EARLY CHRISTIAN

ARCHITECTURE
GEOLOCIGAL INFLUENCE
GEOLOCIGAL INFLUENCE EARLY CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE AT ROME
WASN INFLUENCED BY AND WAS THE LOGICAL UOTCOME OF EXISTING
ROMAN ART, AND IT WAS MODIFIED IN OTHER PARTS OF THE EMPIRE
ACCDG TO THE GEOGRAPHICAL SITUATION OF THESE COUNTRIES.
ARCHITECTURAL
CLIMATE INFLUENCE GENERAL CHARACTE
THE MOST IMPORTANT CENTER OF BUILDING ACTIVITY IN THIS EPOCH,HAS
RISTICS
BEEN DISCUSSED IN THE ROMAN ARCHITECTURE.THE CLIMATIC PLAIN AND SIM
PLE EXTERIOR
CONDITIONS OF SUCH ROMAN PROVINCES AS EGYPT, SYRIA, RICHNESS IN
THE INTERIOR
AND NORTH AFRICA WHERE CHRISTIANITY WAS ESTABLISHED WERE MORE GIVES A FEEL
ING OF HORIZ
ONTALITY
OR LESS VARIED,
RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE
PURPOSE OF CHRISTIAN CHURCHES TO SHELTER WORSHIPPERS WHO MET
FOR PRAYERS AND PRAISE TO AN USEEN DEITY AND DURING THE UNSETTLED
CONDITIONS AT THE BEGINNING OF CHRISTIANITY, VARIOUS PLACES WHERE
ADAPTED FOR THIS WORSHIP.
SOCIAL INFLUENCE
CONSTANTINE CHANGED THE CAPITAL OF THE EMPIRE FROM ROME TO ST. JOHN LATERAN
ARCHITECTS: ALESSANDRO GALILEI, GIOVANNI STEFANO
BYZANTIUM IN AD 324, WHEN THE OLD POLITICAL SYSTEM CAME TO AN
END.CHRISTIANITY SUFFERED FURTHER DISABILITIES DURING THE UNSETTLED
CONDITIONS UPON THE DIVISION OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE INTO THE WESTERN Cathedral church of the Diocese of Rome in the city of Rome,
AND EASTERN EMPIRES UNDER TWO EMPERORS. and serves as the seat of the bishop of Rome, the pope.

BYZANTINE
ARCHITECTURE HAGIA SOPHIA
GEOLOCIGAL INFLUENCE
BYZANTIUM, RENAMED CONSTANTINOPLE AFTERS ITS IMPERIAL FOUNDER (AND NOW
RENAMED ISTANBUL), WAS INAUGURATED AS CAPITAL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE IN AD
330.LOCATED AT THE JUNCTION OF THE BOSPHORUS AND THE SEA OF MARMORA,
WHERE EUROPE AND ASIA ARE ONLY DIVIDED BY NARROW STRIP OF WATER.
CLIMATE INFLUENCE
THE ROMANS ADOPTED THEIR METHODS OF BUILDING TO THE EASTERN CLIMATE OF
THE NEW CAPITAL AND TO THOSE CONDITIONS OF LIFEI WHICH HAD THERE ALREADY
CREATED TRADITIONAL FORMS IN ART:
 FLAT ROOFS FOR SUMMER RESORT ARE COMBINED WITH ORIENTAL DOMES
 SMALL WINDOWS OFTEN HIGH UP IN OTHERWISE UNBROKEN WALLS
 SHELTERING ARCADES SURROUNDED THE OPEN COURTS
RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE
CHRISTIANITY (EST. BY CONSTANTINE AS THE STATE RELIGION OF THE ARCHITECTS: ISIDORE OF MILETUS, ANTHEMIUS OF TRALLES
ROMAN EMPIRE)
SOCIAL INFLUENCE
CONSTANTINE TRANSFERRED HIS CAPITAL TO BYZANTIUM IN ORDER TO PROVIDE A MORE
ARCHITECTURAL It served as a mosque until 1935, when it
became a museum. In 2020, the site once again
CENTRAL SEAT OF GOVERNMENT FOR THE EMPIRE, AN EASTERN CITY OF WHICH THE GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS became a mosque.
POPULATION HAD INTRODUCED EASTERN METHODS OF LIFE AND CORRUPT CONDITIONS GIVES A FEELING OF VERTICALITY
OF THE ROMAN SOCIAL ECONOMY. SIMPLICITY OF THE EXTERIOR TREATMENT
RICHNESS IN THE INTERIOR TREATMENT
FUSION OF THE DOMICAL CONSTRUCTION OF THE EAST WITH THE CLASSICAL
COLUMNAR STYLES OF THE WEST

