¹ãÆãÌãÀ¥ãã¦ããèÊ㠳̾ãã¦ã ãäÌããäÌã£ã¦ãã ‚ãã¤ß¦ãñ.
Øãã¼ãã / ‡ãòŠ³ãÌãÀ¥ã (Centrospheres / Core)
¹ãð©ÌããèÞ¾ãã ‚ãâ¦ãÀâØãã¦ããèÊã ÔãÌããæ㠂ãã¦ããèÊã ©ãÀãÔã Øãã¼ãã ‚ãÔãñ ½Ö¥ã¦ãã¦ã. Øãã¼¾ããÞãã ãäÌãÔ¦ããÀ 2900 ãä‡ãŠ.½ããè. ¹ããÔãî¶ã
¼ãî‡ãòŠ³ã¹ã¾ãĦ㠽ץã•ãñ 6371 ãä‡ãŠ.½ããè. ¹ã¾ãĦ㠂ãã¤ß¦ããñ. Øãã¼¾ãã¶ãñ ¹ããè©ÌããèÞ¾ãã †ñ‡ãã Üã¶ã¹ãŠßã¹ãõ‡ãŠãè 16% Üã¶ã¹ãŠß ¦ãÀ †ñ‡ãã
ÌãÔ¦ãî½ãã¶ãã¹ãõ‡ãŠãè 32% ÌãÔ¦ãî½ãã¶ã ̾ãã¹ãÊãñÊãñ ‚ããÖñ.Ôã¹ãî¥ãà Øãã¼¾ããÞããè ÔãÀãÔãÀãè Üã¶ã¦ãã Ôã¹ãî¥ãà ¹ãÆãÌãÀ¥ããÞ¾ãã ÔãÀãÔãÀãè Üã¶ã¦ãñ¹ãñàãã
•ãÌãß•ãÌãß ªì¹¹ã› ‚ããÖñ.Øãã¼¾ããÞãñ ¹ãì¤ãèÊã „¹ã©ãÀ ‚ãã¤ß¦ãã¦ã.
1.Øã›ñ¶ãºãØãà ãäÌãÊãØã¦ãã (Gutenberg Discontinuity)
¹ãÆãÌãÀ¥ã ‚ãããä¥ã Øãã¼ãã ¾ããâ¶ãã ãäÌãÊãØã ‡ãŠÀ¥ããÀãè Ôããè½ããÀñÓãã ½Ö¥ã•ãñ Øã›ñ¶ãºãØãà ãäÌãÊãØã¦ãã Öãñ¾ã. ¾ãã ¼ããØãã¦ã Üã¶ã¦ãñ¦ã
Ìã ¼ãî‡ã⊹ã ÊãÖÀãéÞ¾ãã ÌãñØãã¦ã †‡ãŠª½ã ºãªÊã ‚ãã¤ß¦ããñ.
2.ºããÛãØãã¼ãã ( Liquid Nife)
ºããÛãØãã¼¾ããÞãã ãäÌãÔ¦ããÀ 2900 ãä‡ãŠ.½ããè. ¦ãñ 5150 ãä‡ãŠ.½ããè. ŒããñÊããè¹ã¾ãĦ㠂ãã¤ß¦ããñ.¾ãã ©ãÀã¦ãî¶ã ªì¾¾ã½ã ¼ãî‡ã⊹ã
ÊãÖÀãè ¹ãÆÌããÔã ‡ãŠÀãè¦ã ¶ãÔãʾãã¶ãñ ¦ããñ ³ÌããäÔ©ã¦ããè¦ã ‚ãÔããÌãã. ºããÛãØãã¼¾ããÞããè Üã¶ã¦ãã Øã›ñ¶ãºãØãà ãäÌãÊãØã¦ãñ•ãÌãß 10 ‚ãÔãî¶ã
‚ãâ¦ãØããü¾ãã•ãÌãß 12.3 ƒ¦ã‡ãŠãè ‚ããÖñ.

¹ãð©ÌããèÞ¾ãã ‚ãâ¦ãÀâØããÞããè ÀÞã¶ãã

 3.‚ãâ¦ãØããüãã ( Solid Nife)
‚ãâ¦ãØããü¾ããÞãã ãäÌãÔ¦ããÀ 5150 ãä‡ãŠ.½ããè. ¹ããÔãî¶ã 6371 ãä‡ãŠ.¶ããè. ¹ã¾ãĦ㠂ããÖñ. ‚ãâ¦ãØããü¾ããÞããè Üã¶ã¦ãã ºããÛãØãã¼¾ãã•ãÌãß
13.3 ‚ãÔãî¶ã ‡ãòŠ³ã•ãÌãß 13.6 ƒ›‡ãŠãè ‚ããÖñ. ¼ãî‡ãŠ¹ãÊãÖÀãè ¾ãã ¼ããØãã¦ãî¶ã ¹ãÆÌããÔã ‡ãŠÀ¦ãã¶ãã ¹ãÆã©ããä½ã‡ãŠ ÊãÖÀãéÞãã ÌãñØã †‡ãŠª½ã
Ìã㤦ããñ ½Ö¥ãî¶ã Öã ¼ããØã Üã¶ãÁ¹ã ‚ãÔããÌãã ‚ãÔãã ÍããÔ¨ã—ããâÞãã ‚ããâªã•ã ‚ããÖñ.
ãä¶ã‡ãñŠÊã (Ni) ‚ãããä¥ã ÊããñÖ ( Fe) ¾ãã Œããä¶ã•ã ³Ì¾ãã¹ããÔãî¶ã Øãã¼ãã ºã¶ãÊãñÊãã ‚ãÔãʾãã½ãìßñ ¦¾ããÔã ãä¶ã¹ãñŠ (Nife) ‚ãÔãñ
½Ö¥ã¦ãã¦ã.‚ãããäÊã‡ãŠ¡ãèÊã ÔãâÍããñ£ã¶ãã¶ãìÔããÀ Øãã¼¾ãã¦ã 20% ãäÔããäÊã‡ãŠãù¶ã ¦ãÀ 80% ÊããñÖ Ìã ãä¶ã‡ãñŠÊã ¾ããâÞãñ ¹ãƽãã¥ã ‚ããÖñ ‚ãÔãã
‚ãâªã•ã ‚ããÖñ. ¦ãÔãñÌã ÊããñŒãâ¡ ‚ãããä¥ã ãä¶ã‡ãñŠÊã ¾ããâÞ¾ãã ãä½ãÑã¥ãã½ãìßñ ¾ãã ¼ããØãã¦ã ‚ã㦾ãâ¦ããè‡ãŠ Þãìâºã‡ãŠ¦Ìã, ÊãÌããäÞã‡ãŠ¦ãã Ìã
ãäÊãºããäÊãºããè¦ã¹ã¥ãã Öñ Øãì¥ã£ã½ãà ãä¶ã½ããå㠢ããÊãñ ‚ããÖñ.

b) Œãâ¡ñ Ìã ½ãÖãÔããØãÀ ¾ããâÞããè ãä¶ããä½ãæããè (Origin of continents & Ocean basin)

