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Research article
Is blood lactate removal during water immersed cycling faster than during
cycling on land?
Fabrízio Di Masi 1, Rodrigo Gomes De Souza Vale 3, Estélio Henrique Martin Dantas 1, Ana Cristina
Lopes Barreto 2, Jefferson da Silva Novaes 1,2 and Victor M. Reis 4
1
University Castelo Branco, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2 Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil,
3
LABIMH/RN, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, 4 University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro,
Vila Real, Portugal
Received: 10 November 2006 / Accepted: 13 February 2007 / Published (online): 01 June 2007
Lactate removal during water immersed cycling 189
prised between 40% and 80% of the peak oxygen uptake assignment for the first test was counterbalanced (six
was not different when water immersion or land exercise subjects started with one condition and five with the
were compared, but higher percentages resulted in lower other). The time interval between the end of the exercise
blood lactate values for water immersion. bout and the start of the active recovery period was 1 min.
Therefore, the aim of the present study was to The aquatic bike was placed in a pool in a way that the
compare lactate removal during active recovery per- xyphoid appendix of each subject matched the water
formed during cycling in water immersion (CW) and level. Heart rate (HR) was assessed throughout the recov-
during cycling on land (CL) after a similar exercise bout ery periods with a Polar S810 (Polar, Finland) and used to
in male adults. assure the similar exercise intensity under the two condi-
tions of exercise. The target HR was established as 65%
Methods of the estimated maximum HR (220 beats per minute
minus age). During the recovery period the subjects were
Participants informed about their HR every 30 sec and the pace was
Eleven males volunteered for this study. After a medical adjusted if necessary. Capillary blood samples were col-
examination the subjects gave their written informed lected at rest and during the recovery period (at 3, 6, 9 and
consent to participate in the experiments. The subjects 15 minutes of recovery) for blood lactate measurement
were healthy and were engaged in regular physical activ- with a YSI 1500 analyser (Yellowsprings, OH, USA).
ity for at least six months prior to testing. The subjects Prior to each testing, the analyser was calibrated with
mean (± standard deviation) age, height, weight and esti- standard lactate solutions of 2.5, 5.0, 10.0 and 15.0
mated body fat percentage were 22.7 ± 1.9 years, 1.80 ± mmol·L-1 (Yellowsprings, OH, USA).
0.02 m, 79.9 ± 2.9 kg and 10.6 ± 1.2 %, respectively. All Both the laboratory and the pool sessions were
the procedures were according to the Helsinki Declaration conducted with a room temperature between 22ºC and
of 1975 and were approved by the Institutional Ethics 24ºC and ≈50% of relative humidity. The temperature of
Committee. the pool water was between 30 and 31ºC.
12
C y c lin g o n la n d
* C y c lin g in w a te r im m e rs io n
10
Lac (mmMol) *
8
2
3 6 9 15
T im e (m in )
Figure 1. Comparison of the blood lactate removal during cycling in water immersion
(CW) and during cycling on land (CL).
* Difference between CW and CL (p ≤ 0.05).
found to be significant in the 6th min and 15th min, but not running. These studies suggest a lower metabolic demand
in the 9th min post-exercise. The small size of the sample during running in water immersion.
that was used may contribute to the lack of significance Nakamura et al. (1996) and Villar and Denadai
observed at the 9th min of recovery. Therefore, the results (1998) support the present study with lower recovery
indicate that a low intensity recovery at 65% HRmax was lactates during immersed passive and active recovery,
more effective when performed in immersion. The faster respectively. Contrarily, Frangolias and Rhodes (1995)
lactate removal during immersion exercise condition may found no differences between the lactate removal after
be partly explained by an increased venous return. At the treadmill running and running in immersion.
3rd min of recovery the blood lactate mean values were This conflict of results may be explained by differ-
close in CW and CL, which may help to support that the ences in the methods that were used on the above men-
blood lactate accumulation during the previous exercise tioned studies and in the present study. Indeed, several
bouts was similar under the two conditions of exercise issues may have influenced the results, such as: i) inten-
and that three min of recovery were not sufficient to im- sity of the recovery that was used (Boileau et al., 1983);
prove the lactate removal during CW. ii) main muscle groups that were elicited (Bulbulian et al.,
The exercise intensity in the present study was 1987; Nakanishi et al., 1999); iii) temperature of the water
comprised within the range studied by Connelly et al. (Moore et al., 1970; Nakanishi et al., 1999); iv) gradient
(1990) when they found no significant differences in of immersion (Moore et al., 1970); v) timing for capillary
blood lactate accumulation between water immersed and blood collections (Brooks, 1986); and vi) ingestion of
land cycling exercise. However, those authors examined nutrients prior to the experiment (Robergs et al., 2004).
