!

!
STATISTICS !

! !
MEASURES'OF'CENTRAL'TENDENCY!
***ARRANGE!ALL!SCORES!FROM!SMALLEST!TO!BIGGEST!FIRST***!
! !
!

!"#!!"!!""!!"#$%!
MEAN!=!!"#$%&!!"!!"#$%!!
!
!

MEDIAN!=!WITH!SCORES!IN!ORDER,!MIDDLE!VALUE!
!

*IF!THERE!ARE!AN!ODD!NUMBER!OF!SCORES,!CHOOSE!MIDDLE!SCORE!
*IF!THERE!ARE!AN!EVEN!NUMBER!OF!SCORES,!!
TAKE!THE!AVERAGE!(MEAN)!OF!THE!MIDDLE!TWO!
!
!

MODE!=!MOST!COMMON!SCORE!IN!THE!DISTRIBUTION!
!

*THERE!CAN!BE!MORE!THAN!ONE!MODE!(OR!NO!MODE)!

NOTES/EXAMPLES/REMINDERS
MEAN%DEVIATION!
!
STEPS#TO#CALCULATE#THE#MEAN#DEVIATION#
!
1. FIND!THE!MEAN!OF!THE!DISTRIBUTION!
2. FIND!THE!DIFFERENCE!OF!EACH!SCORE!FROM!!
THE!MEAN!
3. MAKE!EACH!DIFFERENCE!POSITIVE!
4. FIND!THE!MEAN!OF!ALL!THE!POSITIVE!DIFFERENCES! !

!
!

NOTES/EXAMPLES/REMINDERS
 !

PERCENTILE!! ! !

#!!"!!"#$%!!!!!"#!!"#!!"!!"#$%&'(
%!"#!=! !"!#$!#!!"!!"#$%!
!!
! !
!

***when!finding!%ile,!always!round!up!to!nearest!integer***!
!
!
…WORKING!BACKWARDS!(if!you’re!given!%ile,!find!a!score)!!
!
…!
!

%!"#
rank!=! !"" (!"!#$!#!!"!!"#$%!)!!
!
!

***when!finding!rank,!always!round!down!to!nearest!integer***!
***your!rank!is!the!POSITION!of!the!score!in!your!distribution,!!
you!have!to!go!find!the!score!in!the!list!(count!it!off)***! !

!
!

NOTES/EXAMPLES/REMINDERS
CORRELATION!(EXAMPLES)!
! !
PERFECT! STRONG! VERY!WEAK!
NEGATIVE! NEGATIVE! POSITIVE!

!! = ! −!1! !! = ! −!0.84! !! = ! +!0.21!

PERFECT! MODERATE!
POSITIVE! POSITIVE!

ZERO!
CORRELATION!

!! = +!1! !! = ! +!0.72! !! = !0.00!

!
!

NOTES/EXAMPLES/REMINDERS
CORRELATION*(ESTIMATING)COEFFICIENT)!
!
! !
OUTLIER# STEPS#TO#CALCULATE#“r”#
!! = ! ±!(1!– ! !ℎ!"#!!"#$ )!! !
3!m! !
!"#$!!"#$
1. DRAW!A!RECTANGLE!(MEASURE!
15!m! 3
!! = ! −!(1!– ! )!! SIDE!STO!BE!SURE)!
15
! 2. LEAVE!OUT!OUTLIERS!
!! = ! −!(1!– !0.2)!! 3. CHECK!IF!THE!TREND!IS!GOING!
! “UP”!OR!“DOWN”!(POSITIVE!OR!
!! = ! −!!. !" NEGATIVE!SLOPE)!
! 4. PUT!MEASUREMENTS!INTO!THE!
! FORMULA!!

INTERPRETING#CORRELATION#COEFFICIENT#
81! 80.87!!!!!!!!!80.75! ! 80.5! ! !!!!!!!0!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!0.5! !!0.75!!!!!!0.87!!!!!!!!!1!
!
!
PERFECT!

MODERATE!
STRONG!

MODERATE!
WEAK!

WEAK!

PERFECT!
STRONG!
ZERO!

!
!

NOTES/EXAMPLES/REMINDERS
LINE%OF%BEST%FIT!
! !
BEST#FIT#LINE#IS#USED#TO#FIND#UNKNOWN#VALUES#OR#
TO#PREDICT#FUTURE#VALUES!
"

STEPS#TO#USING#BEST#FIT#LINE#
!
1. DRAW!THE!BOX!AROUND!POINTS!
!
2. DRAW!A!LINE!THROUGH!THE!MIDDLE!
OF!THE!BOX!(ALONG!IT’S!LENGTH)!
!

3. PICK!TWO!POINTS!ON!THE!LINE!(NOT!
ACTUAL!DATA!POINTS)!
!
4. USE!THE!TWO!POINTS!TO!FIND!THE!
EQUATION!OF!THE!LINE!
!

5. USE!THE!EQUATION!TO!FIND!THE!
VALUE!YOU’RE!LOOKING!FOR!
!

!
!

NOTES/EXAMPLES/REMINDERS
MEYER%LINE!
!
!
!
!
X"values
!
# Y!values #
…! …! STEPS#TO#MEYER#LINE#METHOD#
…! …!
…! …! #
AVG! …! …! AVG! 1. CUT!THE!TABLE!IN!HALF!
…! …! !
…! …! 2. FIND!THE!AVERAGE!(MEAN)!OF!
…! …!
EACH!SECTION!
!

…! …! 3. USE!THE!AVERAGES!AS!(x1,!y1)!
…! …! AND!(x2,!y2)!TO!FIND!A!!!
…! …!
AVG! …! …! AVG!
y!=!ax!+!b!EQUATION!
!
…! …!
…! …! 4. USE!THE!EQUATION!TO!
…! …! ANSWER!THE!QUESTION!

NOTES/EXAMPLES/REMINDERS