¹ãð©ÌããèÞ¾ãã ãä¶ããä½ãæããè¹ããÔãî¶ã ½Ö¥ã•ãñ 4.5 ‚㺕ã ÌãÓããùããÔãî¶ã ¹ãð©ÌããèÌãÀ ‚ããâÀØãæã Ìã ºããÛã Íã‡ã‹¦ããéÞãã ¹ããäÀ¥ãã½ã Öãñ¦ã ‚ããÖñ.
¾ãã¦ãî¶ãÞã ¹ãð©ÌããèÌãÀ ¼ãîãä½ãŒãâ¡ñ Ìã ½ãÖãÔããØãÀãâÞããè ãä¶ããä½ãæããè ¢ããÊããè ‚ããÖñ. ¹ãð©ÌããèÌãÀãèÊã Œãâ¡ Ìã ½ãÖãÔããØãÀãâÞ¾ãã ãä¶ããä½ãæããèãäÌãÓã¾ããè
ÌãñØãÌãñØãßñ ãäÔã⣪ã¦ã ½ããâ¡¥¾ãã¦ã ‚ããÊãñ. ¦¾ãã¦ã -
1. Ôãâ¦ãìÊã¶ã ãäÔ㣪â¦ã ( Theory of Isostacy)
2. ÌãñØã¶ãÀÞãã Œãâ¡ÌãÖ¶ã ãäÔ㣪â¦ã (Wegener's Continental Drift Theory)
3. Öãñ½ÔãÞãã ¹ãƉ㊽ã¥ã ¹ãÆÌããÖ ãäÔ㣪ãâ¦ã
4. ÔããØãÀ¦ãß ãäÌãÔ¦ããÀ Ôãâ‡ãŠÊ¹ã¥ãã ( Sea Floor Spreading)
5. ¼ãî¹ã›á› ãäÌãÌã¦ãÃãä¶ã‡ãŠãè / ¦ãºã‡ãŠ ãäÌãÌã¦ãöããè ãäÔ㣪ãâ¦ã ( Plate Tectonic Therory)
6. Þã¦ãì:ãäÍãÀԇ㊠¹ããäÀ‡ãŠÊ¹ã¶ãã ( Tetrahedral Theory)
ÌããäÀÊã ãäÔ㣪ãâ¦ãã¹ãõ‡ãŠãè
i. ÌãñØã¶ãÀÞãã Œãâ¡ÌãÖ¶ã ãäÔ㣪â¦ã Wegener's continental Drift Theory
ii. ¼ãî¹ã›á› ãäÌãÌã¦ãÃãä¶ã‡ãŠãè / ¦ãºã‡ãŠ ãäÌãÌã¦ãöããè ãäÔ㣪ãâ¦ã Theory of Plate Tectonics - sea Floor
Spending)
iii. ÔããØãÀ¦ãß ãäÌãÔ¦ããÀ Ôãâ‡ãŠÊ¹ã¥ãã ( Sea Floor Spreading)
Öñ ãäÔ㣪ãâ¦ã ‚ãã¹ãʾãã ‚ã¼¾ããÔã‰ãŠ½ããÞ¾ãã ÒÓ›ãè¶ãñ ½ãÖ¦ÌããÞãñ ‚ããÖñ.
i)ÌãñØã¶ãÀÞãã Œãâ¡ÌãÖ¶ã ãäÔ㣪â¦ã Wegener's continental Drift Theory
•ãØããÞ¾ãã ¶ã‡ãŠãÍããÞãñ ãä¶ãÀãèàã¥ã ‡ãñŠÊ¾ããÔã ‚ãã¹ã¥ããÔã ‚ãÔãñ Êãàãã¦ã ¾ãñ¦ãñ ‡ãŠãè, ¹ãð©ÌããèÞ¾ãã Ôã½ããñÀãÔã½ããñÀãèÊã Œãâ¡ãâÞ¾ãã
ãä‡ãŠ¶ããÀ¹ã›á›¾ããâÞ¾ãã ‚ãã‡ãŠãÀã¦ã ãäÌãÊãàã¥ã Ôãã£ã½¾ãà ‚ãÔãî¶ã ¦¾ãã †‡ãŠ½ãñ‡ãŠã¦ã ‚ãØãªãè Þã¹ãŒãÊã¹ã¥ãñ ºãÔã¦ãã¦ã. ‚ãããä¹ãÆŠ‡ãñŠÞãã ¹ããäÍÞã½ã
ãä‡ãŠ¶ããÀã ‚ãããä¥ã ªãäàã¥ã ‚ãã½ãñãäÀ‡ãñŠÞãã ¹ãîÌãà ãä‡ãŠ¶ããÀã ¾ããâÞ¾ãã¦ããèÊã Ôãã£ã½¾ãà ¦ãÀ ÔãÖ•ã Êãàãã¦ã ¾ãñ¦ãñ.¼ããÀ¦ããÞããè ¹ããäÍÞã½ã
ãä‡ãŠ¶ããÀ¹ã›á›ãè ‚ãããä¥ã ‚ãããä¹ãÆŠ‡ãñŠÞãã ¹ãîÌãà ãä‡ãŠ¶ããÀã, ‚ããضãñ¾ã ‚ãããäÍã¾ããÞããè ‚ã¶ãñ‡ãŠ ÊãÖã¶ã ½ããñŸãè ºãñ›ñ, ¹ããäÍÞã½ã ¾ãìÀãñ¹ã, ØãÆãè¶ãÊãâ¡
‚ãããä¥ã ¹ãîÌãà ‡ãùŠ¶ã¡ã Öñ ÔãØãßñ ¹ãƪñÍã †‡ãŠ½ãñ‡ãŠãâÞ¾ãã •ãÌãß ‚ãã¥ãʾããÔã Þã¹ãŒãÊã¹ã¥ãñ †‡ãŠ½ãñ‡ãŠãâ¦ã ºãÔãî Íã‡ãŠ¦ããèÊã. ÖâºããñÊ›, ›ñÊãÀ,
Ô¶ãã¾ã¡À,ºãñãä‡ãŠ¶ã Ìã ÔãîÔã ¾ãã ÍããÔ¨ã—ãã¶ãÞ¾ãã Êãàãã¦ã †‡ãŠ ØããñÓ› ‚ããÊããè Öãñ¦ããè, ¦ããè ½Ö¥ã•ãñ Ôã½ããñÀãÔã½ããñÀÞ¾ãã
ãä‡ãŠ¶ããÀ¹ã›á›¾ããâ¦ããèÊã Ôãã£ã½¾ãÃ. ¦¾ããâÞ¾ãã ‡ãŠÊ¹ã¶ããâ¶ãã ½ãî¦ãà ÔÌãÁ¹ã ÌãñØã¶ãÀ ¾ãã •ã½ãöã ÍããÔ¨ã—ãã¶ãñ 1912 ½ã£¾ãñ Œãâ¡ÌãÖ¶ã
ãäÔ㣪ãâ¦ã ½ããâ¡î¶ã ãäªÊãñ.
 ãä¶ãÀãä¶ãÀãß¿ãã ÍããÔ¨ã—ãã¶ããè Œãâ¡ Ìã ½ãÖãÔããØãÀ ¾ããâÞ¾ãã „¦¹ã¦¦ããè ãäÌãÓã¾ããè ÌãñØãÌãñØãßñ ãäÔ㣪ãâ¦ã Ìã ½ã¦ãñ ½ããâ¡Êããè ‚ããÖñ¦ã. ¾ãã¦ã
‚ããʹãÆñŠ¡ ÌãñØã¶ãÀ ¾ãã •ã½ãöã ÍããÔ¨ã—ãã¶ãñ, ‚ãú©ããñ¶ããè ãäÔ¶ã¡À ¾ãã ¹ãÆòŠÞã ÍããÔ¨ã—ãã¶ãñ 1858 ½ã£¾ãñ ½ããâ¡Êãñʾãã ¼ãîãä½ãŒãâ¡ñ Ìã ÔããØãÀ
ãäÌã¼ããØã ¾ããâÞããè Ô©ãã¶ãñ ºãªÊã¦ããè ‚ãÔãããäÌã¦ã ¾ãã ½ã¦ããÞãñ Ôã½ã©ãö㠇ãŠÁ¶ã ‚ãã¹ãÊãã ¼ãîŒãâ¡ ÌãÖ¶ããÞãã ãäÔ㣪ãâ¦ã ½ããâ¡Êãã.
ÌãñØã¶ãÀ Öã ¹ãÆãÞ¾ã ÖÌãã½ãã¶ãÍããÔ¨ããÞãã ‚ã¼¾ããÔã‡ãŠ Öãñ¦ãã. ‚ãã¹ãʾãã ãäÔ㣪ãâ¦ããÞ¾ãã ¹ãìÓŸ¿ã©ãà ¦¾ãã¶ãñ ÖÌãã½ãã¶ã ãäÌãÓã¾ã‡ãŠ ¹ãìÀãÌãñ
Øããñßã ‡ãñŠÊãñ.
ÌãñØã¶ãÀ¶ãñ ãäÔ㣪ãâ¦ã ½ããâ¡¥¾ãã¹ãîÌããê ‡ãñŠÊãñÊããè ãä¶ããäÀàã¥ãñ
1. ‚ã›ããä‡ã‹›Ã‡ãŠ Œãâ¡ãÌãÀ ªØã¡ãè ‡ãŠãñßÔãã ‚ãã¤ß¦ãã.ñ ¾ããÞãã ‚ã©ãà ¹ãîÌããê ¾ãã ã䟇ãŠã¥ããè „Ó¥ã Ìã ‚ãã³Ã ÖÌãã½ãã¶ã ‚ãÔãÊãñ
¹ãããäÖ•ãñ.
2. ‚ãããä¹ãÆŠ‡ãŠã, ¼ããÀ¦ã Ìã ‚ããù›ÈñãäÊã¾ãã ¾ãã ã䟇ãŠã¥ããè ¹ãÆãÞããè¶ã ‡ãŠãßã¦ããèÊã ãäÖ½ããÌãÀ¥ããâÞããè ãäÞã¶Öñ ‚ãã¤ßî¶ã ¾ãñ¦ãã¦ã. ¾ããÌãÁ¶ã
¹ãîÌããê Öñ ¹ãƪñÍã Íããè¦ã‡ãŠã䛺ãâ£ãã¦ã ‚ãÔãÊããè ¹ãããäÖ•ãñ.
ÌããäÀÊã ãä¶ãÀãèàã¥ããÌãÁ¶ã ÌãñØã¶ãÀ¶ãñ ªãñ¶ã ãäÌã‡ãŠÊ¹ã ½ããâ¡Êãñ.
1. ÖÌãã½ãã¶ããÞ¾ãã ¹ããäÀãäÔ©ã¦ããè¦ã ½ããñŸãè ãäԩ㦾ãâ¦ãÀñ ¢ããÊããè ‚ãÔããÌããè¦ã ãä‡ãâŠÌãã
2. Œãâ¡ãÞãñ Ô©ãã¶ããâ¦ãÀ ¢ããÊãñ ‚ãÔããÌãñ.
¾ãã¹ãõ‡ãŠãè ÌãñØã¶ãÀ¶ãñ ªìÔãžãã ãäÌã‡ãŠÊ¹ããÌãÀ ¼ãÀ ªñ…¶ã ‚ãã¹ãÊãã ãäÔ㣪ãâ¦ã ½ããâ¡Êãã.
ãäÔ㣪ãâ¦ã ( ¹ããäÀ‡ãŠÊ¹ã¶ãã)
''Ô㣾ããÞããè ¼ãîŒãâ¡ñ Öãè ãäÔã¾ããÊãÞããè ºã¶ãÊãñÊããè ‚ãÔãî¶ã ¦ããè •ããÔ¦ã Üã¶ã¦ãñÞ¾ãã Ôãã¾ã½ãã ¾ãã ©ãÀãÌãÀ ¹ã㥾ããÌãÀãèÊã ¦ãÀ¹ã‹¾ãã¹ãƽãã¥ãñ
¦ãÀâØã¦ã ‚ãÔããÌããè¦ã. ‚ãããä¥ã ¼ãîŒãâ¡ãÞãñ Öñ ¼ããØã †‡ãŠ½ãñ‡ãŠãâ¹ããÔãî¶ã ªîÀ ÌãÖã¦ã ØãñÊãñ Ìã ¼ãîŒãâ¡ãÞ¾ãã ªÀ½¾ãã¶ã ÔããØãÀ ãäÌã¼ããØã ¾ããâÞããè
ãä¶ããä½ãæããè ¢ããÊããè ‚ãÔããÌããè'' ‚ãÍããè Öãè ‡ãŠÊ¹ã¶ãã ‚ããÖñ.
ÌãñØã¶ãÀÞ¾ãã ½ã¦ãñ Ô㣾ããÞããè ¼ãî½ããèŒãâ¡ñ ãä½ãßî¶ã ¹ãÆãÞããè¶ã ‡ãŠãßãè ½Ö¥ã•ãñ 20 ‡ãŠãñ›ãè ÌãÓããùãîÌããê (¹ãîÀã•ããèÌã ‡ãŠãßã¦ã) †‡ãŠÞã ½ããñŸñ
¼ãî½ããèŒãâ¡ Öãñ¦ãñ. ¦¾ããÔã ÌãñØã¶ãÀ¶ãñ ¹ãú•ããè¾ãã (Pangea) Öñ ¶ããÌã ãäªÊãñ. ¹ãú•ããè¾ãã ¼ãî½ãÀŒãâ¡ãÔã †‡ãŠã ¹ãÆÞãâ¡ ŒããñÊã ½ãÖãÔããØãÀã¶ãñ
Ìãñ¤ÊãñÊãñ Öãñ¦ãñ. ¦¾ããÔã ¹ãù¶ã©ãÊãÔãã (Panthalsa) Öñ ¶ããÌã ãäªÊãñ.½ã£¾ã•ããèÌã ½ãÖã‡ãŠÊ¹ããÞ¾ãã ÍãñÌã›Þ¾ãã ‡ãŠãßã¦ã ½Ö¥ã•ãñ Ôãì½ããÀñ
14 ‡ãŠãñ›ãè ÌãÓããùãîÌããê ‡ãŠãÖãè ãäԩ㦾ãâ¦ãÀñ Öãñ…¶ã ¹ãú•ããè¾ãã ªì¼ãâØãÊãã Ìã ¦¾ããÞãñ ªãñ¶ã ¼ããØã ¢ããÊãñ. ¹ãúãä•ã¾ããÞ¾ãã „¦¦ãÀñ‡ãŠ¡ãèÊã ¼ããØããÔã
'ÊããùÀñãäÍã¾ãã' Ìã ªãäàã¥ãñ‡ãŠ¡ãèÊã 'Øããò¡Ìãã¶ãã' ‚ãÍããè ¶ããÌãñ ªñ¥¾ãã¦ã ‚ããÊããè.

