ANCIENT GREEK ARCHITECTURE

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1
COMPILED BY: MA SOCORRO A. G

GREEK ARCHITECTURE 1
ROMAN ARCHITECTURE 2
 GREEK ARCHITECTURE 650-30 BC
Geographical
• Started in Crete thousands of years
• ago before Greek civilization reached
• its peak
• The Aegean culture reached Greece
and engaged in trade in the eastern
Mediterranean, Asia minor, Cyprus,
Syria, Palestine, Egypt and Libya.
• When the Aegean culture crumbled,
colonists helped in forming Greece
of classical times.
• Geography –mountainous character
of Greece surrounded by sea
produced strong sea- faring men
engaged in maritime business
• Hinterlands made communications
difficult.
• Two periods of Greek: Hellenic and
Hellenistic period
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Geological Religious
• Has ample supply of good building • “Aegeans” believed in nature
stones particularly marble-the most worship
beautiful material which creates • worship divinities conceived in
exactness of lines and refinement of
details.
human form represented by small
idols, rocks, stone pillars, and all sorts
• Climatic of trees and animals.
• Intermediate between rigorous heat • Sacred bull –represented mysteries
and relaxing cold
of masculine forms.
• The clear atmosphere and the intensity
of light was conducive to the • Rhea or Hera -Supreme deity or the
development of the love of precise and goddess of fertility
exact forms. • Worship done in open air, small
• The good climate favoured outdoor chapel, caves
life-outdoor activities such as public • Temples were constructed , deities
ceremonies, dramatic presentations, represented by large statues,
public administrations were done • after the collapse of the Aegean
outdoor. culture
• The climate together with the Greek’s • Religious festivals, sacred games,
love for conversations brought about
the constructions of porticoes and dances were part of the religious
colonnades. activities.

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Religious

Gods and goddesses

Greek Roman
Zeussupreme god, ruler of the sky Jupiter(Jove)
Hera wife of Zeus, goddess of marriage Juno
Apollo god of law and reason, art, music and Apollo
poetry; founder of cities
Athena Goddess of wisdom and learning Minerva
Poseidon sea god Neptune
Dionysos god of wine, feasting and revelry Bacchus
Demeter goddess of earth and agriculture Ceres
Artemis goddess of chase Diana
Hermes messenger of the gods; god of commerce Mercury
Aphrodite goddess of love and beauty Venus
Hephaestus god of fire, flame, forge; god of handicraft Vulcan
Ares god of war Mars
Hestia goddess of hearth
Helios (Sol) the sun god
Selene (Luna) moon goddess
Pan god of flocks
Heracles (Hercules) a mortal who became god of strength and labor
Asclepius (Aesculapius) god of healing

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Historical
Aegean period
3000 BC -Aegean people move from
Asia minor to Crete and mingled
with the original inhabitants
2000 BC-Aegeans penetrated the
mainland which five hundred years
later were invaded by the people
from the north
1600-1400 BC -whole Aegean culture
reached its peak. Another severe
attack by the northern Greek tribe.
1100 BC The third attack of Crete by
the Dorian Greeks almost
destroyed the Aegean culture
The Aegean fled to neighboring coast,
Asia Minor, and build new cities
and colonize other cities.
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600 BC Hellenic period
After the attacks of the Dorian Greeks,
Hellenic civilization was born
Greek cities settled down forms of
government-tyrannic, aristocratic,
democratic
Greek cities colonized other lands
Ionians of Asia Minor got involved
politically with the Persian king
546 BC -Cyrus (Persian King) won the battle
at Sardis and conquered the Greek
cities in Asia Minor
499-493BC- the Ionian Greeks revolted but
reconquered by Darius I
490 BC –the Persians conquered Greece
itself but were defeated in the Battle at
Marathon
480 BC second attack of Greece by Xerxes
ended at the sea battle at Salamis
479 B and land battle at Plataea
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Historical
323 BC -Alexander the Great Died at
National celebrations in the victories Babylon. Split among his general
of Salamis and Plataea brought about resulted. Ptolomy took Egypt
the constructions of important
Greece attempted to rise up by
temples in 50 years.
conquering Achaen and Aetolian
444-429BC- rule of Pericles marked the leagues
Athenian prosperity at its peak
The mutual animosity of the Greek
431-404 BC-due to jealousy, the Spartans
communities and its natural isolation
attacked Athens at the Peloponnesian
brought about chance for Rome to
war and Sparta gained supremacy.
colonize Greece.
Other states attacked Sparta and the
146 BC -Greece became a Roman
leadership was transferred to Thebes
province.
and Macedonia
334 BC- King Philip and Son Alexander the
Great subdued Persian Empire,
conquer Egypt and founded the city of
Alexandria, site in eastern Egypt.
His conquest extended to India, and
Greek art and civilization spread to
western Asia.

