GCSE Geography Paper

3
Random Sampling is where the data is selected
randomly by using a number generator .
Although random sampling may provide
representative results it has some drawbacks
including the fact that all the data points may
be clustered in one area and sometimes
choosing the points creates bias and causes
innaccuracies in the data collection.

Stratified sampling is where samples are

chosen to reflect the proportion of the different
groups or areas to each other. In contrast to
Random and systematic sampling, stratified
sampling is the most representative of different
populations and is more precise than other
sampling methods.

Systematic sampling is sampling at regular

intervals . If systematic sampling is used to
collect data along a large river, it may be very
time consuming and the data may change/differ
between the intervals.

Risk Assessment:
1)How is a risk rating calculated?
2)What are the options of probability of
occurencence?
3)What are the options for severity?
1)Risk Rating= Probability of occurence*Severity
2)Probability of occurence: unlikely/rarely/infrequently/sometimes/often
3)Severity:Inconvenience,Minor Injury,Injury/illness, Major Injury,Fatality

How do I know if my Enquiry is suitable?

S-Simple( Is the question or hypothesis simple and is it bakced by a geographical
theory)
M-Mearuable( Can it be measured and can adequate data be collected?)
A-Achieveable( Can it be done in time/is the place accessible)
R-Realistic( Can it be done?)
T-Timed( Does it require data collection over a long period of time?)

What is Primary Data?

Data collected by the idividual at a present time.

What is secondary Data?

Data that has already been collected and is being used by the individual.

What is Qualitiatve data(Subjective data)?

Qualititatve data- Data which is based on opinion and attitudes

What is quantitative Data ( Objective data)?

Quantitative data- Data which is based on means, averages and statistics

What is continuous data?

Continuous data is data that has finite or infinite intervals within the datapoints/
set of values.

What is discrete data?

Discrete data is composed of set values that increase or decrease by fixed
intervals(number of people,or number of people with eqe colour brown)
What is the best way to present continuous
data and discrete data?
Continuous data: Line graphs
Discrete data: Bar Graph

What are the 10 types of human Geography

data collection and 4 types of Physical
Geography data collection?
Human Geography Data Collection:
•Environmental Quality Survey( EQS)
•Newspaper cuttings/Articles
•Photos
•Social media/Blogs
•Census Data
•Index of Multiple Deprivation
•Pedestrian Count
•Questionnaire
•RetailMapping/Land Use map
•Interview
Physical Geography data collection:
•Velocity of river
•Width of River
•Depth of River
•Sediment size
•Sediment Roundness

What are th advantages and disadvantages of

using Primary Data?
Advantages:
•The data will meet the aims of the study
•The data will be accurate and reliable as it has been done by the person
Disadvantages:
•Can be time-consuming
•Costly to collect data
•May not be able to collect a large sample of data
What are the advantages and the
disadvantages of Secondary Data?
Advantages:
•Large amounts of data can be collected
•Time saving and less costly
Disadvantages:
•The data may not meet the aims of the study
•Can be hard to access some forms of secondary data

EQS
Methodolgy?
Limitations?
Methodology:
A Bipolar Index which consists of a range of numbers (-5 to +5),with descriptions
of each option) that assess the build, nature and attractivenes of an area
Limitations :
•Very subjective so the descriptions must be very clear and accurate
•A Pilot sutdy needs to be carried out at the end or more than one person has to
agree when a judgement is made

Land Use Mapping/Retail Mapping

Methodology?
Limitiations?
Methodology:
Shows the different types of land use within a particular area
Limitations:
•The types of shops may keep on changing
•Obtaining past landuse maps are costly and time-consuming

Questionnaire:
Methodolgy?
Limitiations?
Methodolgy:
A set of questions that can be either open or closed which collectes opinions and
attitutdes to a certain topic
Limitations
•Some opinions may not be backed by sufficient evidence
•Time consuming
•Hard to collect large samples of data

Social Media Blogs:

Methodology?
Limitations?
Methodology:
Gives a good idea of people perception on different topics
Limitations:
•May be outdated
•Opinions may not be bakced by evidence

Newspapers;
Methodology?
Limitations?
Methodology:
News papers provide information on local buisnesses and local events
Limitations:
•Newspapers may provide exaggereated opinions and statisitics
•The Newspaper may be biased and may give a bisaed opinion of an event