blood lactate accumulation during the cycle exercise and The majority of the above-mentioned studies as-
not the lactate removal post-exercise. The mechanisms sessed running in immersion instead of cycling exercise.
underlying blood lactate accumulation during exercise are The amount of muscle mass involved in running is larger
not necessarily the same as those determining lactate compared to the one that is used during cycling exercise.
removals after exercise. During exercise, several factors The larger muscle mass involved in running may induce a
affect the lactate concentration found in muscle (and higher lactate accumulation during exercise. On the other
reflected in blood), some of them influencing the lactate hand, the larger active muscle mass may allow an in-
production and others the lactate clearance. When exer- creased lactate oxidation by muscle tissue during an ac-
cise stops, even when a low intensity recovery exercise is tive recovery. Additionally, it is also possible that during
used, only the factors that influence the lactate removal land running exercise, a fraction of the muscle mass that
are pertinent. Therefore, the results from Connelly et al. is active (i.e. upper limbs) may contribute to lactate oxi-
(1990) are not comparable to the results that were found dation rather than to lactate production, due to the non-
in the present study. propulsive nature of these muscles. Contrarily, during
The lower lactate accumulation reported for DWR DWR it is possible that the upper limbs may assist in
by Nakanishi et al. (1999) were explained by differences buoying up the subject by circular movements (Nakanishi
in muscle contraction regimens and by the influence of et al., 1999). Moreover, during DWR the legs also tend to
hydrostatic pressure of the water. However, the Nakanishi move differently from land running, because of the lack
study and Town and Bradley’s (1991) lower blood lactate of firm footage and with a slower stride rate. Therefore, it
values in immersed compared with land running could be is complex to explain the results of studies that addressed
explained by a lesser muscle fiber constriction with im- the land running vs DWR issue, let alone to compare
mersion and by the weight bearing nature of treadmill those results with those obtained with cycling exercise.
Lactate removal during water immersed cycling 191
During cycling the phenomena determining lactate pro- aerobic and ventilatory thresholds in soccer players. European
Journal of Applied Physiology 93, 224-230.
duction and removal may be different. Indeed, both dur- Baldari, C., Videira, M., Madeira, F., Sergio, J. and Guidetti, L. (2005)
ing land or immersion cycling, a much smaller muscle Blood lactate removal during recovery at varous intensities be-
mass is active, other than the muscle used to produce low the individual anaerobic threhsold in triathletes. Journal of
work (compared to running exercise). Therefore, the Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness 45, 460-466.
Beaver, W.L., Wasserman, K. and Whipp, B.J. (1986) A new method for
blood lactate kinetics during and post running exercise detecting anaerobic threshold by gas exchange. Journal of Ap-
may not be comparable with cycling exercise. Even when plied Physiology 660, 2020-2027.
cycle exercise is compared between water immersion and Boileau, R.A., Misner, J.E., Dykstra, G.L. and Spitzer, T.A. (1983)
land conditions, Chen et al. (1996) recommend the use of Blood lactic acid removal during treadmill and bicycle exercise
at various intensities. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical
a single ergometer adapted for land and liquid environ- Fitness 23, 159-167.
ment. The authors indicate that this procedure aims to Bonen, A. and Belcastro, N.A. (1976) Comparison of self-selected
avoid the interference of different body posture in the recovery method on lactic acid removal rates. Medicine and
physiological responses. Science in Sports and Exercise 8(3), 176-178.
Brooks, G.A. (1986) The lactate shuttle during exercise and recovery.
