The Periphery

history of architecture
The Periphery
Fiel Margeau E. Reventar

Introduction
The Historical
Timeline of Architecture
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Roman
The Historical
Egyptian
Pre-Historic Greek Roman

PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN Near East
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
Parthia Numidia
CHINESE & JAPANESE Kush/Meroe Axum/Sabea Arabia
247BC-224AD 202-40BC
FILIPINO 1070-550BC 800BC-700AD 500-201BC
The Kingdom of Kush/Meroe
Geography
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE “The Kingdom of Kush was an
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL ancient African kingdom situated
20TH C MODERN
on the confluences of the Blue
ISLAMIC
Nile (from Ethiopia), White Nile
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
(from Sudan) and River Atbara in
FILIPINO what is now the Republic of
Sudan.”
History
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN “The Kingdom of Kush was established after the Bronze Age collapse and the disintegration of the
CHINESE & JAPANESE New Kingdom of Egypt, it was centered at Napata in its early phase. After King Kashta (“the
FILIPINO
Kushite”) invaded Egypt in the 8th century BC, the Kushite kings ruled as pharaohs of the Twenty-
fifth dynasty of Egypt for a century, until they were expelled by Egyptian Psamtik I in 656 BC. Kush
was an important source of Iron.”
History
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN “About 590 BC, Egypt invaded Kush again, destroying its capital city, Napata. The
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Kushites named Meroë their new capital because it was 300 miles south of
Napata, safely out of Egypt's reach. Meroë's location helped Kush remain a crucial
center of trade.”
History
“Although overshadowed by its more prominent Egyptian neighbor, Kush was later on
revealed to be an advanced civilization in its own right. The Kushites had their own
unique language and script; maintained a complex economy based on trade and
industry; mastered archery; and developed a complex, urban society with uniquely
high levels of female participation.”
PRE-HISTORIC “Kush began to fade as a power by the first or second century AD, sapped by the war
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
with the Roman province of Egypt, the invasion of the Assyrians and the decline
GREEK of its traditional industries due to degradation of their environment.”
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Architectural Character
They were highly influenced by Ancient Egypt in terms of burial rituals. Their main
architectural structures were tombs.
The art and architecture of the Kushites reveal a sophisticated society of innovative
craftsmen as well as constant assimilation of new artistic techniques from other
lands.
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
Notable architecture includes narrative tomb wall paintings as well as unique,
GREEK eggshell-thin pottery with geometric patterns, traded all over the Mediterranean.
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Examples
Amun temple of Jebel Barkal
It is one of the largest temples at

Jebel Barkal, is considered sacred
to the local population.
PRE-HISTORIC
It was representative of the revival
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN of Egyptian religious values.
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Examples
Pyramids of Meroe
South Cemetery features nine royal pyramids. Four of the pyramids belonged to
Kings and five belonged to queens. One hundred and ninety-five other tombs
complete the cemetery.
North cemetery contains forty-one royal pyramids. Thirty belonged to kings, six to
PRE-HISTORIC
queens and five to other royals. The cemetery has three more non-royal tombs for a
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN total of forty-four.
GREEK West cemetery is a non-royal site. It contains some one hundred and thirteen
ROMAN
tombs.
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Examples
The Lion Temple and the Roman Kiosk of Naqa
It is situated about 600 m southeast of the Great Enclosure of Meroe. It is a typical

Meroitic one-roomed temple, dedicated to the lion god Apedemak, an indigenous
Kushite god.
PRE-HISTORIC
The Roman kiosk is a small temple near the main temple building, which has
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN strong Hellenistic elements. The entrance to the kiosk is Egyptian and is topped by
GREEK a lintel with a row of sacred uraeus (cobras) but the sides consist of columns with
ROMAN
Corinthian capitals and arched windows in the Roman style.
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Roman
The Historical
Egyptian

PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
Parthia Numidia
247BC-224AD 202-40BC
The Kingdom of Axum/Sabea
Geography
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE “As the Kingdom of Kush was
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
declining due to possible
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL deforestation, the Kingdom of
20TH C MODERN Axum, inevitably, began to rise
ISLAMIC because of its forest reserves
INDIAN
and became a regional economic
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO powerhouse.”
Axum is now Northern Ethiopia.