20‡ãŠãñ›ãè ÌãÓãà ( ¹ãîÀã•ããèÌã ‡ãŠãß) 14 ‡ãŠãñ›ãè ÌãÓãà (½ã£¾ã•ããèÌã ½ãÖã‡ãŠÊ¹ã)

ÊããùÀñãäÍã¾ãã Öã ¼ããØã „¦¦ãÀ ‚ã½ãñãäÀ‡ãŠã, ¾ãìÀãñ¹ã, „¦¦ãÀ ‚ãããäÍã¾ãã ¾ããâÞãã ºã¶ãÊãñÊãã Öãñ¦ãã. ¦ãÀ Øããò¡Ìãã¶ãã Öã ¼ããØã ªãäàã¥ã
‚ã½ãñãäÀ‡ãŠã, ‚ãããä¹ãÆŠ‡ãŠã, ¼ããÀ¦ã, ‚ããùÔ›ÈñãäÊã¾ãã Ìã ‚ãâ›ããä‡ã‹›Ã‡ãŠã ¾ããâÞãã ºã¶ãÊãñÊãã Öãñ¦ãã. ¾ãã ªãñ¶ã ¼ããØããâÞ¾ãã ªÀ½¾ãã¶ã '›ñ©ããèÔã'
¶ããÌããÞãã Êããâºã Ôã½ãì³ ãä¶ã½ããå㠢ããÊãã.

¶ãâ¦ãÀ ÊããùÀñãäÍã¾ãã Ìã Øããò¡Ìãã¶ãã ¾ããâÞããè „¦¦ãÀñ‡ãŠ¡ñ (ãäÌãÓãìÌãÌãð¦¦ãã‡ãŠ¡ñ) Ìã ¹ããäÍÞã½ãñ‡ãŠ¡ñ ÖãÊãÞããÊã Öãñ…¶ã ÊããùÀñãäÍã¾ãã Ìã
Øããò¡Ìãã¶ãã ãäÌãŒãâ¡ãè¦ã ¢ããÊãñ.Ìã ¦¾ããÞãñ ÊãÖã¶ã ÊãÖã¶ã ¦ãì‡ãŠ¡ñ Öãñ…¶ã Öñ ¦ãì‡ãŠ¡ñ ¹ã㥾ããÌãÀãèÊã ¦ãÀã¹ã‹¾ãã¹ãƽãã¥ãñ ªìÀÌãÀ ÌãÖã¦ã ØãñÊãñ
‚ãããä¥ã ¦¾ãã ªÀ½¾ãã¶ã ÔããØãÀ¼ããØããÞããè ãä¶ããä½ãæããè ¢ããÊããè. ¶ãÌã•ããèÌã ½ãÖã‡ãŠÊ¹ãã¦ã (11 ‡ãŠãñ›ãè ÌãÓããùãîÌããê) ¦¾ããâ¶ãã Ôã²ã:ãäÔ©ã¦ããè ¹ãÆ㹦ã
¢ããÊããè ‚ãÔããÌããè.