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Social
Aegean Period
• Crete enjoyed high degree of
civilization during the Bronze age.
• Greek mainland under the
Aegeans suffered attacks from
the northern people.
• Mycenae and Tyrins were
politically centered towns .
• Crete had 90 cities together with
Mycenae and Tyrins were united
under Phaestos on the south side
and Knossos on the north.
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• Complex palaces existed in towns
such as Gournia and Royal Villa in
Hagia Triadia.
• Commerce - dominant activity.
• In Crete -Arts and crafts pottery
• Wrestling, boxing, gymnastics,
bull-leaping associated with
religious rituals , were Greeks’
past time.
• Women were active in the social
life. Participated in hunting, and
strenuous games, craftswork
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 ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
Aegean Architecture ( 3000-1000 BC)
Crete
• The Aegeans were partly Asiatic in
origin.
• Flat roof, drawn together in large
blocks 2-4 storey high
• Light wells well to admit natural light
to the inner blocks
• Spacious stairways were developed
and flat roofs form part of the service
areas.
Mainland
People brought with them the northern
practices used low-pitched roof
resulting to single-storeyed
Allowance between units for the removal
of rainwater
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• Megaron-mainland domestic unit
(housing) –deep plan comprising an
entrance porch, the living-apartment
and normally a thalamus or a sleeping
room behind.
• Palaces and houses were the principal
building types of the Aegean
architecture.
• Stoneworks or rubbles to dado height-
building materials
• Timber frame for the upper parts
• Panels filled with sub-dried brick or
stone rubble
• Walls were coated with stucco outside
and painted
• Gypsum for floors, round logs for floor
decking
• Masonry techniques such as
• “cyclopean type” and polygonal type
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megaron

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Aegean Architecture Aegean Architecture ( 3000-1000
3000-1100BC- start of Aegean BC)
architecture followed by “Dark Age” • corbel -Use of false arches
up to 650 BC.
1600-1400BC- climax of achievement
• Vaults-pointed domes
• Crete and the neighboring islands- the • Columns-square masonry pillars
start of architecture with bracket form of capital
• Mainland Greece-suffered northern serve as support for intermediate
invasions and has different racial floors.
features • Another type of column-cypress,
• Knossos and Phaestos- important downward tapering cylindrical
towns in Crete shaft, slight disc-like base, and a
• Tiryns and Mycenae-important towns widely projecting capital.
of mainland Greece
• The broad –topped form of the
• Athens and Orchomenos-other
important towns of the mainland column was necessary to collect
• Palaces, tombs, and lesser domestic the weight of the thick supported
buildings were constructed during this wall
period

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 Examples of palace
Palace of King Minos,Knossos
Arranged around an open court measuring of 170-
82.5 of Minoan feet
buildings covered 122 square meters (approx. 1.6
hectares
West court crossed by raised walks, typical of Minoan
architecture, overlooked by monumental west
façade.
The buildings of 2 storey high-ground floor for
storage,
First floor:
throne room which is dark and mysterious ;walls
decorated with frescoes; purpose more religious
Piano nobile-rooms are arranged according to
function and not symmetry
North side –entrance; east side, industrial activity
Upper level was a hall of state; a ramp leading to the
3 storey royal apartments

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 Palace of King Minos,Knossos
• Upper storey was level with the court’
the lower two are below the court and
faced eastward towards the garden.
• Rooms on this level were isolated
from the court . Passages were cool
and lit with lightwells
• The stairwells, lightwells, and
colonnades of downward tapering
cypress wood –column were typical
Minoan style-
• There were system of drainage and
sanitation
• The palace appeared chaotic at once
glance, but the planning represents
the organic growth.
_________________________________
Lesson learned: architectural plans are prepared
following the functional requirements which may
result to as asymmetrical layout-organic growth

