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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Serial Page
No. TOPIC No.
1 INTRODUCTION TO TECHNOLOGY 03

2 INTRODUCTION TO ORGANISATION 05

MARKET NEED FOR CHOOSING AND IMPLEMENTING 06

3
THE TECHNOLOGY
4 IMPLEMENTATION PROCESS AND IMPLICATION TO MANAGERS 07

5 09
SOCIAL AND ETHICAL ISSUES
6 CONCLUSION 11

7 REFERENCE 12

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INTRODUCTION TO TECHNOLOGY

3D Printing

A computer design can be translated into a real-world

object using the advanced manufacturing technique
known as three-dimensional (3D) printing. Thin layers
of substances, like liquids, powdered plastic, metal, or
cement, are laid down during the process, and the
layers are then fused together.

Understanding 3D printing
The productivity of production has grown since 3D printing technology was developed. Long-term
disruption of the logistics, manufacturing, and inventory management sectors is a possibility, especially if it
is successfully indulged in mass production procedures. 3D printing right now is quite slow-moving to be
employed in large-scale manufacturing. However, by using this technology, the time needed to develop
prototype parts and devices as well as the tooling needed to produce them has decreased. Small
manufacturers will benefit greatly from this as it will lower their costs and shorten their time to market—the
period of time between developing a product and putting it on the market.

Compared to traditional manufacturing techniques like drilling, welding, injection molding, etc., 3D printing
can produce delicate, complicated structures with less material. More invention, experimentation, and
product-based startups are made possible by faster, simpler, and more affordable prototype production.
(Hayes, 2021)

How does 3D printing work?

During 3D printing, an object is built up layer by layer from molten plastic. The next layer is printed on top
of the previous one as each layer dries to create the object layer by layer.

To make a 3D print, a digital file that specifies where to put the material on the 3D printer is necessary. The
most often used file format for this is G-code. This file provides "coordinates" that guide the printer's
movements in all directions, also known as the X, Y, and Z axes. Using 3D printers, these layers can be
created at different layer heights. A print with more layers will have a better "resolution," similar to pixels
on a screen. Although it will take longer to print, this will produce a better-looking result. (Roberson, 2021)

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 INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIZATION

BMW
BMW stands for the excitement of driving. BMW, also known as Bayerische
Motoren Werke AG, is a renowned manufacturer of motorbikes and premium
sports sedans. The headquarters are in Munich.
It was established in 1916 as the Bayerische Flugzeug-Werke, a producer of
aviation engines. In July 1917, the name was changed to Bayerische Motoren
Werke, and in the 1920s, it began producing bicycles. BMW first entered the
automotive business in 1928. The company produced the R32 motorcycle,
which set a global speed record that wasn't broken until 1937. BMW created the first ever jet engines
during World War II. The business tried to enter the small-car market after the war but found it was unable
to successfully compete against Volkswagen's compact, affordably priced automobiles. In 1959, the
company was on the verge of going bankrupt and the management decided to sell it to Daimler-Benz.
BMW established a reputation as a premium car manufacturer at the turn of the century. (2022; Britannica)

In 2012, the BMW Group produced 117,109 motorbikes and 1,845,186 vehicles under various brand
names. Along with Audi and Mercedes-Benz, BMW is one of the top three luxury car producers in
Germany. BMW is also one of the top three luxury car producers globally.
BMW began with straightforward vehicles before soon advancing to cutting-edge innovation. The cars now
guarantee dependability and safety and feature powerful engines, good pickup, amazing speed, and great
speed. BMW Motorrad will prioritise cutting-edge production techniques. However, sales data shows that
BMW sells significantly more cars than motorcycles.

Business Model of BMW

The business model pertains to how a company generates revenue. It contains information regarding the
products and services the company has to offer, as well as its target market and any other anticipated
expenditures. Businesses of all sizes, both recently created and long-established, require sound business
models. They help start-up businesses attract funding, hire talent, and motivate management and personnel. To
keep up with new trends and issues, established businesses must frequently revise their business plans. The
business plans are used by investors to assess the companies they are considering investing in. 2022 (Shastri).

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 https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/JBS-02-2020-0021/full/html

Target Audience
The model divides the products of the luxury car maker into categories based on behavioral psychographic,
and demographic characteristics. Customers of BMW are often between the ages of 35 and 50, have
excellent occupations, regard their social standing highly, and appreciate idealistic items. High standards
for excellence, effectiveness, dependability, and quality are held by these individuals.
Wealthy people are drawn to BMW because they can purchase and appreciate fine art. The market leader in
the globe, BMW, has made a name for itself in the automotive sector as a symbol of excellence, cutting-
edge technology, superior performance, and individuality. 2022 (Shastri)

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 MARKET NEED FOR CHOOSING AND
IMPLEMENTING THE TECHNOLOGY

The BMW Group is still carefully integrating industrial 3D printing methods. The goal is to commercialize
additive manufacturing by integrating it profitably and sustainably into diverse business processes. This
specification covers the design and production of cars.