¶ãÌã•ããèÌã ½ãÖã‡ãŠÊ¹ãã¦ã ( 11 ‡ãŠãñ›ãè ÌãÓããùãîÌããê) Ôã²ã:ãäÔ©ã¦ãã

ºãÊã
ÌãñØã¶ãÀÞ¾ãã ½ã¦ãñ ‚ãâ¦ãØãæ㠺ãÊãã½ãìßñ ¹ãú•ããè¾ããÞãñ ãäÌãŒã⡶ã Üã¡î¶ã ‚ããÊãñ ‚ãÔããÌãñ.¼ãîŒãâ¡ÌãÖ¶ããÔããŸãè ‚ã£ã:Ô¦ãÀã¦ã ãä¶ã½ããÃ¥ã
Öãñ¥ããÀñ '‚ããä¼ãÔãÀ¥ã ¹ãÆÌããÖ' ‚ãããä¥ã ‚ãã‡ãŠãÍãÔ©ã ØãÆÖ ¦ããÀñ ¾ããâÞ¾ãã ‚ãã‡ãŠÓãÃ¥ãã¦ãî¶ã ãä¶ã½ããÃ¥ã Öãñ¥ããÀãè '¼ãÀ¦ããè ‚ããñÖ›ãèÞãñ ºãÊã
ãä‡ãâŠÌãã ¹ãÆñÀ¥ãã' ‚ãÍããè ªãñ¶ã ºãÊãñ ‡ãŠãÀ¥ããè¼ãî¦ã ¢ããÊããè ‚ãÔããÌããè ‚ãÔãñ ØãðÖãè¦ã £ãÀÊãñ.
¼ãîŒãâ¡ÌãÖ¶ããÞããè ãäªÍãã
ÌãñØã¶ãÀÞ¾ãã ½ã¦ãñ ¼ãî½ããèŒãâ¡ãÞãñ Ìãֶ㠪ãñ¶ã ãäªÍããâ¶ããè ¢ããÊãñ ‚ãÔãÌãñ¦ã.‚ãÔãñ ØãðÖãè¦ã £ãÀÊãñ.
1. ¼ãÀ¦ããè ‚ããñÖ›ãèÞ¾ãã ºãÊãã½ãìßñ „¦¦ãÀ ‚ã½ãñãäÀ‡ãŠã Ìã ªãäàã¥ã ‚ã½ãñãäÀ‡ãŠã Öãè ¼ãî½ããèŒãâ¡ñ ¹ããäÍÞã½ãñ‡ãŠ¡ñ ÔãÀ‡ãŠ¦ã ØãñÊããè
‚ãÔãããäÌã¦ã.
2. ØãìÁ¦Ìãã‡ãŠÓãå㠺ãÊã Ìã ‚ãâ¦ãØãæ㠺ãÊãã½ãìßñ ¼ãîãä½ãŒãâ¡ãÞãñ ãäÌãÓãìÌãÌãð¦¦ãã‡ãŠ¡ñ Ìãֶ㠢ããÊãñ Ìã Øããò¡Ìãã¶ããÞãñ ãäÌã¼ãã•ã¶ã
Öãñ…¶ã ‚ãÀñºããè¾ãã, ¼ããÀ¦ããè¾ã ãä̪¹ã‡ãŠÊ¹ã, ‚ãããä¹ãÆŠ‡ãŠã, ‚ããùÔ›ÈñãäÊã¾ãã, ‚ãâ›ããä‡ã‹›Ã‡ãŠã Öñ ¼ããØã ãä¶ã½ããå㠢ããÊãñ
‚ãÔããÌãñ.
ÌãñØã¶ãÀÞ¾ãã Œãâ¡ÌãÖ¶ããÞãã ãäÔ㣪ãâ¦ã ¹ãÌãæããÞ¾ãã ãä¶ããä½ãæããèÌãÀ ªñãäŒãÊã ¹ãƇãŠãÍã ›ã‡ãŠ¦ããñ. ÌãñØã¶ãÀÞ¾ãã ½ã¦ãñ ãä¶ãÀãä¶ãÀãßñ ãäÌãŒãâ¡ãè¦ã
¼ããØã †‡ãŠ½ãñ‡ãŠã Ôã½ããñÀ ÔãÀ‡ãŠ¦ã ‚ããʾãã½ãìßñ ½ãÖãÔããØãÀãÞ¾ãã ¦ãß¼ããØããÌãÀ Ìãß¿ãã ¹ã¡î¶ã Üã¡ãèÞ¾ãã ¹ãÌãæããâÞããè ãä¶ããä½ãæããè ¢ããÊããè
‚ãÔããÌããè. „ªã. „¦¦ãÀ ‚ã½ãñãäÀ‡ãŠã Ìã ªãäàã¥ã ‚ã½ãñãäÀ‡ãŠã ¹ããäÍÞã½ãñ‡ãŠ¡ñ ÔãÀ‡ãŠÊ¾ãã½ãìßñ ¹ãÆÍããâ¦ã ½ãÖãÔããØãÀãÞ¾ãã ¦ãß¼ããØããÌãÀ ªãºã
¹ã¡î¶ã Àù‡ãŠãè Ìã ‚ãù¡ãè•ã ¹ãÌãæããÞããè ãä¶ããä½ãæããè ¢ããÊããè ‚ãÔããÌããè. ‚ãããä¹ãÆŠ‡ãŠã Ìã ¾ãìÀãñ¹ã Œãâ¡ ¹ãÀÔ¹ãÀãâ‡ãŠ¡ñ ÔãÀ‡ã㠂ããʹÔã ¹ãÌãæããÞããè
‚ãããä¥ã ÊããùÀñãäÍã¾ãã Ìã Øããò¡Ìãã¶ãã †‡ãŠ½ãñ‡ãŠãâ‡ãŠ¡ñ ÔãÀ‡ã㠛ñãä©ãÔã Ôã½ãì³ãÞ¾ãã ¦ãß¼ããØããÌãÀ ªãºã ¹ã¡î¶ã ãäÖ½ããÊã¾ã ¾ãã ÌãÊããè
¹ãÌãæããÞããè ãä¶ããä½ãæããè ¢ããÊããè ‚ãÔããÌããè.
ÌãñØã¶ãÀÞ¾ãã Œãâ¡ÌãÖ¶ã ãäÔ㣪ãâ¦ããÞãñ ¹ãìÀãÌãñ
 ÌãñØã¶ãÀ¶ãñ ‚ãã¹ãʾãã ãäÔ㣪ãâ¦ããÊãã ºã߇㊛ãè ¾ãñ¥¾ããÔããŸãè ¹ãì¤ãèÊã ÌãñØãÌãñØãßñ ¹ãìÀãÌãñ ãäªÊãñ ‚ããÖñ.
1.¼ããõØããñÊããè‡ãŠ ¹ãìÀãÌãã
‚ã›Êããâ›ãè‡ãŠ ½ãÖãÔããØãÀãÞ¾ãã ¹ãîÌãà Ìã ¹ããäÍÞã½ã ãä‡ãŠ¶ããÀ¹ã›á›ãèÞ¾ãã ¼ãîÀÞã¶ãñ¦ã Ôã㽾㠂ãÔãî¶ã Öñ ¼ããØã •ãÌãß •ãÌãß ‚ãã¥ãʾããÔã
¦ãñ †‡ãŠ½ãñ‡ãŠãâ¦ã Þã¹ãÊãŒã¹ã¥ãñ ºãÔã¦ãã¦ã ‚ãããä¥ã ¦¾ãã¹ããÔãî¶ã †‡ãŠÔãâÜã ¼ãîãä½ãÞãã ¼ããØã ¦ã¾ããÀ Öãñ… Íã‡ãŠ¦ããñ. „ªã. ºãÆã¢ããèÊãÞ¾ãã
ãä‡ãŠ¶ããžããÞãã ¼ããØã ãäØã¶ããèÞ¾ãã ‚ããŒãã¦ãã¦ã ̾ãÌããäÔ©ã¦ã ºãÔã¦ããñ. ¾ããÊããÞã 'ãä•ãØã Ôããùãä¹ãŠ›' (Jig Sow fit) ½Ö¥ã¦ãã¦ã.