ROMANESQUE
ARCHITECTURE PISA CATHEDRAL ARCHITECTURAL
WHAT IS ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE ?
ROMANSESQUE ARCHITECTURE IS AN ARCHITECTURAL STYLE OF MEDIEVAL EUROPE GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
CHARACTERIZED BY SEMI CIRCULAR ARCHES.THERE IS NO CONSENSUS FOR THE BEGINNING
COMBINING FEATURES OF ANCIENT AND BYZANTINES BUILDINGS AND
DATE OF THE ROMANESQUE STYLE, WITH THE PROPOSAL RANGING FROM 6TH TO 11TH CENTURY,
ANOTHER LOCAL TRADITION. ROMANSESQUE ARCHITECTURE IS KNOWN BY
THIS LATER DATE BEING THE MOST COMMONLY HELD.
ITS MASSIVE QUALITY,THICK WALLS, ROUND ARCHES, STUDY
GEOLOCIGAL INFLUENCE PILLARS,BARREL VAULTS, AND LARGE TOWERS AND DECORATIVE ARCADING
ROMANSESQUE ARCHITECTURE IS THE COMBINATION OF ROMAN
AND BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE BASICALLY ROMAN AND STYLE. PISA CATHEDRAL PLAN
CLIMATE INFLUENCE
CLIMATE OF NORTH BEING DULL,LARGE WINDOW OPENINGS WERE PROVIDED TO ALLOW
SUFFICIENT SUNLIGHT WHEREAS SOUTH BEING HOT, SMALL WINDOWS WERE KEPT TO CUT OFF
DAZZLING SUNLIGHT. DUE TO LESS RAINFALL IN THE SOUTH PART, ROOF WERE FLAT, WHEREAS IN
NORTH HIGH PITCHED ROOFS WERE PROVIDED TO DRAIN OUT THE WATER AND SNOW.

RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE
CHRISTIANITY ALTERED INTO ERECTION OF A CHURCH. PAPACY HAS A
GREAT POWER AND INFLUENCE ARCHITECTS: BUSCHETO , RAINALDO

medieval Roman Catholic cathedral dedicated to the

SOCIAL INFLUENCE Assumption of the Virgin Mary, in the Piazza dei Miracoli in
ESTABLISHMENT OF "FEUDAL SYSTEM", LANDLORD BUILT "CASTLE" TO Pisa, Italy, the oldest of the three structures in the plaza
SEPARATE THEM AND PROTECT THEM FROM THE PEASANT. THIS CASTLE WAS
followed by the Pisa Baptistry and the Campanile known
MADE WITH MAN MADE CANALS
as the Leaning Tower of Pisa.
GOTHIC
ARCHITECTURE DESCRIPTION
WHAT IS GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE ? The cathedral, dedicated to the Virgin Mary, is considered one of
THE FINAL PHASE OF MEDIEVAL ARCHITECTURE IS CONSIDERED TO BE THE the finest examples of French Gothic architecture. Several of its
GOTHC ERA.THIS TERM WAS FIRST APPLIED IN THE 17TH CENTURY TO DENOTE attributes set it apart from the earlier Romanesque style,
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGNS THAT WAS NOT BASED ON PRECEXDNT FORMS particularly its pioneering use of the rib vault and flying buttress,
FROM THE CLASSICAL PERIOD (EGYPTIAN, GREEK AND ROMAN CULTURES.
its enormous and colourful rose windows, and the naturalism and
. NEARLY 400 YEARS GOTHIC STYLE DOMINATED THE WESTERN EUROPE.
abundance of its sculptural decoration
BELIEFS
GOTHIC INTERPRETATION OF THIS POINT OF VIEW WAS MONUMENT THAT FUN FACT
SEEMS TO DWARF THE MAN WHO INTERS IT,FOR SPACE, LIGHT, STRUCTURE
AND THE PLASTIC EFFECTS OF THE MASONRY ARE ORGANIZED TO PRODUCE A Notre-Dame Cathedral suffered damage and
VISIONARY SCALE. deterioration through the centuries. After the
French Revolution it was rescued from
possible destruction by Napoleon, who
crowned himself emperor of the French in the
cathedral in 1804. Notre-Dame underwent
NOTRE DAME PARIS major restorations by the French architect
ARCHITECTS: Jean-Baptiste-Antoine Lassus, Pierre de Eugène-Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc in the mid-