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Palace of Tyrins
• The citadel located on a hill at the
edge of the sea in prehistoric
times
• Massive fortification of cyclopean
walling
• 2nd layer of wall was added in the
13th century BC . The closed
fortress in in contrast with the
open typed palaces of the
Minoan style.
• The palace was located at the
upper part of the citadel.
• Propylon replaced the old gates
of the fortification

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Palace at Mycenae

Lion Gate-the principal feature , the

entrance of the palace consisting
of upright stone jamb 3.1 m high
supporting a lintel 4.9 m long x
1.06 m high x 2.4 m deep over an
opening of 3 m wide.
Above is a corbelled opening with
carved relief of2 lions facing a
central column of downward-
tapering type.

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Treasury of Atreus or the tomb of Agamemnon

Fine example of a tholos- built before

1250 BC
Quality stone lining masonry
Dromos is 6m wide and 36 m long and
inside wall height is13.7 m.
the chamber is 14.5 m diameter.
Doorway 5.4 m high. On the sides were
two half columns.
The triangle over the lintel contained
slabs of deep red stones carved with
horizontal bands of connected spirals
separated by mouldings with plain
bands between them . A strip of
green stone carved with row of discs
surround the rising spiral and the
trygliph and metope pattern appears
on the lintel.

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tomb of Agamemnon, a mycenean tholos, behive tomb, at
Mycenae,
www.agefotostock.com

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. •
GREEK ARCHITECTURE
1. Hellenic Period 650-323 BC
2. Hellenistic Period
• After the downfall of Aegean culture
• Greek states were united under
similar devotion to their religion,
religious festivals, love for drama,
music fine arts, and national games
and manly sports and contests.
• Practiced a level of democracy-citizen
shared in all affairs of the state.
• Architectural features similar with
the predecessor
• Palaces, the dominant type of
building in the Aegean period
appeared scarcely in the Greek
architecture.
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Hellenic Period
Temples were chief building type
• Megaron-Earliest temple resembled
Aegean in plan-timber laced, sun-dried
brick wall, stucco covered, on stone
dadoes, timber framed portals (origin
of the door architrave)
• Timber antae or uprights protecting
the free ends of the naos where they
embraced the pronaos or the porch.
• Low pitched roofs showing pediments
or gables over narrow ends.
• Temples were with wall enclosure and
propylaea
• Propylaea –entrance gateway or
vestibule
• Trabeated and columnar- structural
system
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Architectural Character (Hellenic)

Roof
• untrussed, wooden roofs supported
by rafters being supported by beams
• Wall plates, ridge piece and purlins
laid on walls or colonnades walls
• Greek columns and entablatures
were wood with terracotta
decoration in upper trabeation but
later was converted in stone.
• The imitation of materials from wood
to stone was very real that is why
Greek architecture is sometimes
called “carpentry in marble”
• Ceilings were omitted leaving the
roof with coffers
Walls-
All kinds of stones were used-course
rubble to finest ashlar
Dado- always present shown in the
special arrangement of stones at the
base of the wall

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Architectural Character (Hellenic)
Doric style

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Architectural Character (Hellenic)
Doric style Details

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 Doric Order
Doric Column- without a base
Crepis (crepidoma)-stands on the 3 steps
common to temples, some have 1
stylobate- the upper step forming the platform
on which the colonnade is placed.
Collectively, the three steps of the Greek
Doric Order constitute the crepidoma.
Shaft-the body diminishing at the top
between ¾ to 2/3 of the diam at base
Flutes- usually with 20 shallow flutes on the
shaft separated by arrises. Others shafts
with 12 to 24 flutes
Entasis- shaft ‘s slight convex profile to
counteract the concave appearance
produced by the straight-sided columns
Hypotrachelion- one to three grooves where
the shaft ended
Trachelion or necking- continuation of the
flutted shaft and above is the capital
Proportion- height= 4 x diameter earliest types,
in fifth century- h= 5½ to 5¼ diameter,
hellenistic period-h=7 x diameter
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Doric Order
Capital
the crowning member of the
column-consists of echinus and
abacus
1. Echinus-the convex or projecting
moulding resembling a shell of a
sea urchin, which supports the
abacus
2. Abacus – unmoulded square slab
forming the upper member of the
capital
Annulets-three to five horizontal
fillets which stops the vertical
lines of the arrises and flutes