2.¼ãîØã¼ãÃÍããÔ¨ããè¾ã ¹ãìÀãÌãã
‚ã›Êããâ›ãè‡ãŠ ½ãÖãÔããØãÀãÞ¾ãã ¹ãîÌãà Ìã ¹ããäÍÞã½ã ãä‡ãŠ¶ããžããÞ¾ãã ¹ãƪñÍãã¦ããèÊ㠌㡇ãŠãâÞ¾ãã Øãì¥ã£ã½ããæã Ôã㽾㠂ããÖñ. ¦ãÔãñÞã ¾ãìÀãñ¹ã
Œãâ¡ã¦ããèÊã ‡ãùŠÊãñ¡ãñãä¶ã¾ã¶ã ‚ãããä¥ã ÖÔããê¾ã¶ã ¾ãã ¹ãÌãæãÑãñ¥ããèÞãñ ‰ãŠ½ã Ìã ¼ãîØã¼ããê¾ã ÀÞã¶ãã Ôãâ¾ãì‡ã‹¦ã ÔãâÔ©ãã¶ããÞ¾ãã ¹ãîÌãà ¼ããØãã¦ããèÊã
‚ãù¹ãñÊãñãäÍã¾ã¶ã ¹ãÌãæã¹ãÆ¥ããÊããèÔããÀŒãñÞã ‚ããÖñ¦ã.
3. ¹ãîÀã•ããèÌããäÌã—ãã¶ã ãäÌãÓã¾ã‡ãŠ ¹ãìÀãÌãã
‚ã›Êããâ›ãè‡ãŠ ½ãÖãÔããØãÀãÞ¾ãã ¹ãîÌãà Ìã ¹ããäÍÞã½ã ãä‡ãŠ¶ããžããÞ¾ãã ¹ãƪñÍãã¦ããèÊã Ìã¶ãÔ¹ã¦ããè Ìã ¹ãÆ㥾ããâÞ¾ãã ‚ãÌãÍãñÓãã¦ã Ôã㽾㠂ããÖñ.
‚ããùÔ›ÈñãäÊã¾ãã, ¼ããÀ¦ã, ‚ãããä¹ãÆŠ‡ãŠã Ìã ¾ããâÞ¾ãã ¼ããØãã¦ã 'ãäÊãÔ›ÈãõÔããõÀÔã' ¾ãã ½ããâ•ãÀãÞ¾ãã •ãã¦ããèÞ¾ãã ¹ãÆ㥾ããâÞãñ ‚ãÌãÍãñÓã ¦ãÔãñÞã
'ØÊããùÔããñ¹ãñ›ÈãèÔã' ¾ãã Ìã¶ãÔ¹ã¦ããèÞãñ ‚ãÌãÍãñÓã ‚ãã¤ß¦ãã¦ã.
4.•ããèÌããäÌã—ãã¶ããäÌãÓã¾ã‡ãŠ ¹ãìÀãÌãã
¾ãìÀãñ¹ãã¦ããèÊã Ô‡ãùŠ¡¶ãñãäÌÖ¾ãã •ãÌãßãèÊã ºãñ›ãÌãÀãèÊã 'Êãñ½ããéØã' ¶ããÌããÞãñ ¹ãàããè ¦¾ããâÞããè Ôã⌾ãã Ìãã¤Ê¾ããÌãÀ ¹ããäÍÞã½ãñ‡ãŠ¡ñ ¹ãÆÌããÔã
‡ãŠÀ¦ãã¦ã Ìã Ôã½ãì³ã¦ã ¹ã¡î¶ã ¶ããÖãèÔãñ Öãñ¦ãã¦ã. ¾ããÌãÁ¶ã ¾ããâÞããè ÌãâÍã¹ãÀâ¹ãÀãØã¦ã ¹ãÆñÀ¥ãã ÖñÞã ãäÔ㣪 ‡ãŠÀ¦ãñ ‡ãŠãè, ¦¾ããâÞãñ ¹ãîÌãÕã
ªñŒããèÊã ¹ããäÍÞã½ãñ‡ãŠ¡ñ Ô©ãÊããâ¦ãÀ ‡ãŠÀ¦ã ‚ãÔããÌãñ¦ã. ½Ö¥ã•ãñ ¹ãîÌããê ¾ãìÀãñ¹ã Öã ‚ã½ãñãäÀ‡ãñŠÊãã •ããñ¡ÊãñÊãã ‚ãÔããÌãã.
5.ÖÌãã½ãã¶ã ãäÌãÓã¾ã‡ãŠ ¹ãìÀãÌãã
¹ãÆãÞããè¶ã ‡ãŠãßã¦ããèÊã ãäÖ½ããÌãÀ¥ããÞããè ãäÞã¶Öñ ªãäàã¥ã ‚ã½ãñãäÀ‡ãŠã, ‚ãããä¹ãÆŠ‡ãŠã, ¼ããÀ¦ã, ‚ããùÔ›ÈñãäÊã¾ãã ¾ãã ¼ããØãã¦ã ‚ãã¤ß¦ãã¦ã.
¾ããÌãÁ¶ã ¹ãîÌããê Öñ ¼ããØã †‡ãŠÞã ¼ãî½ããèŒãâ¡ãÞãñ Öãñ¦ãñ Öñ ãäÔ㣪 Öãñ¦ãñ.
6.•¾ãããä½ã¦ããè¾ã ¹ãìÀãÌãã
„¦¦ãÀ ‚ã½ãñãäÀ‡ãŠã Ìã ØãÆãè¶ãÊãâ¡ ¾ãã½ã£ããèÊã ‚ãâ¦ãÀ ½ããñ•ãÊãñ ‚ãÔã¦ãã ¦¾ãã½ã£¾ãñ ªÀÌãÓããê ¹ãŠÀ‡ãŠ ¹ã¡¦ã ‚ããÖñ. Ôãì½ããÀñ 22 ½ããè. ¾ãã
ÌãñØãã¶ãñ ¹ãƦããèÌãÓããê ØãÆãè¶ãÊãâ¡ „¦¦ãÀ ‚ã½ãñãäÀ‡ãñŠ¹ããÔãî¶ã ÔãÀ‡ãŠ¦ã ‚ããÖñ. ¦ãÀ ØãÆãè¶ãÊãâ¡ Ìã ƒâØÊãâ¡ ¾ãã½ã£ããèÊã ‚ãâ¦ãÀ ¹ãÆãä¦ãÌãÓããê ‡ãŠ½ããè Öãñ¦ã
‚ããÖñ. ¾ãã ãä¶ãÀãèàã¥ããÌãÁ¶ã ‚ãÔãã ãä¶ãÓ‡ãŠÓãà ãä¶ãÜã¦ããñ ‡ãŠãè Œãâ¡ÌãÖ¶ããÞããè ãä‰ãŠ¾ãã ‚ã•ãî¶ãÖãè Ü㡦㠂ããÖñ.
7.ºãñ›ãâÞããè ãä¶ããä½ãæããè
Ôã½ãì³ã¦ããèÊã Ìã ½ãÖãÔããØãÀã¦ããèÊã ‚ã¶ãñ‡ãŠ œãñ›ãè œãñ›ãè ºãñ›ñ †‡ãŠãÞã ¹ãƇãŠãÀÞ¾ã㠌㡇ãŠã¹ããÔãî¶ã ºã¶ãÊãñÊããè ‚ãÔãî¶ã ¦ããè †‡ãŠãÞã
ÔãÀß ÀñÓãñ¦ã ¹ããäÍÞã½ãñ‡ãŠ¡ñ ÔãÀ‡ãŠ¦ã ‚ããÖñ. „ªã. ÖÌããƒÃ Ìã ‡ãùŠÀñãäºã¾ã¶ã ºãñ›ñ.
ãäÔ㣪ãâ¦ããÌãÀãèÊã ›ãè‡ãŠã / ªãñÓã / ‚ããàãñ¹ã
ÌãñØã¶ãÀ¶ãñ 1912 ½ã£¾ãñ ‚ãã¹ãÊãã ãäÔ㣪ãâ¦ã ½ãã¡Ê¾ãã ¶ãâ¦ãÀ ¦¾ããÌãÀ Ô㡇ã㠛ãè‡ãŠã ¢ããÊããè.¦¾ããÌãñßãè ÌãñØã¶ãÀ ¾ããâÞ¾ãã
ãäÔ㣪ãâ¦ããÌãÀ ªãñ¶ã ‚ããàãñ¹ã Üãñ¦ãÊãñ ØãñÊãñ.
1.‡ãŠãÖãè ÍããÔ¨ã—ãã¶ãÞ¾ãã ½ã¦ãñ ÌãñØã¶ãÀ ‚ãã¹ãʾãã ãäÔ㣪ãâ¦ãã¦ã •¾ãã Íã‡ã‹¦ããè½ãìßñ Œãâ¡ãÞãñ ÌãÖ¶ã Öãñ… Íã‡ãŠÊãñ ‚ãÍãã Íã‡ã‹¦ããèÞãã
ÔããäÌãÔ¦ãÀ ¹ã¥ãñ ‡ãŠãñŸñÞã „ÊÊãñŒã ‡ãñŠÊãñÊãã ¶ããÖãè. ãÃäÌãÊããèÔã ‚ãããä¥ã •ãñ¹ãŠÀãè ¾ãã ÍããÔ¨ã—ãã¶ãÞ¾ãã ½ã¦ãñ Ô㣾ããÞ¾ãã ¼ãÀ¦ããè ͇㋦ããèÞ¾ãã
†‡ãŠÖ•ããÀ ‡ãŠãñ›ãè ¹ã›ãè¶ãñ •ããԦ㠂ãÔãÊãñʾãã Íã‡ã‹¦ããé¶ãñÞã ¾ãã ¹ãƇãŠãÀÞããè Œãâ¡ÌãÖ¶ããÞããè ãä‰ãŠ¾ãã Üã¡¥ãñ Íã‡ã‹¾ã ‚ããÖñ. ¹ãÀâ¦ãî †Ìã¤ãè
¹ãÆÞãâ¡ Íã‡ã‹¦ããè ¹ãð©ÌããèÌãÀ ‚ããäÔ¦ãÌãã¦ã ‚ãÔã¥ãñ Íã‡ã‹¾ã ¶ããÖãè ‡ãŠãÀ¥ã †Ìã¤ãè ¹ãÆÞãâ¡ Íããä‡ã‹¦ã ¹ãð©ÌããèÌãÀ ‚ããäÔ¦ãÌãã¦ã ‚ãÔã¦ããè ¦ãÀ †‡ãŠã
ÌãÓããÃÞ¾ãã ‡ãŠãÊããÌã£ããè¦ã ¹ãð©ÌããèÞãñ Ôãî¾ããüããñÌã¦ããèÞãñ ¹ããäÀ¼ãƽã¥ã ©ããâºãÊãñ ‚ãÔã¦ãñ.

2.¹ãÆãñ. ÖñÔã ¾ããâÞ¾ãã ½ã¦ãã¹ãƽãã¥ãñ Ôãã¾ã½ãã Öã ãäÔã¾ããÊã ¾ãã ©ãÀã¹ãñàã㠇㊟ãè¥ã ‚ãÔã¦ããñ. ¦¾ãã½ãìßñ ãäÔã¾ããÊã¹ããÔãî¶ã ¦ã¾ããÀ ¢ããÊãñÊããè
¼ãî½ããèŒãâ¡ñ Ôãã¾ã½ããÞ¾ãã ©ãÀãÌãÀ ¦ãÀâØãî Íã‡ãŠ¦ã ¶ããÖãè. ãäÔã¾ããÊã ¹ãñàãã Ôãã¾ã½ãã ÖãÊã‡ãŠã ‚ããÖñ ‚ãÔãñ ½ãã¶ãÊãñ ¦ãÀãè ãäÌãŒã⡶㠂ãããä¥ã
ÌãÖ¶ããÞããè ãä‰ãŠ¾ãã Ôã¦ã¦ã Üã¡¥ãñ ‚ã¹ãñãäàã¦ã ‚ããÖñ. Ìã ‚ãÍãã ¹ãƇãŠãÀÞããè ãä‰ãŠ¾ãã •ãÀ ¹ãð©ÌããèÌãÀ Ü㡦ã ÀãÖãèÊããè ‚ãÔã¦ããè ¦ãÀ ¹ãð©ÌããèÞ¾ãã
ÀÞã¶ãñ¦ã Ìã ‚ãã‡ãðŠ¦ããè¦ã ‚ãã¥ãŒããè ºãªÊã ¢ããÊãã ‚ãÔã¦ãã.
‚ã£ãìãä¶ã‡ãŠ ‡ãŠãßã¦ããèÊã ÌãñØã¶ãÀÞ¾ãã ãäÔ㣪ãâ¦ããÊãã Ôã½ã©ãö㠇ãŠÀ¥ããÀñ ãäÔ㣪ãâ¦ã.
1. ¹ãìÀãÞãìºãâ‡ãŠãè¾ã ¹ãìÀã̾ãã¶ãìÔããÀ †‡ãŠãÞã ‡ãŠãßã¦ããèÊã ãä¶ãÀãä¶ãÀãß¿ãã ã䟇ãŠã¥ããÞ¾ã㠌㡇ãŠãâÞ¾ãã Þãìâºã‡ãŠãè¾ã ãäªÍãñ¦ã ºãªÊã
¢ããÊãñÊãã ‚ãã¤ß¦ããñ. ½Ö¥ã•ãñÞã ¾ããÌãÁ¶ã ¹ãð©ÌããèÌãÀãèÊã Œãâ¡ñ ‚ãã¹ãÊããè •ããØãã ºãªÊã¦ã ‚ãÔãÊããè ¹ãããäÖ•ãñ.
2. ¼ãî¹ã›á› ãäÌãÌã¦ãÃãä¶ã‡ãŠãè ãäÔ㣪ãâ¦ãã¶ãìÔããÀ ¼ãî½ããèŒãâ¡ñ Öãè ‚ã¦ãâØãæã Íã‡ã‹¦ããè½ãìßñ ¶ãñÖ½ããèÞã ÖãÊãÞããÊã ‡ãŠÀ¦ãã¦ã.
3. ‚ãâ›ããä‡ã‹›Ã‡ãŠãÌãÀ Ôãã¹ã¡ÊãñÊãã ªØã¡ãè ‡ãŠãñßÔãã, ¦ããâºãñ ¾ãìÀñãä¶ã¾ã½ã ¾ããâÞãñ ÔããŸñ Öñ ¾ãã ãäÔ㣪ãâ¦ããÔã ¹ãìÀ‡ãŠ ‚ããÖñ. ‡ãŠãÀ¥ã
‚ãâ›ããä‡ã‹›Ã‡ãŠãÌãÀãèÊã Ô㣾ããÞ¾ãã ‚ããä¦ãÍããè¦ã ÖÌãã½ãã¶ãã¦ã Öãè Œããä¶ã•ãñ ãä¶ã½ããÃ¥ã Öãñ¥ãñ Íã‡ã‹¾ã ¶ããÖãè. ½Ö¥ã•ãñ ¹ãîÌããê Öã
¼ããØã „Ó¥ã‡ãŠ›ãèºãâ£ããè¾ã Øããò¡Ìãã¶ãã ¼ãî½ããèÞãã ¼ããØã ‚ãÔããÌãã.
 4. ¶ããÔãã ãäÀ¹ããñ›Ã 1984 ¶ãìÔããÀ ¶ããÔãã¶ãñ „¹ãØãðÖã½ãã¹ãʦ㠇ãñŠÊãñʾãã ãä¶ããäÀàã¥ãã¶ãìÔããÀ ‚ã›âÊãã›ãè‡ãŠ ½ãÖãÔããØãÀãÞããè Áâªãè
Ìã㤦㠂ããÖñ,
5. ¹ãÆãñ. ÖñÔã ¾ããâ¶ããè ‡ãñŠÊãñʾãã ãä¶ããäÀàã¥ããÌãÁ¶ã ‚ãããä¹ãÆŠ‡ãŠã Ìã ‚ãããäÍã¾ãã ¾ããâÞ¾ãã ‚ãâ¦ãÀãÞ¾ãã ãäÌãÍÊãñÓã¥ãã¦ã ‡ãŠãÖãè ½ãì²ããâÞãñ
Ô¹ãÓ›ãè‡ãŠÀ¥ã ¢ããÊãñ ‚ããÖñ.
ÌãñØã¶ãÀÞ¾ãã Œãâ¡ÌãÖ¶ã ãäÔ㣪ãâ¦ããÞãñ ½ãÖ¦Ìã
ÌãñØã¶ãÀÞ¾ãã Œãâ¡ÌãÖ¶ã ãäÔ㣪ã¦ãã½ãìßñ Ìã ¦¾ããÌãÀãèÊã ‚ããàãñ¹ã ¾ããâÞããè ¹ãìÓ›ãè ãä½ãßãäÌ㥾ããÔããŸãè ¼ããõØããñÊããè‡ãŠ ÔãâÍããñ£ã¶ããÔã ¹ãÆñÀ¥ãã Ìã
ÞããÊã¶ãã ãä½ãßãÊããè.ã䛇ãŠã ‡ãŠÀ¥ããžãã ÍããÔ¨ã—ããâ¶ããè ªñãäŒãÊã Œãâ¡Ìãֶ㠶ããä‡ã‹‡ãŠÞã ¢ããÊãñ ¾ããÊãã ½ã㶾ã¦ãã ªñ…¶ã ¦¾ããÌãÀ ‚ããä£ã‡ãŠ
ÔãâÍããñ£ã¶ã ‡ãñŠÊãñ.ÌãñØã¶ãÀÞãã ãäÔ㣪ãâ¦ã Öã ãä¶ããäÀàã¥ãñ Ìã ÍããÔ¨ããè¾ã ¹ãìÀãÌãñ ¾ããÌãÀ ‚ã£ããÀãè¦ã ‚ãÔãʾãã¶ãñ ¦¾ããÔã Ìãõ—ãããä¶ã‡ãŠ Ìã
¼ããõØããñÊããè‡ãŠ ºãõŸ‡ãŠ ‚ããÖñ.¼ãîŒãâ¡ Ìã ½ãÖãÔããØãÀ ¾ããâÞããè ãäÔ©ã¦ããè ¹ãìÀã¦ã¶ã ‡ãŠãßã¹ããÔãî¶ã ¹ãÀãèÌã¦ãöããè¾ã ‚ããÖñ ‚ãããä¥ã ¹ãì¤ñÖãè ¦ããè
¹ãÀãèÌã¦ãöããè¾ãÞã ÀãÖ¥ããÀ ‚ããÖñ. Öãè ¼ãîÁ¹ãÍããÔ¨ããè¾ã Ôãâ‡ãŠÊ¹ã¶ãã ÌãñØã¶ãÀÞ¾ãã ãäÔ㣪ãâ¦ããÞããè Ô㦾ã¦ãã ªãŒãÌãî¶ã ªñ¦ãñ.
¼ãî½ãâÞã / ¼ãî¹ã›á› ãäÌãÌã¦ãÃãä¶ã‡ãŠãè ãäÔ㣪ãâ¦ã ( Plate Tectonic Theory )
¹ãð©ÌããèÞãñ ãäÍãÊããÌãÀ¥ã Öñ †‡ãŠÔãâ£ã ¶ãÔãî¶ã ¦ãñ ‚ãÊãØã ‚ãÊãØã ‚ãÍãã ãä‡ãŠ½ãã¶ã ÔãÖã ½ãâÞããâ¶ããè( Plates) ºã¶ãÊãñÊãñ ‚ããÖñ. Öã ãäÌãÞããÀ
¼ãî¼ããõãä¦ã‡ãŠÍããÔ¨ã—ã Àãñ¶ããùÊ¡ ¾ããâ¶ããè ‚ããäÊã‡ãŠ¡ñ ½ããâ¡Êãã. ¼ãîŒãâ¡ñ ½Ö¥ã•ãñ ¦ãÀ¹ãñŠÞã Öãñ¦ã ‚ãÔãñ ¡ã†¢ã¶ã¶ãñ ½Ö›Êãñ ‚ããÖñ. Œãâ¡ñ
ãäÔã‚ããÊã ÌãÔ¦ãì½ãã¶ããÞããè ºã¶ãÊãñÊããè ‚ããÖñ¦ã ¦ãÀ ½ãÖãÔããØãÀãè ¦ãß Ôããè½ãã ÌãÔ¦ãì½ãã¶ããÞããè ºã¶ãÊãñÊããè ‚ããÖñ. ãäÔã‚ããÊãÞãñ ÌãÔ¦ãì½ãã¶ã
Ôããè½ãã¹ãñàãã ÖãÊã‡ãñŠ ‚ããÖñ. Œãâ¡ãâÞãñ ½ãâÞã ãä‡ãâŠÌãã ¦ãºã‡ãŠ¡¿ãã ( Plates) Ìã ½ãÖãÔããØãÀãè¦ãßãâÞ¾ãã ¦ãºã‡ãŠ¡¿ãã ÖãÊãÞããÊããè¦ã
†‡ãŠ½ãñ‡ãŠãâÞ¾ãã ÔãâÜãÓããæ㠾ãñ¦ãã¦ã ¦ãòÌÖã ãä‡ãŠ¶ããžããÍããè ãäÌãÍãñÓã Üã¡ã½ããñ¡ãè Ü㡦ãã¦ã. ¾ãã ãäÔ㣪ãâ¦ããÊãã ''¼ãî½ãâÞã ãäÌãÌã¦ãÃãä¶ã‡ãŠãè''( Plate
Tectonic ) ‚ãÔãñ ½Ö¥ã¦ãã¦ã.
ÌãñØã¶ãÀÞãã ¼ãîŒãâ¡ÌãÖ¶ããÞãã ãäÔ㣪ãâ¦ã, ÔããØãÀ¦ãß ãäÌãÔ¦ããÀ Ôãâ‡ãŠÊ¹ã¶ãã, Öãñ½ÔãÞãã ¹ãƉ㊽ã¥ã ¹ãÆÌããÖ ãäÔ㣪ãâ¦ã ¾ãã ¹ãìÀã̾ããÞ¾ãã
‚ã£ããÀñ Ìã ãäÀ½ããñ› Ôãñãä¶ÔãâØã ÔããÀŒ¾ãã ‚ãã£ãìãä¶ã‡ãŠ ¦ãâ¨ããÞ¾ãã ÔããÖ¾¾ãã¶ãñ 1968 Þ¾ãã Ôãì½ããÀãÔã Öã ãäÔ㣪ãâ¦ã ‚ããäÔ¦ãÌãã¦ã ‚ããÊãã.
¹ãòãäÌÖâØã Ô›ãñ¶ã ¾ããâ¶ããè ½ããâ¡Êãñʾãã ¾ãã ãäÔ㣪ãâ¦ãã¦ã ¹ãñŠÀºãªÊã ‡ãŠÁ¶ã ½ããñØãö㠂ãããä¥ã Êããè ãä¹ãÞãú¶ã ¾ããâ¶ããè ¾ãã ãäÔ㣪ãâ¦ããÔã '¼ãî½ãâÞã /
¼ãî¹ã›á› ãäÌãÌã¦ãÃãä¶ã‡ãŠãè ãäÔ㣪ãâ¦ã' ‚ãÔãñ ¶ããÌã ãäªÊãñ.
¾ãã ãäÔ㣪ãâ¦ãã¶ãìÔããÀ ¹ãð©ÌããèÞãñ ¼ãî‡ãŠÌãÞã †‡ãŠÔãâÜã ¶ãÔãî¶ã ¦ãñ ¹ãƽãìŒã ÔãÖã Ìã ÌããèÔã ÊãÖã¶ã ¼ãî½ãâÞããÞãñ ºã¶ãÊãñÊãñ ‚ããÖñ. ¾ãã ÔãÌãÃ
¼ãî½ãâÞããâÞãã ‚ãã‡ãŠãÀ ‚ãÔã½ãã¶ã ‚ããÖñ. ¹ãƽãìŒã ¼ãî½ãâÞãã½ã£¾ãñ ‚ã½ãñãäÀ‡ãŠ¶ã ¼ãî½ãâÞã, ¾ãÀãñãä¹ã¾ã¶ã ¼ãî½ãâÞã, ‚ãããä¹ãÆŠ‡ãŠ¶ã ¼ãî½ãâÞã,
ƒâ¡ãñ‚ããùÔ›ÈñãäÊã¾ã¶ã ¼ãî½ãâÞã, ¹ãùãäÔããä¹ãŠ‡ãŠ ¼ãî½ãâÞã ‚ãããä¥ã ‚ãâ›ããä‡ã‹›Ã‡ãŠ ¼ãî½ãâÞã ¾ããâÞãã Ôã½ããÌãñÍã Öãñ¦ããñ. ¾ãã ¼ãî½ãâÞããâÞããè •ãã¡ãè
¼ãîŒãâ¡ãŒããÊããè Ôãì½ããÀñ 100 ¦ãñ 120 ãä‡ãŠ.½ããè. ¦ãÀ ÔããØãÀãŒããÊããè 65 ãä‡ãŠ. ½ããè. Þ¾ãã ªÀ½¾ãã¶ã ‚ããÖñ. Öñ ÔãÌãà ¼ãî½ãâÞã ‡ãñŠÌãß
ÔããØãÀãè¾ã, ‡ãñŠÌãß Œãâ¡ãè¾ã ãä‡ãâŠÌãã ÔããØãÀãè¾ã Œãâ¡ãè¾ã ‚ãÔãñ ‚ãã¤ß¦ãã¦ã. ½ãÖãÔããØãÀãè ½ãâÞã ¹ãã¦ãß ¦ãÀ Œãâ¡ãè¾ã ½ãâÞã •ãã¡ ‚ããÖñ¦ã.
¹ãƦ¾ãñ‡ãŠ ¼ãî½ãâÞã Öã Íãñ•ããÀÞ¾ãã ¼ãî½ãâÞãã¹ããÔãî¶ã ÔÌã¦ãâ¨ã ‚ãÔãî¶ã ¦¾ããÞããè ÖãÊãÞããÊã ãäàããä¦ã•ã Ôã½ããâ¦ãÀ ãäÌããäÌã£ã ãäªÍããâ¶ãã ÞããÊãî
‚ãÔã¦ãñ. ãäÖ ÖãÊãÞããÊã ‚ãùÔ©ãñ¶ããñãäԹ㊂ãÀ ( 100 - 250ãä‡ãŠ.½ããè. ¼ãî¹ãðÓŸãŒããÊããè) ¾ãã ³ÌãÁ¹ã ©ãÀãÌãÀ Öãñ¦ã ‚ãÔã¦ãñ. ¾ãã
ÖãÊãÞããÊããèÞãñ ½ã쌾㠇ãŠãÀ¥ã ½Ö¥ã•ãñ ‚ãùÔ©ãñ¶ããñãäԹ㊂ãÀ½ã£ããèÊã ¹ãƉ㊽ã¥ã / ‚ããä¼ãÔãÀ¥ã …•ããà ¹ãÆÌããÖ Öãñ¾ã. ¼ãî½ãâÞããÞ¾ãã
ÖãÊãÞããÊããè½ãßñ •ãÌãßÞ¾ãã ¼ãî½ãâÞããÞ¾ãã ªÀ½¾ãã¶ã Ôããè½ãã/ ‡ãŠ¡ã ãä¶ã½ããÃ¥ã Öãñ¦ãã¦ã.
Ôããè½ãã ãä‡ãâŠÌã㠇㊡ãÞãñ ¹ãƇãŠãÀ
1.ÀÞã¶ã㦽ã‡ãŠ Ôããè½ãã ãä‡ãâŠÌã㠇㊡ã ( Constructive or Divergent Plate Margin)
•ãòÌÖã ªãñ¶ã ÊãØã¦ãÞãñ ¼ãî½ãâÞã ‚ããÀãñÖ …•ããà ¹ãÆÌããÖãÞ¾ãã ªãºãã½ãìßñ †‡ãŠ½ãñ‡ãŠãâ¹ããÔãî¶ã ãäÌãÁ£ª ãäªÍãñ¶ãñ ÔãÀ‡ãŠÊ¾ãã¶ãñ ¦¾ããâÞ¾ãã
ªÀ½¾ãã¶ãÞ¾ãã ¼ããØãã¦ã ¶ãÌããè¶ã ¹ãªã©ããÃÞããè ãä¶ããä½ãæããè Öãñ¦ãñ, ¦¾ããÔã ÀÞã¶ã㦽ã‡ãŠ Ôããè½ãã ‚ãÔãñ ½Ö¥ã¦ãã¦ã.„ªã. ‚ã›Êããâ›ãè‡ãŠ
½ãÖãÔããØãÀã¦ããèÊã •ãÊã½ãض㠹ãÌãæãÀãâØã.