RENAISSANCE Montreuil,Jean de Chelles,Raymond du Temple,Pierre de

Chelles,Jean Ravy, Jean le Bouteiller
19th century

ARCHITECTURE
KNOWN AS THE "THE REBIRTH OF THE CLASSICAL CULTURE "
ORIGANATED IN FLORENCE , ITALY
THE THREE PHASES : QUATTROCENTRO / EARLY RENAISSANCE; HIGH RENAISSANCE;MANNERISM FLORENCE CATHEDRAL ITALY
WHAT IS RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE ?
ARCHITECTURE PERIOD BETWEEN THE EARLY 15TH AND 17TH CENTURIES IN
DIFFERENT REGIONS OF EUROPE, DEMONSTRATING A CONSCIOUS REVIVAL
AND DEVELOPMENT OF CERTAIN ELEMENTS OF AN ANCIENT GREEK AND
ROMAN THOUGHT AND MATERIAL CULTURE.
1ST PHASES: QUATTROCENTRO/EARLY RENAISSANCE
SPACE WAS ORGANIZED BY PROPORTINAL LOGIC,ITS FORM AND RHYTHM
SUBJECT TO GEOMETRY, RATHER THAN BEING TREATED BY INTUITIONAS
MEDIEVAL BUILDINGS

DESCRIPTION
2ND PHASES: HIGH RENAISSANCE
TS DEPRIVED FROM CLASSICAL ANTIQUITY WERE DEVELOPED AND USED WITH The typical Italian Gothic building, the Cathedral of
GREATER SURETY.THE MOST REPRESENTATIVE ARCHITECT IS DONATO Florence, is dedicated to "Santa Maria del Fiore". The
BRAMANTE (1444-1514) WHO EXPANDED THE APPLICABILITY OF CLASSICAL
ARCHITECTURE TO CONTEMPORARY BUILDINGS.
church was designed by Arnolfo di Cambio (c1245-
1302) who considerably enlarged the existing religious
structure. Finished around 1367, the Cathedral was
3RD PHASES: MANNERISM completely covered by coloured marbles like the
ARCHITECTS EXPERIMENTED WITH USING ARCHITECTURAL FORMS
TO EMPHASIZE SOLID AND SPARTIAL RELATIONSHIPS. THE earlier Baptistery, except for the façade that remained
RENAISSANCE IDEAL OF HARMONY GIVE WAY TO FREER AND MORE Architects: Filippo Brunelleschi, Arnolfo di Cambio, unfinished and was terminated only in the 19th
IMAGINATIVE RYHTMS. THE BEST-KNOWN ARCHITECT ASSOCIATED Francesco Talenti, Emilio De Fabris century.
WITH THE MANNERIST STYLE WAS MICHELANGELO (14752 -1564 )WHO
IS CREDITED WITH INVENTING THE GIANT ORDER A LARGE CLUSTER
THAT STRETCHES FROM THE BOTTOM TO THE TOP OF A FACADE.

ARCHITECTURAL STYLES EXAMPLE STYLE: QUEEN ANNE HISTORY

In narrow architectural terms this refers to a

WHAT IS ARCHITECTURAL STYLES?