By methodically integrating industrial 3D printing processes, the BMW Group wishes to take complete
advantage of the technology, like rapid or fast component availability and flexibility in the design and
production without the requirement for sophisticated and specified tools.

Experts set the standards and specifications for 3D printed components for choosing the appropriate parts
for additive mass manufacturing. They used a data scientist to translate them into "machine language." A
new artificial intelligence system that is only getting started will enable the BMW Group to discover
possible 3D-printed vehicle components faster and earlier in the future.

Engineers and designers may easily develop previously difficult shapes through synthetic design, or the
creation of components using computer algorithms. To create components that can be manufactured with
the least amount of material waste, experts and computers work together. The only way to realize many
possible uses is with the aid of composite design. Complex shapes and structures that were previously
impossible to create with traditional techniques are particularly well suited for 3D printing technology.

For the Rolls-Royce Ghost, this design strategy resulted in topology-optimized components or parts that are
much better in both form and function. When compared to equivalent traditionally made parts, these
components weigh almost 50% less. They can also utilize the vehicle's mounting area to its fullest
potential. A prime illustration of this is the rear damper holder. 2020 (Kareta).

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 IMPLEMENTATION PROCESS AND IMPLICATION
FOR MANAGERS

The fundamental concept of building things layer by layer persists even though 3D printing incorporates a
variety of techniques, including Stereolithography, Fused Deposition Modelling, Selective Laser Sintering,
Digital Light Processing, etc.

For creating and putting into practice an effective 3D printing strategy, the following interconnected steps
have been identified:

1. CAD Model

2. Slicing

3. Machine setup

4. 3D Printing

CAD Model
The basic and foremost requirement for any 3D printing process is a CAD Model. You wish to print the 3D
model of the product. This model can be produced using Catia, Fusion360, Solidworks, Creo, and other
programs, but the output must be in a machine-readable format notably STEP, STL, and OBJ, but only a
few other formats are also supported.

Slicing
The developed model must now be put into the slicing software. The slicing software, or also known as
Slicer, basically cuts the 3D model into numerous and various layers depending upon the requirements you
provide. These slices (sometimes referred to as layers) are then stacked one on top of the other during the
printing process. After the slicer transforms the design into coordinates that the printer can read, the
material is deposited according to the coordinates.

Machine set up
The best method, material, and machine are chosen based on the part's intended usage. The element can be
shown utilizing a variety of 3D printing techniques. FDM printers employ filaments like PLA, ABS, PC,
PET-G, etc., whereas SLA and DLP printers use resins with usage-based characteristics (tough, flexible,
dental, etc.), and SLS uses powdered material (mostly Nylon).

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 3D Printing
The next step is actually to do the 3D printing of the model. The gcode file is loaded by the printer, and
hence then the printing starts. The printer will print it out in accordance with the print settings chosen by
you in the slicer. These settings can be modified for each print. Depending on a variety of variables, the
printing process can take a few seconds, a few hours, or even a few days.

(MANUFACTUR3D, 2018)

Implications for Managers

Numerous sociological, legal, and economic implications resulting from the growing use of 3D printers in
residential situations. As was the case with the introduction of digital music formats, technological
developments may have an impact on a whole business.

A similar impact on the economy may conceivably happen when more people have the ability to print goods.
This shift in the market for tangible items may alter the dominant economic models of consumerism as the
emphasis turns away from the manufacture of goods and toward a more knowledge-based economy with a
high value placed on 3D blueprints.

Additionally, the economic trend toward mass customization is taking shape quickly. Design concepts may
never be completed or finalized under the new method of innovation and product prototyping, which will
be continuously and iteratively developed.

Legal contradictions that correspond to economic trends are implied. Intellectual property (IP) law is
divided into four primary categories: copyright, design protection, patents, and trademarks. All sections are
easily infringement-proof thanks to 3D printing.

Social scientists and analysts, however, are worried about more than simply impending legal concerns. The
first half of the 20th century was characterised in developed economies by a social structure centred on
pervasive consumerism and the mass production of standardised products. In this paradigm, the majority of
employees must be compensated enough to be able to purchase the consumer goods made possible by
economics of scale. The paradigm of the twenty-first century has been replaced with one characterised by
small-batch production, economies of scope, specialised products, new information technologies, reliance
on service jobs, and an emphasis on consumer types rather than socioeconomic class. (Gehl, 2012)

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 SOCIAL AND ETHICAL ISSUES

3D printing which is also known as additive manufacturing is used by manufacturers more frequently.
Demand is rising as a result of some of the innovative benefits it can provide. It has problems of its own
that should be considered, much like practically all technology.

Issues Faced

1. Limited Resources
Despite the fact that 3D printing can produce creations from a variety of polymers and metals, the
choices of raw materials are restricted. This is a result of not being able to heat each and every metal or
plastic to a level necessary for 3D printing. Few of these printable substances are also suitable for
human consumption, and a lot of them cannot be recycled.