2.ÔãâÖãÀ‡ãŠ ãä‡ãâŠÌãã ãäÌã¶ããÍã㦽ã‡ãŠ Ôããè½ãã ãä‡ãâŠÌã㠇㊡ã (Destructive / Convergent Plate Margin)
•ãòÌÖã ªãñ¶ã ¼ãî½ãâÞã ¹ãÀÔ¹ãÀ ãäÌãÁ£ª ãäªÍãñ¶ãñ †‡ãŠ½ãñ‡ãŠãâ‡ãŠ¡ñ ÔãÀ‡ãŠÊ¾ãã¶ãñ •ããÔ¦ã Üã¶ã¦ãñÞãã ¼ãî½ãâÞ㠇㊽ããè Üã¶ã¦ãñÞ¾ãã
¼ãî½ãâÞããŒããÊããè ÜãìÔã¦ããñ ‚ãããä¥ã ¹ãÆãÌãÀ¥ãã¦ã ãäÌããäÊã¶ã Öãñ¦ããñ. ‚ãÍããÌãñßãè ÔããØãÀãè¾ã ¼ãî½ãâÞã Ìã Œãâ¡ãè¾ã ¼ãî½ãâÞã ‚ãÔãʾããÔã ÔããØãÀãè¾ã
¼ãî½ãâÞã ŒããÊããè ÜãìÔã¦ããñ Ìã ¦ãñ©ãñ ÔããØãÀãè Øã¦ããà ãä¶ã½ããÃ¥ã Öãñ¦ãã¦ã.‚ãÍãã ã䟇ãŠã¥ããè ¼ãî‡ã⊹ããÞãñ ¹ãƽãã¥ãÖãè •ããԦ㠂ãÔã¦ãñ.¹ãâÀ¦ãî
•¾ããÌãñßãè ªãñ¶Öãè ¼ãî½ãâÞã Œãâ¡ãè¾ã ‚ãÔã¦ããèÊã ¦¾ããÌãñßãè ¦¾ããâÞ¾ãã ªÀ½¾ãã¶ã ‚ãÔãÊãñÊãã ¼ãî¼ããØã ½ããÊãã •ããÌãî¶ã Üã¡ãè ãä‡ãâŠÌãã ÌãÊããè
¹ãÌãæã ãä¶ã½ããÃ¥ã Öãñ¦ãã¦ã. ‚ãÍãã Ôããè½ãñÔã ÔãâÖãÀ‡ãŠ ãä‡ãâŠÌãã ãäÌã¶ããÍã㦽ã‡ãŠ Ôããè½ãã ãä‡ãâŠÌã㠇㊡ã (Destructive / Convergent
Plate Margin) ‚ãÔãñ ½Ö¥ã¦ãã¦ã. „ªã. ãäÖ½ããÊã¾ã ¹ãÌãæã ,‚ããʹÔã ¹ãÌãæã, Àãù‡ãŠãè ¹ãÌãæã, ‚ãùãä¡â•ã ¹ãÌãæã.