Photographs:
Methodology?
Limitations?
Methodology:
Taking pictrues of an area or using past pictures to compare how an area has
changed
Limitations:
•May be photoshopped and edited
•May not be representative of the whole area

Interviews
Methodology?
Limitations?
Methodology:
Asking a person a few random open and closed questions about a certian topic
Limitations:
•Be prepared to have some questions refused

Pedestrian Count
Methodology?
Limitations?
Methodology:
Couting the number of people that pass a certain point in a period of time
Limitations:
•Some poeple may be accdientally counted more than once if it busy and there
is a lot of people
•The number of people may be miscalculated

Census data:
Methodology?
Limitations?
Methodology:
A survey which is mandatory to be completed by households all over the UK
every 10 years
Limitations:
•Hard to collect previous years census data information
•May not be reliable as it is done every 10 years and things may have changed

Index of Multiple Deprivation:

Methodology?
Limitations?
Methodology:
Study which is done to assess the quality of life in poor british councils
Limitations:
•Subjective based on personal opinion therefore may be inaccurate
• A pilot study may need to be done at the end

What are the three main methods of sampling

•Random Sampling
•Stratified Sampling
•Systematic Sampling

Advantages of Fieldwork Site?

S?
A?
P?
S?
S-Suitability
A-Accessiblity
P-Practicality
S-Safety

What does the Sphere of influence mean?

How far someone will travel to ise the shops and services there

What are the different methods of Data

Representation?
Retail Mapping-Colour Coded key
Dispersion graph
visual diagrams- Diagrams/sketches/photographs
Cartographics maps- Chloropeth maps, isoline Maps, flowline
Scatter Graphs, Bar Charts, line graqphs

Data Analysis Steps?

Describe:
•State any major patterns in the data
•State any minor patterins in the data
•Stat what the fieldwork shows overall
•Refer to any anomalies
Analayse:
•State statistical data
•Refer to mens, modes and medians, IQ'S ranges and averages
Explain :
• Explain overall findings
• Link to geographic theory

Random Sampling is where the data is selected randomly by using a number

generator . Although random sampling may provide representative results it has
some drawbacks including the fact that all the data points may be clustered in
one area and sometimes choosing the points creates bias and causes
innaccuracies in the data collection.

Stratified sampling is where samples are chosen to reflect the proportion of the
different groups or areas to each other. In contrast to Random and systematic
sampling, stratified sampling is the most representative of different populations
and is more precise than other sampling methods.

Systematic sampling is sampling at regular intervals . If systematic sampling is

used to collect data along a large river, it may be very time consuming and the
data may change/differ between the intervals.

1)Risk Rating= Probability of

occurence*Severity
2)Probability of occurence: unlikely/rarely/
infrequently/sometimes/often
3)Severity:Inconvenience,Minor Injury,Injury/
illness, Major Injury,Fatality
Risk Assessment:
1)How is a risk rating calculated?
2)What are the options of probability of occurencence?
3)What are the options for severity?
S-Simple( Is the question or hypothesis simple
and is it bakced by a geographical theory)
M-Mearuable( Can it be measured and can
adequate data be collected?)
A-Achieveable( Can it be done in time/is the
place accessible)
R-Realistic( Can it be done?)
T-Timed( Does it require data collection over a
long period of time?)
How do I know if my Enquiry is suitable?

Data collected by the idividual at a present

time.
What is Primary Data?

Data that has already been collected and is

being used by the individual.
What is secondary Data?

Qualititatve data- Data which is based on

opinion and attitudes
What is Qualitiatve data(Subjective data)?

Quantitative data- Data which is based on

means, averages and statistics
What is quantitative Data ( Objective data)?

Continuous data is data that has finite or

infinite intervals within the datapoints/set of
values.
What is continuous data?
Discrete data is composed of set values that
increase or decrease by fixed intervals(number
of people,or number of people with eqe colour
brown)
What is discrete data?

Continuous data: Line graphs

Discrete data: Bar Graph
What is the best way to present continuous data and discrete data?

Human Geography Data Collection:

•Environmental Quality Survey( EQS)
•Newspaper cuttings/Articles
•Photos
•Social media/Blogs
•Census Data
•Index of Multiple Deprivation
•Pedestrian Count
•Questionnaire
•RetailMapping/Land Use map
•Interview
Physical Geography data collection:
•Velocity of river
•Width of River
•Depth of River
•Sediment size
•Sediment Roundness
What are the 10 types of human Geography data collection and 4 types of
Physical Geography data collection?
Advantages:
•The data will meet the aims of the study
•The data will be accurate and reliable as it has
been done by the person
Disadvantages:
•Can be time-consuming
•Costly to collect data
•May not be able to collect a large sample of
data
What are th advantages and disadvantages of using Primary Data?

Advantages:
•Large amounts of data can be collected
•Time saving and less costly
Disadvantages:
•The data may not meet the aims of the study
•Can be hard to access some forms of
secondary data
What are the advantages and the disadvantages of Secondary Data?

Methodology:
A Bipolar Index which consists of a range of
numbers (-5 to +5),with descriptions of each
option) that assess the build, nature and
attractivenes of an area
Limitations :
•Very subjective so the descriptions must be
very clear and accurate
•A Pilot sutdy needs to be carried out at the
end or more than one person has to agree when
a judgement is made
EQS
Methodolgy?
Limitations?
Methodology:
Shows the different types of land use within a
particular area
Limitations:
•The types of shops may keep on changing
•Obtaining past landuse maps are costly and
time-consuming
Land Use Mapping/Retail Mapping
Methodology?
Limitiations?

Methodolgy:
A set of questions that can be either open or
closed which collectes opinions and attitutdes
to a certain topic
Limitations
•Some opinions may not be backed by sufficient
evidence
•Time consuming
•Hard to collect large samples of data
Questionnaire:
Methodolgy?
Limitiations?

Methodology:
Gives a good idea of people perception on
different topics
Limitations:
•May be outdated
•Opinions may not be bakced by evidence
Social Media Blogs:
Methodology?
Limitations?
Methodology:
News papers provide information on local
buisnesses and local events
Limitations:
•Newspapers may provide exaggereated
opinions and statisitics
•The Newspaper may be biased and may give a
bisaed opinion of an event
Newspapers;
Methodology?
Limitations?

Methodology:
Taking pictrues of an area or using past
pictures to compare how an area has changed
Limitations:
•May be photoshopped and edited
•May not be representative of the whole area
Photographs:
Methodology?
Limitations?

Methodology:
Asking a person a few random open and closed
questions about a certian topic
Limitations:
•Be prepared to have some questions refused
Interviews
Methodology?
Limitations?
Methodology:
Couting the number of people that pass a
certain point in a period of time
Limitations:
•Some poeple may be accdientally counted
more than once if it busy and there is a lot of
people
•The number of people may be miscalculated
Pedestrian Count
Methodology?
Limitations?

Methodology:
A survey which is mandatory to be completed
by households all over the UK every 10 years
Limitations:
•Hard to collect previous years census data
information
•May not be reliable as it is done every 10
years and things may have changed
Census data:
Methodology?
Limitations?

Methodology:
Study which is done to assess the quality of life
in poor british councils
Limitations:
•Subjective based on personal opinion
therefore may be inaccurate
• A pilot study may need to be done at the end
Index of Multiple Deprivation:
Methodology?
Limitations?
•Random Sampling
•Stratified Sampling
•Systematic Sampling
What are the three main methods of sampling

S-Suitability
A-Accessiblity
P-Practicality
S-Safety
Advantages of Fieldwork Site?
S?
A?
P?
S?

How far someone will travel to ise the shops

and services there
What does the Sphere of influence mean?

Retail Mapping-Colour Coded key

Dispersion graph
visual diagrams- Diagrams/sketches/
photographs
Cartographics maps- Chloropeth maps, isoline
Maps, flowline
Scatter Graphs, Bar Charts, line graqphs
What are the different methods of Data Representation?
Describe:
•State any major patterns in the data
•State any minor patterins in the data
•Stat what the fieldwork shows overall
•Refer to any anomalies
Analayse:
•State statistical data
•Refer to mens, modes and medians, IQ'S
ranges and averages
Explain :
• Explain overall findings
• Link to geographic theory
Data Analysis Steps?