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Doric Order
Entablature
-upper part of an Order with frieze, cornice
and architrave and supported by
columns.
1. Architrave-principal beam
taenia-projecting flat band which capped
the architrave
regulae- strips under the taenia,
corresponding the interval of the trygliph
guttae-6 small conical drops below the
regulae
2. Frieze- composed of triglyphs and metope
triglyph- 2 vertical channels (glyphs)
and 2½ channels (three glyphs) ;
aligned over each column and one at
the center of intercolumniation
metope- square spaces ornamented
with relief sculptures

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Doric Order
Entablature
3. cornice- the crowning upper portion of the
entablature
mutule-flat blocks located underneath the
cornice occurs over each triglyph and
metope and ornamented with guttae.
corona-the square projection in the upper
part of the cornice, with deep vertical face
generally plain, with its soffit or under
surface recessed to form a “drip” to prevent
rain from running down the building.
antefixa-ornamental blocks , fixed
vertically, at regular intervals along the
lower edge of the roof to conceal the ends
of the tiles.
acroterion-blocks resting on the vertex and
lower extremities of the pediment to
support statue or ornaments.

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Architectural Character (Hellenic)
Doric style Details

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 Evolution of the Doric Order

• Obscure origin probably from the

Dorian Corinth of the mainland
• The capital of Bronze Age type
• The metope and triglyph frieze showed
the pattern found in the Tomb of Atreus
of the Aegean culture and similar
patterns of potteries found in Syria
• The system in more decorative than
structural
• Early version is of wood
• Terracotta tiles for the hipped roof
• Change from wood to stone started in
the 7th century BC
• regulae and the guttae are the nails and
pegs used to secure the metope and
triglyph.
• Mutules fixed with pegs or guttae to
secure the roof.

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BEFORE BEGGING (DIOGENES
acravan.blogspot.com

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 Ionic Order
Columns
Height with the capital- nine to ten
times their lower diameter in height
Flutes -24 separated by arrises. Earlier
types have 40 to 44 shallow flutes
separated by sharp arrises
Capital
Volute -2 volutes or spiral about 2/3
the diameter of the height-one pair
in front , one pair at the back of the
column
Joined at the sides by a concave cushion,
sometimes plain or decorated with
flutes, fillet and beads
Echinus-volute scroll rest on the echinus
Circular in plan with egg and dart
moulding and resting on a bead
moulding, usually with palmette
disappearing under the volute
Abacus-located above the volute GREEK ARCHITECTURE 34
 Egg and dart

palmette

Bead and reel

volute

echinus

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 Corinthian Order
• First appeared in Greek Architecture
in the 5th century BC as decorative
variant of the Ionic
• First used as internal colonnade or
for fanciful monuments
• Used as external colonnade during
the Hellenistic period
• Capital 1 -1/3 diameter high.
• Vitruvius recorded the fable about
Callimachus inspiration and designed
the capital.
• Inverted bell , the lower part
surrounded with two tiers of 8
acanthus leaves
• Caulicoli-stalks between the leaves at
the upper tier surmounted by a calyx
• Volutes/ helices –from the calyx
supporting the angles of the abacus

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Corinthian Order

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Callimachus inspiration in doing the corinthian
order
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 Acanthus Leaf-patterned William
Morris wallpaper, c.1875.
www.bobvila.com

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 Acropolis at Athens
Fine example of a sanctuary
Started as a citadel during the Bronze
Age
Early 5th centuryBC, to celebrate the
victory at Marathon, new buildings
were added
Gateway replaced by propylon
The site was tidied after the Persians
left.
Propylaea replaced the old propylon
Improvement of the site was under the
supervision of architect Mnesicles.

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 Sanctuaries and Temples
Temples
Plan –rectangular
Cella or naos- place where the god
stood
Side walls extended to form a porch
The plan is similar to megaron
Porches-are embelished with
columns
In antis- columns placed either
between the ends of the side
walls
prostyle –row of columns in front of
the porch

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Conventional description of the number of
columns
Greek numeral + Style Larger temples were with more than one
rows of columns to carry the weight
Style or stylos -Greek term for column
Dystyle -two columns
Dipteral -double rows
Tristyle -three columns Tripteral - triple rows
Tetrasyle -four columns Pseudodipteral - the outer colonnade
Pentastyle -five columns
might be spaced as though there was a
second internal row but in fact omitted.
Hexastyle-six columns
amphiprostyle -temple with porticos at
Heptastyle -seven columns
both ends
Octastyle -eight columns
Prostyle- -an open portico of
Eneastyle -nine columns
columns standing in front of a building
Odd numbered columns were not usually
used
peripteral temples -temples with cella
surrounded by columns . The same terms
were used to describe the number of
columns

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 Sanctuaries
Sactuaries
-Contain more than one temple and
contain those of lesser importance;
or contain temples build at different
periods
- Offering and storage place
-contain other spaces for human
activities
Treasury (thesaurus)-small non-
peripteral temple constructed by
Greek cities as offering to the god.
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Spaces in sanctuary
Temple and altar- the most sacred
spaces dedicated to their go
Altar – monumental, rectangular in plan
and with architectural motifs and
mouldings such as triglyph and
metope frieze or screen of columns
For human involvement in cult and
religious activities:
Theatre- for religious drama
Hippodrome and stadium -athletic
contest and chariot racing
Palaistrai and gymnasia located near the
hippodrome and stadium-physical
exercises and training
Banqueting hall- for selected worshipper
to partake the sacrificial meal dining
in reclining couches, the Greek
manner.
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 Temples in Acropolis

1. Parthenon –the main temple

dedicated to Athena
Ictinus and Callicrates-supervisings
architects of Parthenon
Phidias-sculptor of Acropolis and the
statue of Athena

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Section and plan of Parthenon

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 Parthenon
• The best example of Greek temple
• Stylobate, cornices and architraves
were treated with entasis.
• Antifixae concealed the marble roof
tiles above the cornice
• No gutters; pediment with false
• ( unpierced) lion head spouts
• Coffered ceilings were supported by
marble beams
• The pediment with floral acroteria at
the apex and lower angles
• Eastern pediment sculptures were
about the birth of Athena
• Western pediment showed the
contest of Athena and Poseidon
• Metopes, 92, were decorated with
deep relief depicting combats: gods
and giants on east, Greek amazons
on west, Centaurs on south and
battle of Trojan on north.
• Frieze with guttae and regulae
• In 6th century, the Parthenon was
converted to a Christian church
dedicated to the Divine Wisdom
• In 1458, it was converted to a
Mosque by the Turks
• In 1687, during the Venetian siege,
a powder store exploded causing great
damage to the temple.

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 Other temples
2. Erechtheion
• Replacement of the old one which housed
the temple’s venerable wooden cult
statue of Athena
• Includes the salt pool where Poseidon
struct the acropolis with is trident, and
the shrine of Erechtheus- the legendary
king of Athens
• The site of the temple was not flat.
• The cella was built in two levels
• Hexastyle, prostyle temple with columns
6.586 m high
• At the west end of the south side of the
porch contained the caryatids. These
caryatids, 4 in front and 2 behind , stands
on a low wall with an opening between
the eastern rear figure and the main cella
wall, thru which an stair lead to an
anteroom.
• The entablature is resting on the maidens’
head that supports a roof of flat slab.

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 Other Doric Temples
In Greece In Sicily and southern Italy
c. 590 BC Heraion Olympia 565 BC Temple Of Apollo Syracuse
c. 540 BC temple of Apollo, Corinth
550-530 BC temple of “C” Paestum
c. 510 BC temple of Apollo, Delphi
c. 500 BC temple of Aphaia, Aegina
530 BC The Basilica Paestum
c. 460 BC temple of Zeus, Olympia
c. 449 BC temple of hephaestus 520- 450 BC Great Temple of Apollo
440-440 BC Temple of Poseidon
435-432 BC temple of Nemesis 510-BC Temple of Ceres, Paestum
426 BC Athenian temple of Apollo Selinus
425 BC Temple of EPIcurius 510-409 BC temple of Zeus, Olympus
370 BC Temple of Asklepius
After 350 BC Temple of Athena Alea 480 BC Temple of Athena Syracuse
336 BC Temple of Zeus Nemea
460 BC temple of Neptune

