Professional Documents
Culture Documents
The Historical
Timeline of Architecture
Pre-Historic
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN Near East
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Near East
Mesopotamian Empire
under King Sargon of Agade
Mesopotamian Empire
under King Hammurabi Mesopotamian
Assyrian Empire • City-states of Ur, Babylon, Agade, Ashur and Damascus
under King Ashurbanipal
• 2334 BC, King Sargon of Agade formed the first major
Persian Empire empire
under King Darius I
• 1792 BC, next by King Hammurabi
• Instituted laws to keep order
• Invention of writing - pictograms or cuneiform records on
clay tablets
Assyrian
ASHUR • Based in Ashur, biggest empire under King Ashurbanipal
DAMASCUS
PERSIA – conquered Mesopotamia, Syria, Palestine and Egypt
AGADE
BABYLON
UR
MEMPHIS PERSEPOLIS
EGYPT
THEBES
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
INFLUENCES
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
HISTORY
ROMAN Persian
• Started as villages on the flat land between Tigris and
EARLY CHRISTIAN
Euphrates rivers - “Mesopotamia” • Begun by Cyrus the Great from 559 to 529 BC
BYZANTINE • Turned into city-states with populations of thousands • Covered Mesopotamia, Anatolia, Eastern Mediterranean,
ROMANESQUE Bactria, Indus Valley and North Africa
GOTHIC • Each city-state surrounded by a wall and dominated by a • Darius I had provinces ruled by a satrap, who guarded
RENAISSANCE large temple the roads, collected taxes and controlled the army
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL • Society of kings, craftsmen, soldiers, farmers, priests • Local peoples were allowed to keep their religions and
20TH C MODERN • Fought and traded with each other customs
• Sometimes would conquer each other and form an • Capital moved from Susa to Persepolis
ISLAMIC
empire • Network of roads linking the royal court to other parts of
INDIAN the empire – from Susa in Persia to Sardis in Anatolia
CHINESE & JAPANESE • Traded raw materials, carpets and spices
FILIPINO
• Darius and Xerxes tried to conquer Greece
• Ended with the defeat of Darius III to Alexander the Great
of Macedonia
Near East
RELIGION ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
• Each city-state worshipped their own god for protection
• People aimed to make peace with their wrathful god MATERIALS
• Only materials readily available was clay, soil, reeds,
rushes
• Bricks made of mud and chopped straw, sun-dried or
kiln-fired
• Timber, copper, tin, lead gold, silver imported
DECORATION
• Colossal winged-bulls guarding chief portals
• Polychrome glazed bricks in blue, white, yellow, green
• Murals of decorative continuous stone
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
Fertile Crescent:
ISLAMIC
• Marshlands with few natural advantages aside from
INDIAN water and soil
CHINESE & JAPANESE • Import materials like hardwood and metals
FILIPINO
Also:
• Deserts of the Arabian Peninsula
• Mountains and plateaux from west to east
Near East
EXAMPLES PALACES
• Kings celebrated their victories, wealth and power by
ZIGGURATS building large palaces
• Religious buildings built next to temples
• On top was a small temple
construction
NEAR EAST Development: • Variety of architectural styles
EGYPTIAN • Archaic ziggurat
GREEK • Two or Three-staged ziggurat • parts: audience halls, reception halls, storerooms for
ROMAN • Seven-staged ziggurat during the Assyrian period tributes and valuables, military quarters, apadana – tallest
EARLY CHRISTIAN building, with 36 columns of 20m height
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN DWELLINGS
CHINESE & JAPANESE • Known as Megaron
FILIPINO • Entrance at end rather than on the long sides
• Portico - colonnaded space forming an entrance or
Ziggurat at Ur vestibule, with a roof supported on one side by columns
• 2000 BC • Suited to climate of Anatolian plateau
Egyptian
The Historical
Timeline of Architecture
Egyptian
Pre-Historic
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN Near East
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Egyptian
HISTORY
• Wealthy country despite the desert - every year, Nile
would overflow, leaving the land fertile for growing crops
• Nile River was a trade route
• Gold from Nubia in the south
EGYPT
KARNAK
THEBES
NUBIA
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
INFLUENCES
EGYPTIAN
GREEK Pharaohs:
GEOGRAPHY & CLIMATE
ROMAN
• Narrow stretch of fertile and arable land along the Nile • Seen as gods dwelling on earth
EARLY CHRISTIAN
• Beyond riverbanks, barren desert and rugged cliffs • Sole masters of the country and its inhabitants
BYZANTINE prevented attack from invaders • Builders and leaders
ROMANESQUE • Mediterranean and Red seas • Initiated the design, financing, quarrying and transporting
GOTHIC of materials, organization of labor and construction itself
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL Society:
20TH C MODERN • Divided into groups, by order of importance: senior
priests, officials, noblemen, and army commanders
ISLAMIC
• Most ordinary Egyptians were farmers
INDIAN • Architects, engineers, theologians, masons, sculptors,
CHINESE & JAPANESE painters, laborers, peasants, prisoners
FILIPINO • Weaving, glass-making, pottery, metal, jewelry and
furniture
• Astronomy, mathematics, philosophy, music and writing
literature and history written on papyrus and stone tablets
Egyptian
RELIGION ROOF & OPENINGS
• Cult of many gods representing nature: sun, moon, stars, • Roof was not an important consideration
animals • Flat roofs sufficed to cover and exclude heat
• No windows
• Spaces were lit by skylights, roof slits, clerestories
NEAR EAST masked and bandaged • Unbroken massive walls, uninterrupted space for
EGYPTIAN hieroglyphics
GREEK ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
ROMAN DECORATIONS
EARLY CHRISTIAN DESCRIPTION • Mouldings such as "gorge" or "hollow and roll" was
BYZANTINE • Afterlife - life and house on earth is temporary, the tomb inspired by reeds
ROMANESQUE is permanent • Torus moulding
GOTHIC • For sustenance and eternal enjoyment of the deceased
RENAISSANCE • Religion is the dominant element in Egyptian architecture
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN MATERIALS
• Stone was abundant in variety and quantity
ISLAMIC
• Used for monuments and religious buildings
INDIAN • Durability of stone is why monuments still exist to this
CHINESE & JAPANESE day
FILIPINO
• Other materials, metals and timber were imported
• Mud bricks: for houses, palaces (reeds, papyrus, palm
branch ribs, plastered over with clay)
Egyptian
• Hieroglyphics were pictorial representations of religion, Common ornaments:
history and daily life
• Derived from the practice of scratching pictures on mud-
plaster walls
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
• Common capitals used were the lotus, papyrus, palm
EGYPTIAN
which echoed indigenous Egyptian plants, and were
GREEK
symbols of fertility as well
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
• The shaft represented bundle of stems
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Came in complexes:
• Offering chapel (north or east side)
PRE-HISTORIC
• Mortuary chapel
history of architecture
Pyramids at Gizeh
Step Pyramid of Zoser, Saqqara • Most magnificent of pyramids
• World's first large-scale monument in stone • Equilateral sides face cardinal points
• Designed by Imhotep • Forms a world-famous building group
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE Bent Pyramid at Seneferu
FILIPINO
Egyptian
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE Temple of Ammon, Luxor
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
CULT TEMPLES
• worship/ in honor of god
Parts:
• Entrance pylon
• Large outer court open to sky (hypaethral court)
• Hypostyle hall
• Sanctuary surrounded by passages
• Chapels/chambers used in connection with the temple
service
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture