Professional Documents
Culture Documents
History of Architecture 1:
Ancient Greece
Fiel Margeau E. Reventar
Introduction
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Greek
The Historical
Timeline of Architecture
Egyptian
Pre-Historic Greek
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN Near East
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Greek
Greek Empire
under Alexander the Great of Macedonia
RELIGION
Aegean
• Rough and massive
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
Hellenic
EGYPTIAN
• Mostly religious architecture
GREEK
• "carpentry in marble“ - timber forms imitated in stone with
ROMAN remarkable exactness
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE Hellenistic
ROMANESQUE • Not religious in character, but civic – for the people
GOTHIC Aegean religion: • Provided inspiration for Roman building types
RENAISSANCE • Primitive stage of nature worship • Dignified and gracious structures
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL • Priestesses conducted religious rites, sacred games, • Symmetrical, orderly
20TH C MODERN ritual dances, worship on sacrificial altars
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM
ISLAMIC
Greek religion: • Columnar and trabeated
INDIAN
• A highly developed form of nature worship • Roof truss appeared, enabling large spaces to be
CHINESE & JAPANESE
• Gods as personifications of natural elements, or deified unhindered by columns
FILIPINO
mortals
• Gods could influence events in the human world MATERIALS
• Timber and terra cotta
• Greeks sought advice from oracles – oracle at Delphi • Stone
Greek
EXAMPLES PALACES
Palace of King Minos, Knossos
HOUSES Palace at Tiryns
Lion Gate, Mycenae
On islands:
• Flat roofing
• Drawn together in blocks
• Two to four storeys high
• Light admitted through light wells
On mainland:
• Single-storeyed house with deep plan
• Columned entrance porch with central doorway
• Living apartment proper with sleeping room behind
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
TOMBS
• rock-cut or chamber tombs - “tholos” tomb
Treasury of Atreus, Mycenae
Greek
TEMPLES
• Chief building type
• Earliest ones resembled megaron in
plan and construction
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
naos
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Greek
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Greek
Arris
MOULDINGS
• Architectural devices, which with Splay
light and shade, produce definition to
a building
• Could be refined and delicate in
contour, due to fineness of marble
and the clarity of atmosphere and light Fillet
Billet
Cove
Cavetto
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
Ogee
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN Cyma Recta
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC Cyma Reversa
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
Beak
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Brace
Greek
• Certain refinements used to correct optical illusions:
• Horizontal lines built convex to correct sagging
• Vertical features inclined inwards to correct appearance of falling outwards
• On columns, entasis was used, swelling outwards to correct appearance of curving inwards
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
METHODS OF NATURAL LIGHTING
CHINESE & JAPANESE
• no windows
FILIPINO
• clerestory - situated between roof and upper portion of wall
• skylight - made of thin, translucent marble
• temple door, oriented towards the east
Greek
GREEK ORDERS
• Shaft, Capital, and Horizontal entablature
(architrave, frieze, cornice)
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Greek
DORIC ORDER
• Without base, directly on crepidoma
• Height (including capital) of 4 to 6
times the diameter at the base
• Shaft diminishes at top from 3/4 to
2/3 of base diameter
• Divided into 20 shallow flutes
separated by arrises
Doric entablature:
• Height is 1 and 3/4 times the lo wer
diameter in height
3 main divisions:
• Architrave, principal beam of 2 or 3
slabs in depth
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
• Frieze
NEAR EAST
• Cornice, mouldings
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Greek
IONIC ORDER
• Volute or scroll capital (derived
from Egyptian lotus and Aegean
art)
Ionic column:
• More slender than Doric
• Needed a base to spread load
• Height was 9 times the base
diameter
• Has 24 flutes separated by
fillets
• Upper and lower torus
Ionic entablature:
• Height was 2 and 1/4 times the
diameter of column
Two parts:
• Architrave,with fasciae
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
• Cornice
NEAR EAST
• No frieze
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Greek
CORINTHIAN ORDER
• Decorative variant of
Ionic Order
Corinthian column:
• Base and shaft
resembled Ionic
• More slender
• Height of 10
diameters
• Capital: much deeper
than Ionic, 1 and 1/6
diameters high
• Capital invented by
Callimachus, inspired
by basket over root of
acanthus plant
3 parts:
• Architrave,
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
• Frieze,
NEAR EAST
• Cornice, developed
EGYPTIAN
type with dentils
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Greek
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN Temple of Artemis Ephesus
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
AGORA
Acropolis at Pergamon
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN STOA
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE The Acropolis, Athens
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL 10 structures form a world-famous building group:
20TH C MODERN • Propylaea
• Pinacotheca
ISLAMIC
• Statue of Athena Promachos
INDIAN
• Erectheion
CHINESE & JAPANESE
• Parthenon
FILIPINO
• Temple of Nike Apteros
• Old Temple of Athena
• Stoa of Eumeses PRYTANEION, BOULEUTERION, or ASSEMBLY HALL
• Theater of Dionysus
• Odeon of Herodes Atticus
Greek
THEATER or ODEION
• Carved or hollowed out of the hillside
• Acoustically-efficient
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Greek
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
STADIUM or HIPPODROME
CHINESE & JAPANESE
PROPYLAEA
FILIPINO
PALAESTRA and GYMNASIUM
NAVAL BUILDING
TOMBS/ MAUSOLEUM
Theater of Epidauros
The End.