424- 416 BC Temple at Segesta, Sicily

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Temple of Zeus with Atlantes/Telemon Temple of Aphaia

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 Urban Architecture
Streets-grid pattern ignoring obstacles
and becoming stairways in steep
slopes
Towns were with walls
Graves were outside the town
Spaces in Greek cities were devoted more
to public rather than private spaces
Agora –an open place assembly or a
market place example: Agora of
Athens located at the lower part of
Acropolis
Stoa-a free-standing portico or a
detached colonnade used for covered
walk and meeting place; used to
enclose the space of a Greek city
Bouleuterion-Greek Senate or council
house
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Tholos-circular building where the
committee of the council, when in
office, dined in this building at state
expense
Prytaneion- the public hall or state
dining room of the Greek city
Domestic dwelling
For the rich- courtyard type of stone
construction
Walls were of mud brick and masonry
Asymmetrical layout of rooms
Two storey houses
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Tombs
Classical tombs were not monumental,
grouped into family precincts
rectangular and rarely circular in plan
, where the ashes of the dead were
deposited.
markers were erected
Mausoleum- ( monumental tom)
constructed by Queen Artemisia for his
dead husband king Mausolus
Consisted of high rectangular podium,
containing burial chamber,
surrounded by colonnade carrying a
stepped pyramidal roof which
supported the stature of a four-
horse chariot.

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 Hellenistic period
Cultural and political unity under
Alexander the Great
Greek culture flourished . Architecture
being affected by Greek style
combined with different forms of
local tradition and varying levels of
wealth.
The successor kings after Alexander’s
death were Macedonians-
contributing to the architectural
development of the period
Doric order was maintained in mainland
Greece under the Macedonians
Ionic order became popular in the Greek
temples of the Asia minor-the
traditional Ionic area. Example of
Hellenistic temple

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 Urban Architecture
• Grid plan cities
• Walled with circuit wall made of
mud brick
• Presence of agora, stoa, assembly
building (ecclesiasteron).
• Also with the construction of
gymnasia, palaistrai, , council
house or bouleuterion
• Burial Places
• Mausoleum
• Rock -cut tombs in cliffs where
vertical surfaces were given
architectural facades leading to:
1. loculi –the recesses on the wall
to receive corpses or
2. sarcophagi-elaborate coffins

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Stoa Ecclesiasteron

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Greek stoas

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Houses
Affluent
• Megaron type
• Facing open internal
court yard
• Indirect access through
the courtyard
• Stone columns
• varying levels due to
slope
• Two storey was
common
Common people
• Tenement houses for
ordinary people

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Plan of the Greek house

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Greek Theatres

Greek theatres unroofed

consisting of three parts:
1. auditorium or the
cavea /koilon, seating
area,
2. orchestra or the
dancing floor-chorus of
each play danced and
sang; and
3. stage building or the
skene , place were the
actors stayed
parodos- a passage
separating the cavea from
the stage building

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Greek Mouldings

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EGG AND DART

BEAD AND REEL

CYMA RECTA

DENTIL

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Greek Mouldings
1. Fillet-a small flat band between mouldings to separate them from each other, also
the uppermost member of the cornice
2.Astragal –a small semi-circular moulding, often ornamented with a bead or reel.
Torus is the name applied to large mouldings of similar section.
3. Corona- the square projection in the upper part of a cornice, having a deep vertical
face, generally plain, and with its soffit or under surface recessed so as to form a
“drip” which prevents water from running down the building.
4. Cavetto-a simple concave moulding.
5. Scotia-the concave moulding between two torus mouldings in the base of the
column, throwing a deep shadow.
6. Ovolo-a convex moulding much used in the classics and Renaissance architecture,
often carved with egg and dart or egg and tongue.
7. Cyma recta-a moulding with an outline of two contrary curves. Also cyma reversa.
8. Dentils-tooth-like blocks in the Ionic and Corinthian cornices.
9. Torus- a large convex moulding, used principally in the bases of columns. See
astragal

GREEK ARCHITECTURE 68