2. Health issues
3D printers generate ultrafine particles (UFP), poisonous fumes, volatile chemicals, and other
substances that could be dangerous for human intake in any kind of form.

3. Manufacturing large volumes

Unlike more traditional methods like injection molding, where producing high volumes may be more
cost-effective, 3D printing has a static cost. 3D printing may have a low initial investment than the
other manufacturing processes but once it is scaled up to mass-produce, the cost per unit does not
decline as it would happen in injection molding.

4. Jobs in Manufacturing are Being Cut

An additional disadvantage of 3D printing is the possible loss of human labor as printers handle the
majority of factory automation systems. Technology, however, can imperil these manufacturing jobs by
erasing the need for global sourcing or production. Low-skill jobs are crucial to the economies of many
third-world nations.

5. 3D-printed weaponry
Compared to most other technologies, Affective Manufacturing makes it simpler to build weapons that
are not subject to governmental inspection. The option is advancing quickly, and some people worry

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 that this might become the preferred technology for criminals looking to create undetectable weapons.

6. Information Safety
Information security will become increasingly vital as additive manufacturing (AM) becomes more
widely employed in safety-critical industries such as airplanes, transportation, and healthcare in the
coming years. (TWI-Global, 2022).

Solutions

1. 3D printing reduces the time and costs associated with using different manufacturing gear.
Additionally, 3D printers may be set up and left to complete their tasks, negating the requirement for
operators to be present at all times.

2. Compared to molded or machined parts, 3D printing can produce an object in hours, depending on the
design of the part and its complexity. By producing STL or CAD files that are prepared for printing, 3D
printing can not only speed up the production process but also the design phase.

3. Part manufacturing uses only the resources required for the part itself, with minimal to no waste, as
opposed to alternative technologies that cut from large portions of non-recyclable materials. The process
reduces the cost of the materials needed while also conserving resources.

4. 3D printers are being more widely available since more regional service providers provide outsourcing
services for various industrial processes. This is faster and requires less money in transportation costs
than more conventional manufacturing processes used in countries like China.

5. This method reduces material waste and is environmentally friendly in terms of the process itself.
However, when factors such as improved fuel efficiency from using lightweight 3D-printed parts are
taken into consideration, the environmental benefits are increased. (2022; TWI-Global)

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 CONCLUSION

Some projected that 3D printing would rapidly become as widespread in homes as inkjet printers were a
generation ago. These predictions have been scaled down a bit over the past ten years as 3D printing,
which has long been used in design schools and business-owned prototyping facilities, improved over time
but has not yet achieved the level of household use that had been anticipated. However, it became an
essential tool for computer artists and home companies producing products to order.

The selective Laser Beam Melting (LBM) or Selective Laser Sintering procedure outlined by BMW uses a
layer-based method of dissolving a powder, which is then fused by a laser beam prior to the application of
fresh layers of powder as well as the lowering of the base platform after every pass. This technology has
progressed over the last decade, but it is still pricey and out of reach for most amateurs. However,
automakers such as Rolls-Royce can employ it to avoid the time-consuming and costly traditional metal
casting method when producing specialized parts for low-volume vehicles.

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 REFERENCES

Britannica, T. E. (2022, August 24). BMW. Retrieved from Britannica: https://www.britannica.com/topic/BMW

Gehl, M. (2012, September 1). The Implications of 3D Printing. Retrieved from Koinonia House:
https://khouse.org/articles/2012/1078/
Hayes, A. (2021, November 29). 3D Printing. Retrieved from Investopedia:
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/1/3d-printing.asp
Kareta, N. (2020, December). BMW Group Drives the Industrialization of 3D Printing. Retrieved from
Spotlightmetal: https://www.spotlightmetal.com/bmw-group-drives-the-industrialization-of-3d-printing-a-
984939/#:~:text=Daniel%20Sch%C3%A4fer%2C%20Head%20of%20Production,while%20meeting%20high
%20quality%20standards%22.
MANUFACTUR3D. (2018, January 1). The 3D Printing Process: How does it Work? Retrieved from
MANUFACTUR3D: https://manufactur3dmag.com/3d-printing- process/#:~:text=The%203D%20Printing
%20Process%3A%20How%20does%20it%20Work%3F,Machine% 20...%204%20Step%204%3A%203D
%20Printing%20
Roberson, D. (2021, May 3). What is 3D printing? Retrieved from Ultimaker: https://ultimaker.com/learn/what-is-3d-
printing
Shastri, A. (2022). The Intensive Research on the Business Model Of BMW you always needed. Retrieved from The
Digital School: https://iide.co/case-studies/business-model-of-bmw/
TWI-Global. (2022). What are the advantages and disadvantages of 3D Printing? Retrieved from TWI:
https://www.twi-global.com/technical-knowledge/faqs/what-is-3d-printing/pros-and-cons

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