3.Ôãâ£ããÀ‡ãŠ ãä‡ãâŠÌãã Ôã½ããâ¦ãÀ Ôããè½ãã ãä‡ãâŠÌã㠇㊡ã ( Constructive or Transcurrent Plate Margin)

•ãòÌÖã ªãñ¶ã ¼ãî½ãâÞã †‡ãŠ½ãñ‡ãŠãâÍããè ©ãñ› Ôãâ¹ã‡ãÊ ¶ã ¾ãñ… ªñ¦ãã ‡ãñŠÌãß ¹ãÀÔ¹ãÀãâ¶ãã Ôã½ããâ¦ãÀ ÀñÓãñ¦ã Ô¹ãÍãà ‡ãŠÀ¦ãã¦ã. ¦¾ããÌãñßãè
¼ãî¼ããØã ŒãÞ㥾ããâÞããè ãä‡ãâŠÌãã „âÞãÌ㥾ããÞããè ãä‰ãŠ¾ãã Ü㡦㠶ããÖãè ‚ãÍãã Ôããè½ãñÔã Ôãâ£ããÀ‡ãŠ ãä‡ãâŠÌãã Ôã½ããâ¦ãÀ Ôããè½ãã ãä‡ãâŠÌã㠇㊡ã (
Constructive or Transcurrent Plate Margin) ‚ãÔãñ ½Ö¥ã¦ãã¦ã.‚ãÍãã Ôããè½ãñ•ãÌãß ¼ãî‡ã⊹ããÞãñ ¹ãƽãã¥ã •ããԦ㠂ãÔã¦ãñ.

½ãÖ¦Ìã

¼ãî½ãâÞã / ¼ãî¹ã›á› ãäÌãÌã¦ãÃãä¶ã‡ãŠãè ãäÔ㣪ãâ¦ããÊãã ¼ãîÁ¹ãÍããÔ¨ãã¦ã ½ãÖ¦ÌããÞãñ Ô©ãã¶ã ‚ããÖñ. ¾ãã ãäÔ㣪ãâ¦ãã½ãìßñ ¼ãî‡ã⊹ããÞããè ‡ãŠãÀ¥ãñ,
•ÌããÊãã½ãìŒããè „³ñ‡ãŠ, ÔããØãÀ¦ãßãÞãñ ¹ãÆÔãÀ¥ã ¹ããÌã¥ãñ, ¼ãîØã¼ããê¾ã ÖãÊãÞããÊããéÞããè ãä¶ããä½ãæããè Ìã ¦¾ãã½ãìßñ ãä¶ã½ããÃ¥ã Öãñ¥ããÀñ ¼ãî¼ããØã ƒ.
ãä‰ãŠ¾ããâÞãñ ¾ããñؾã Ô¹ãÓ›ãè‡ãŠÀ¥ã ¢ããÊãñ ‚ããÖñ. ÌãñØã¶ãÀÞ¾ãã Œãâ¡ÌãÖ¶ã ãäÔ㣪ãâ¦ããÊãã ¾ãã½ãìßñ ¹ãìÓŸãè ãä½ãßãÊããè ‚ããÖñ. ãäÖ½ããÊã¾ã,
Àùã‡ãŠãè, ‚ãùãä¡•ã, ‚ããʹÔã ƒ. ¹ãÌãæããâÞ¾ãã ãä¶ããä½ãæããèÞããè ¾ããñؾ㠹ãƇãŠãÀñ ¹ãìÓŸãè ãä½ãߥããÀ ‚ããÖñ. ‚ãã£ãîãä¶ã‡ãŠ ¦ãâ¨ã—ãã¶ããÞãã Ìãã¹ãÀ ‡ãŠÁ¶ã
¼ãî½ãâÞããÞ¾ãã ÖãÊãÞããÊããèÞãñ ãä¶ãÀãèàã¥ã ‡ãŠÁ¶ã ¼ãîŒãâ¡ãÞ¾ãã ¼ããäÌãÓ¾ã‡ãŠãÊããè¶ã ‚ãã‡ãŠãÀããäÌãÓã¾ããè ‚ãâªã•ã ‡ãŠÀ¥ãñ Íã‡ã‹¾ã ¢ããÊãñ ‚ããÖñ.
¦ãÔãñÞã ¼ãî½ãâÞããâÞ¾ãã Ôããè½ããÌãÀ¦ããè ¼ããØãã¦ããèÊã Œã¶ããè•ãÔã㟾ããâãäÌãÓã¾ããè Íããñ£ã Üãñ¥ãñ Ôããñ¹ãñ ¢ããÊãñ ‚ããÖñ.
ÔããØãÀ¦ãß ãäÌãÔ¦ããÀ ¹ããäÀ‡ãŠÊ¹ã¶ãã (Sea Floor Spreading)
 ¹ãÆã. ÖùÀãè ÖñÔã ¾ãã ‚ã½ãñãäÀ‡ãŠ¶ã ¼ãîØã¼ãà ÍããÔ¨ã—ãã¶ãñ 1960 ½ã£¾ãñ ÔããØãÀ¦ãß ãäÌãÔ¦ããÀ ¹ããäÀ‡ãŠÊ¹ã¶ãã (Sea Floor Spreading)
Öãè ‡ãŠÊ¹ã¶ãã ½ããâ¡Êããè.¦¾ããâÞ¾ãã ½ã¦ãñ ÔããØãÀã¦ããèÊ㠽㣾ãÌã¦ããê ¹ãÌãæãÀãâØãã ¹ãƉ㊽ã¥ã ¹ãÆÌããÖãâÞ¾ãã …£ÌãÃØãã½ããè ¼ãì•ããÌãÀ ½Ö¥ã•ãñ
¹ãÆãÌãÀ¥ãã¦ãî¶ã ¼ãî¹ãðÓŸã‡ãŠ¡ñ ¾ãñ¥ããžãã ¹ãÆÌããÖãÌãÀ ‚ããÖñ¦ã.¹ãÆãÌãÀ¥ãã¦ããèÊã ¹ãªã©ãà ¹ãƉ㊽ã¥ã ¹ãÆÌããÖã½ãìßñ ¾ãã ¹ãÌãæãÑãñ¥¾ããâ¦ãî¶ã ÌãÀ
¾ãñ…¶ã ¦¾ããâÞ¾ãã ªãñ¶Öãè ºãã•ãîÔã ÔãÌãêîÀ ¹ãÔãÀ¦ãã¦ã.

ÖñÔã ¾ããâÞ¾ãã ½ã¦ãã¶ãìÔããÀ ‚ã›Êããâ›ãè‡ãŠ Ìã ãäÖâªãè ½ãÖãÔããØãÀ Ìã ¦¾ãã¦ããèÊã ºãñ›ñ ¾ããÞ㠹㣪¦ããè¶ãñ ºã¶ãÊãñÊããè ‚ããÖñ.¼ãîØã¼ããæããèÊã
³ÌãÁ¹ã ¹ãÆãÌãÀ¥ãã¦ãî¶ã ¦ã¹¦ã ÊããÌÖãÞ¾ãã „³ñ‡ãŠã½ãìßñ ÔããØãÀ¦ãßãÞãã ãäÌãÔ¦ããÀ Öãñ¦ã ‚ãÔãʾãã½ãìßñ ÔããØãÀãÞ¾ãã Ôããè½ããÌã¦ããê ¹ãƪñÍãã¦ã
‚ãÔãÊãñÊããè ¼ãîŒãâ¡ñ ÖßîÖßî †‡ãŠ½ãñ‡ãŠâã¹ããÔãî¶ã ªîÀ •ãã¦ã ‚ãÔããÌããè¦ã Ìã •ã춾ãã ‡ãŠÌãÞããÞãã ¶ããÍã ÖãñÌãî¶ã ¶ãÌããè¶ã ‡ãŠÌãÞããÞããè ãä¶ããä½ãæããè
ÔããÀŒ¾ãã ÌãñØãã¶ãñ Öãñ¦ã ‚ãÔããÌããè ‚ãÔãñ ÖñÀãè ¾ããâ¶ããè ¹ãÆãä¦ã¹ã㪶㠇ãñŠÊãñ ‚ããÖñ.ºããÛã ¹ãÆãÌãÀ¥ãã¦ããèÊã ¹ãƉ㊽ã¥ã ¹ãÆÌããÖãÞ¾ãã ‚ã£ããñØãã½ããè
¹ãƪñÍãã¦ã •ããã ‡ãŠÌãÞããÞãã ¼ããØã ŒãÞã¦ã ‚ãÔããÌãã Ìã ÊããÌÖãÞ¾ãã „³ñ‡ãŠã¶ãñ ¶ããäÌã¶ã ¼ããØããÞããè ãä¶ããä½ãæããè Öãñ¦ã ‚ãÔããÌããè. ©ããñ¡‡ã‹¾ãã¦ã
¹ãÆãÌãÀ¥ãã¦ããèÊã ¹ãªã©ãà ÔããÀŒãñ ÌãÀ ¾ãñ…¶ã ¹ã¡¦ã ‚ãÔãʾãã¶ãñ ÔããØãÀ¦ãßãÞããè Ôã¦ã¦ã ãä¶ããä½ãæããè Öãñ¦ã ‚ããÖñ.ÔããØãÀã¦ããèÊã
¹ãÌãæãÑãñ¥¾ããâÞ¾ãã ½ã㩾ããÞ¾ãã ¹ãƪñÍãã¦ã ÌããÀâÌããÀ Öãñ¥ããÀñ ¼ãî‡ã⊹ã, •ÌããÊãã½ãìŒããèÞãñ „³ñ‡ãŠ, ØããßãÞãã ‚ã¼ããÌã ¾ãã½ãìßñ ÖñÔã ¾ããâÞ¾ãã
‡ãŠÊ¹ã¶ãñÔã ¹ãìÓ›ãè ãä½ãߦãñ.

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