REVIVAL
London-based revival of the ordinary red-brick
building of the 17th and early 18th centuries. In
North America, however, the term was more loosely
ANY BUILDINGS CONSTRUCTED IN MANITOBA DURING THE 19TH AND 20TH CENTURIES BEAR THE applied to describe an eclectic style which
IMPRINT OR ATLEAST THE INFLUENCE OF CERTAIN ARCHITECTURAL STYLES OR TRADITION .SOME incorporated architectural elements borrowed from a
variety of historical periods. These included
ARE FAITHFUL TO A SINGLE STYLE .MANY MORE HAVE ELEMENTS FROM SEVERAL DIFFERENT STYLE Elizabethan, Jacobean and American Colonial
AND ARE REFERRED TO AS ECLECTRIC. Revivals as well as the architecture of Queen Anne's
reign itself (1702-1714). One phase of this style was
THIS SECTION, STYLES, DESCRIBE THE SOPHISTICATED STYLES THAT WERE MOST INFLUENTIAL IN characterized by the Eastlake decorative style, named
for English architect Charles Locke Eastlake
THIS PROVINCE'S ARCHITECTURAL DEVELOPMENT .MANY BUILDINGS OFTEN THOSE NOT DESIGNED (1836-1906) and based on his furniture designs. In
BY FORMALLY TRAINED ARCHITECT DO NOT RELATE AT ALL TO THIS HISTORICAL STYLE .THEIR Manitoba, the style had its greatest effect on
residential design.
DESIGNS ARE OFTEN DICTATED BY UTILITY AND MAY BE INFLUENCED BY THE DESIGNER FAMILIARITY
WITH OTHER BUILDING IN THE DISTRICT.THE STYLE DISCUSS HERE STEM FROM VARIOUS GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
HISTORICAL TRADITION. the style aims at being extravagantly picturesque
 Georgian Chicago School irregular plans and elevations are its hallmark
 Gothic Revival Prairie School - lively and exuberant, structures feature bays,
turrets, towers, decorative chimneys, gabled or
 Second Empire Georgian Revival multi-gabled roofs and verandahs
 Italianate Tudor Revival - roofs are usually steep and often multiple
 Romanesque Revival Bungalow - basic to the style is a variety of surfaces used on the
same building, especially brick, wood shingles of
 Queen Anne Revival Art Deco different shapes, stucco and half-timbering
 Classical Revival Art Moderne - elements and forms can come from many styles to
 Late Gothic Revival International
create a unique effect
- Queen Anne buildings are frequently covered with
distinctive Eastlake decoration such as spindles,

MODERNISM
balusters, pendants, finials and posts, which were
all turned on a lathe.

WHAT IS MODERNISM?
IT MEANS PRESENT OR CURRENT IMPLYING AS IT IS OPPOSITE THE NOTION OF
RED HOUSE PHILIP WEB DESCRIPTION:
EARLIER OF WHAT IT IS A PAST.
A SECOND MEANING OF THE WORD IS THE NEW AS OPPOSED TO THE OLD. THE RED HOUSE WAS MERELY
BIRTH OF MODERNISM MODERN ARCHITECTURE THE FIRST OF SERIES OF HOUSES
New materials, technology & needs Geometry to live in: IN WHICH HE AND DEVORE TO
were - Victorian homes were bulky & ENGENDER AN AUTHENTIC
drastically changing the profession of complicated & Modernist architects HISTORICAL STYLE, THROUGH
architecture. changed all that.
THE DIRECT EXPRESSION OF
•Breaking free from ancient Greek & - Gone were the historical ornament
designs. The goal was now ‘simple’ & LOCAL MATERIALS AND
Roman
clean designs. CRAFTSMANSHIP .
Prototypes (rejection of the - Science & industry was the new
traditional neoclassical architecture)
WEB ADAPTED THE GOTHIC
‘religion’. The house became a ‘machine
•The changing face of the growing for living’.
REVIVAL ,THAT IS CLAY TAILING ,
cityscape. - Rise of an International Style. CORBELLED BRICK
•The rise of skyscrapers. - The common characteristics of the WORK,RUBBED BRICK ARCHES,
•America comes into focus as a Style includes: AND CIRCULAR OPENING, AS A
i) a radical simplification of form
budding center WAY OF ARTICULATING AN OPEN
ii) a rejection of ornament
of modern design (Empire State iii) adoption of glass, steel & concrete. MINDED FORM OF VERNACULAR
Building 1931)
RED HOUSE PHILIP WEB PLAN EXPRESSION.

POST-MODERNISM ROBERT VENTURI , VANNNA VENTURI HOUSE , PENNSYLVANIA,1962

WHAT IS POSTMODERNISM? DESCRIPTION:
POSTMODERN ARCHITECTURE IS A STYLE OR IN THIS MODEST DWELLING , VENTURI
MOVEMENT WHICH EMERGED IN THE 1960S COMBINED SIMPLICITY OF EXTERNAL FORM
AS A REACTION AGAINST THE AUSTERITY WITH COMPLEXITY OF INTERIOR LAYOUT, AND
FORMALITY AND THE LACK OF VARIETY OF CONVENTIONAL SYMBOLS, AND ELEMENTS
MODERN ARCHITECTURE PARTICULARLY IN WITH CONTRA DICTIONARY ARRANGEMENT
THE INTERNATIONAL STYLE ADVOCATED BY .THE HOUSE WAS CONTRACTED WITH
PHILLIP JOHNSON AND HENRY RUSSELL INTENTIONAL FORMAL, ARCHITECTURAL
HITCHCOCK HISTORICAL ANESTHETIC CONTRADICTIONS.