Geography
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE “The Kingdom of Sabea is now
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
mostly Yemen, a country in the
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL Southern Arabian Peninsula.”
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC It had a very close trading

INDIAN
relationship with the Kingdom of
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO Axum and believed to become
part of Axum at some point.
History
“Kush was an important source of metal while the Sabaean kingdom in Yemen
had a monopoly on the production of frankincense, an oil derived from a plant
that grew only there.”
“Between 200-700, Axum was situated right at the center of a lucrative trade
PRE-HISTORIC conduit between Rome and India and maintained a close political relationship
NEAR EAST with both societies, but especially with Rome to which Aksum sent several
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
embassies.”
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Examples
Eventually, due to civil wars within Axum and Sabea, both kingdoms declined and
were overtaken by other civilizations.
“Today, the former imperial capital at Aksum contains some of the best-preserved
PRE-HISTORIC examples of Aksumite-style architecture, including stelae from the third and
NEAR EAST fourth centuries, and obelisks, royal tombs, temples, and palaces dating from the
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
sixth and seventh centuries.”
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Examples
“The ruins of the ancient Aksumite Civilization covered a wide area in the Tigray
Plateau. The most impressive monuments are the monolithic obelisks, royal
tombs and the palace ruins dating to the 6th and 7th centuries AD.
Several stelae survive in the town of Aksum dating between the 3rd and 4th
centuries AD. The largest standing obelisk rises to a height of over 23 meters and
PRE-HISTORIC is exquisitely carved to represent a nine-storey building of the Aksumites. It
NEAR EAST stands at the entrance of the main stelae area.”

EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Examples
“The ruins of Dungur is known locally and popularly as the Palace of the Queen
of Sheba.”
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Examples
“Barran Temple is a Sabaean temple

near Marib, Yemen; also known as
"Throne of Bilqis", it was dedicated to
the god al-Maqah.”
PRE-HISTORIC It is believed to have been built

NEAR EAST between the 7th and 5th century BC.

EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Roman
The Historical
Egyptian

PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
Parthia Numidia
247BC-224AD 202-40BC
The Kingdom of Arabia
Geography
“Geographically, the Arabian Peninsula includes Bahrain,
Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab
Emirates (UAE), and Yemen, as well as
southern Iraq and Jordan.
The Arabian Peninsula is located in the continent of Asia and

PRE-HISTORIC
is bounded by (clockwise) the Persian Gulf on the northeast,
NEAR EAST the Strait of Hormuz and the Gulf of Oman on the east, the
EGYPTIAN Arabian Sea on the southeast, the Gulf of Aden, Guardafui
GREEK Channel and Somali Sea on the south, the Bab-el-
ROMAN Mandeb strait on the southwest and the Red Sea, which is
EARLY CHRISTIAN
located on the southwest and west. The northern portion of
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
the peninsula merges with the Syrian Desert with no clear
GOTHIC borderline, although the northern boundary of the peninsula
RENAISSANCE is generally considered to be the northern borders of Saudi
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL Arabia and Kuwait, also southern regions of Iraq and Jordan.
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC The most prominent feature of the peninsula is desert, but in

INDIAN the southwest, there are mountain ranges, which receive
CHINESE & JAPANESE greater rainfall than the rest of the peninsula. Harrat ash
FILIPINO
Shaam is a large volcanic field that extends from
northwestern Arabia into Jordan and southern Syria.”
Ancient Arabia
History
3 Empires:
1. Palmyra (Syria)
2. Petra (Jordan)
3. Hatra (North Iraq)
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Palmyra
History
“Palmyra is an ancient city in present-day
Syria. Archaeological finds date back to the
Neolithic period, and documents first mention
the city in the early second millennium BC.
Palmyra changed hands on a number of
occasions between different empires before
PRE-HISTORIC
becoming a subject of the Roman Empire in
NEAR EAST the first century AD.”

EGYPTIAN
GREEK Palmyra became an empire at the time that
ROMAN the Roman empire was collapsing.
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
Named after its capital city, Palmyra, it
GOTHIC encompassed the Roman provinces of Syria
RENAISSANCE Palaestina, Arabia Petraea, and Egypt, as
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL well as large parts of Asia Minor.
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC Palmyra was strategically located on the

INDIAN Silk Road—stretched across the Eurasian
CHINESE & JAPANESE continent to China.
FILIPINO
Palmyra
Architecture
“The ruins at Palmyra include the Temple of Bel, built for worship of the Mesopotamian god Bel, and
the Great Colonnade, or main thoroughfare of the city. Other Roman buildings have been unearthed
like an agora and a theater.”
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Palmyra
Architecture
“The Great Colonnade at Palmyra was the main colonnaded avenue in the ancient city of Palmyra in
the Syrian Desert. The colonnade was built in several stages during the second and third century CE and
stretched for more than a kilometer (approximately .75 miles). It linked the Temple of Bel, in the
southeastern end of the city, to the West Gate and the Funerary Temple in the northwestern part.”
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Palmyra
Architecture
“The Temple of Bel (Mesopotamian god) showed a remarkable synthesis of ancient Near
Eastern and Greco-Roman architecture.[1] The temple remains lay inside a large precinct lined
by porticos. It had a rectangular shape and was oriented north–south. It was believed to be built in 32.”
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Petra
History
“Petra is a historic and
archaeological city in
southern Jordan. It is
adjacent to the mountain
of Jabal Al-Madbah, in
a basin surrounded by
PRE-HISTORIC
mountains forming the
NEAR EAST eastern flank of

EGYPTIAN the Arabah valley running
GREEK from the Dead Sea to
ROMAN the Gulf of Aqaba.”
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Petra
History
“Petra was inhabited by a once nomadic tribe called Nabataeans who settled there.
In the years after Alexander the Great, while the Roman Empire was taking shape, the Nabataeans
managed to become one of the most successful commercial societies in the Middle East. They used
their knowledge of sea routes and caravan routes so that they were able to form a solid link between
eastern goods and western markets.
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST For centuries, the Nabataeans never constructed a single house, or a single temple. When they chose
EGYPTIAN the site of Petra to build their magnificent city, it was a barren canyon, and possibly a place where they
GREEK
buried their dead.
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
When the Nabataeans did start building their city, they called it Rekem or Rekmu.”
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Petra
Architecture
“The Nabataeans carved grandiose buildings, temples and tombs out of solid sandstone
rock. They also constructed a wall to fortify the city, although Petra was almost naturally
defended by the surrounding sandstone mountains. Building an empire in the arid
desert also forced the Nabataeans to excel in water conservation. They were highly
skilled water engineers, and irrigated their land with an extensive system of dams,
PRE-HISTORIC
canals and reservoirs.
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
The Nabataeans profited for a while from their incorporation into the trade routes of the
GREEK
ROMAN
Roman Near East, and Petra may have grown to house 20,000-30,000 people during its
EARLY CHRISTIAN heyday. However, commerce became less profitable to the Nabataeans with the shift of
BYZANTINE
trade routes to Palmyra in Syria and the expansion of seaborne trade around the
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC Arabian peninsula. Sometime probably during the fourth century CE, the Nabataeans
RENAISSANCE left their capital at Petra.”
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Petra
Architecture
“Al Khazneh is a treasury believed to have been the mausoleum of
the Nabatean King Aretas IV in the 1st century AD.”
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Petra
Architecture
Al Deir is called The Monastery which served as a meeting place for the religious
community.
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Petra
Architecture
The Palace Tomb
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Petra
Architecture
Water Engineering Systems
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Petra
Architecture
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Petra
Architecture
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Petra
Architecture
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Hatra
History
“The Kingdom of Hatra was a 2nd-century Arab kingdom located between the Roman
Empire and the Parthian Empire, located in modern-day northern Iraq.
Situated between the fertile plains of Assyria beyond the Tigris in the east and the valley of
the Euphrates in the west, Hatra was an important trade center, comparable
PRE-HISTORIC
to Palmyra and Petra. ”
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Hatra
History
Like Palmyra and Petra, Hatra was also a trading hub between East and West. When
asked to choose between Rome in the west and Parthia in the east, Hatra chose to align
with Parthia. Hatra flourished during the Parthian empire in the 100s.
“Hatra would eventually fall during a lengthy siege by the Sasanian king Shapur I in 240-
PRE-HISTORIC
241, resulting in the sacking and abandonment of the city and the disintegration of the
NEAR EAST Kingdom of Hatra.”

EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
The people of Hatra were mixed.
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Hatra
Architecture
“The city was delimited by a double
pseudo-circular curtain wall defining a
large built area of about 300 ha. The
complex urban layout was framed by a
tortuous street network, demarcating
PRE-HISTORIC
districts, where dwelling areas, small
NEAR EAST shrines, and monumental funerary

EGYPTIAN
buildings are recognizable.
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN In the centre of the city is the
BYZANTINE
Temenos, built in ashlar blocks, where
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC the most important temples were
RENAISSANCE located.”
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Hatra
Architecture
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Hatra
Architecture
“The Great Temple of Hatra is an enormous structure with vaults and columns that
once rose to 100 feet (30 metres).”
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Roman
The Historical
Egyptian

PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
Parthia Numidia
247BC-224AD 202-40BC
The Kingdom of Parthia
Geography
“Parthia is a historical region located in northeastern Greater Iran.
Originally, Parthians were nomads from northern Iran and Central Asia, but because of
their trading skills, the Parthian Empire (247 BCE–224 CE) became the glue that
held together the vast Central Asian trade networks.”
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
History
“Strong relations between the Parthians and the Chinese resulted in envoy exchanges.
When the Chinese envoy arrived at the Parthian border, he was greeted by an escort of
twenty thousand horsemen.”
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Architecture
“Parthian elites, on the whole, adopted Zoroastrianism, an emerging religious practice
based on fire worship. They fused with certain Hellenistic practices, creating fire
sanctuaries dedicated to specific divinities, saints, or angels. Parthian fire altars served as
regional and national pilgrimage sites.
Takht-i Suleiman (Throne of Solomon) is a building complex, consisting of the Palace, a

PRE-HISTORIC fire temple and fortifications. It is situated around the rim of an extinct volcano.”
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Architecture
“Adur Gushnasp is the name of the
sacred fire which is worshipped in this
fire temple.”
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Roman
The Historical
Egyptian

PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
Parthia Numidia
247BC-224AD 202-40BC
The Kingdom of Numidia
Geography
“Numidia was the ancient kingdom of the Numidians located in northwest Africa, initially
comprising the territory that now makes up modern-day Algeria, but later expanding
across what is today known as Tunisia, Libya, and some parts of Morocco.).”
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
History
“The Numidians were composed of two great tribal groups: the Massylii in eastern
Numidia, and the Masaesyli in the west.
During this time, Rome and Carthage (Tunisia) were at war to dominate the
Mediterranean. Massylii were fighting along with Carthage, while the Masaesyli fought on
the side of Rome.
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
Masinissa, a Massylii, was the son of the king but he allied with the Romans. And
GREEK because the Romans won Carthage, Masinissa became the ruler of the now united land
ROMAN
of Numidia.
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE Numidia eventually fell to Rome.”
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Architecture
“The Tomb of Massinisa is a living testimony to the architectural style that blends African
and Punic civilisation.
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Architecture
“The Mausoleum of Dougga is located in Tunisia and

is also known as the Mausoleum of Atban, Son of
Palu (directly translated).
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST The 21 m high mausoleum is divided into three

EGYPTIAN
GREEK
levels, atop a five step pedestal.
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN On the north face of the podium, the first of the three
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
levels, an opening covered by a slab leads to
GOTHIC the funerary chamber.
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
The engaged columns on each side are of the ionic
order.”
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Architecture
“The Royal
Mausoleum of
Mauretania is
located in Algeria.
PRE-HISTORIC This is where King

NEAR EAST Juba II and Queen

EGYPTIAN
GREEK
Cleopatra Selene
ROMAN are buried.
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
The monument is
GOTHIC entirely built from
RENAISSANCE stone, while its main
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
structure is in a
circular form with a
ISLAMIC
INDIAN square base topped
CHINESE & JAPANESE by a cone or
FILIPINO
a pyramid.”
THE END.
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The Periphery

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The Periphery

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history of architecture

Fiel Margeau E. Reventar

Pre-Historic Greek Roman

It is one of the largest temples at

It is situated about 600 m southeast of the Great Enclosure of Meroe. It is a typical

Pre-Historic Greek Roman

Axum is now Northern Ethiopia.

ISLAMIC It had a very close trading

NEAR EAST stands at the entrance of the main stelae area.”

“Barran Temple is a Sabaean temple

PRE-HISTORIC It is believed to have been built

NEAR EAST between the 7th and 5th century BC.

Pre-Historic Greek Roman

The Arabian Peninsula is located in the continent of Asia and

ISLAMIC The most prominent feature of the peninsula is desert, but in

NEAR EAST the first century AD.”

ISLAMIC Palmyra was strategically located on the

NEAR EAST eastern flank of

NEAR EAST Kingdom of Hatra.”

NEAR EAST shrines, and monumental funerary

Pre-Historic Greek Roman

Takht-i Suleiman (Throne of Solomon) is a building complex, consisting of the Palace, a

Pre-Historic Greek Roman

“The Mausoleum of Dougga is located in Tunisia and

NEAR EAST The 21 m high mausoleum is divided into three

PRE-HISTORIC This is where King

NEAR EAST Juba II and Queen

• Thank you for listening!

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