A possible limitation of the present study is the Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 18(3), 360-368.
use of heart rate as criteria to establish similar exercise Brechat, P.H., Wolf, J.P., Simon-Rigaud, M.L., Brechat, N., Kantelip,
intensity in land and immersion cycling exercise. Indeed, J.P., Berthelay, S. and Regnard, J. (1999) Influence of immer-
it is difficult to impose the same exercise intensity in sion on respiratory requirements during 30-min cycling exer-
cise. European Respiratory Journal 13, 860-866.
water immersion and in land, because at the same cycle Bulbulian, R., Darabos, B. and Nauta, S. (1987) Supine rest and lactic
ergometer output the oxygen uptake is higher in water acid removal following maximal exercise. Journal of Sports
immersion, due to drag effect of displacing water during Medicine and Physical Fitness 27(2), 151-156.
limb movements (Brechat et al., 1999). We chose to use Chen, A.A., Kenny, G.P., Johnston, C.E. and Giesbrecht, G.G. (1996)
Design and evaluation of a modified underwater cycle ergome-
heart rate to monitor exercise intensity during the recov- ter. Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology 21(2), 134-148.
ery because it may be an interesting option for coaches Chu, A.L., Jay, O., and White, M.D. (2007) The effects of hyperthermia
and it can be easily measured. It has also been described and hypoxia on ventilation during low intensity steady-state ex-
that the blood shift and water temperature during im- ercise. American Journal of Physiology - Regulatory Integrative
and Comparative Physiology 292, R195-203.
mersed exercise may have an effect on heart rate and Connelly, T.P., Sheldahl, L.M., Tristani, F.E., Levandoski, S.G., Kalk-
cardiac output so that exercising at the same work load hoff, R.K., Hoffman, M.D. and Kalbfleisch, J.H. (1990) Effect
elicits a higher heart rate (Park et al, 1999). If this is true, of increased central blood volume with water immersion on
then exercise intensity in the present study could have plasma catecholamine during exercise. Journal of Applied
Physiology 69(2), 651-656.
been lower during immersion when compared with land Ellestad, M.H. (1993) Exercise testing in special situations.
exercise. However, even if the exercise intensity during Cardiology Clinics 11(2), 241-252.
immersion was lower, this fact is not necessarily an ex- Ertl, A.C., Bernauer, E.M. and Hom, C.A. (1991) Plasma volume shifts
planation for the larger lactate removal that was observed. with immersion at rest and two exercise intensities. Medicine
and Science in Sports and Exercise 23(4), 450-457.
Nevertheless, the results of the present study must be Franchini, E., Takito, M.Y., Nakamura, W.F., Ayumi, M.K., Peduti, A.
viewed as preliminary and warrant further research using and Molin, K.M.A. (2003) Effects of recovery type after a judo
other criteria to establish the exercise intensity. combat on blood lactate removal and on performance in an in-
termittent anaerobic task. Journal of Sports Medicine and
Physical Fitness 43(4), 424-431.
Conclusion Frangolias, D.D. and Rhodes, E.C. (1995) Maximal and ventilatory
threshold responses to treadmill and water immersion running.
In summary, the main finding of the present study was Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 27(7), 1007-1013.
Gupta, S., Goswami, A., Sadhukan, A.K. and Mathur, D.N. (1996)
that blood lactate removal after an exercise bout with Comparative study of lactate removal in short term massage of
intensity above the ventilatory threshold, was more effec- extremities, active recovery and a passive recovery period after
tive when performed during cycling in water immersion supramaximal exercise sessions. International Journal of Sports
when compared with cycling on land. These results indi- Medicine 17(2),106-110.
Jackson, A.S. and Pollock, M.L. (1978) Generalized equations for
cate that cycling in water immersion may be an effective predicting body density of men. British Journal of Nutrition 40,
way for sportsmen to recover between consecutive train- 497-504.
ing sessions and even between exercise bouts within the Koutedakis, Y. and Sharp, N.C. (1985) Lactic acid removal and heart
same training session. Deep-water running (DWR) is rate frequencies during recovery after strenuous rowing exer-
cise. British Journal of Sports Medicine 19(4), 199-202.
more popular then immersion cycling. However, DWR is Monedero, J. and Donne, B. (2000) Effect of recovery interventions on
often uncomfortable, even to experienced runners. There- lactate removal and subsequent performance. International
fore, we believe that immersion cycling may be a more Journal of Sports Medicine 21(8), 593-597.
comfortable and attractive recovery condition. Further Moore, T.O., Bernauer, E.M., Set, G., Park, Y.S., Hong, S.K. and Haya-
shi, E.M. (1970) Effect of Immersion at Different Water Tem-
studies are warranted to confirm the benefits of immer- peratures on Graded Exercise Performance in Man. Aerospace
sion cycling in blood lactate removal, mainly those ana- Medicine 41(12), 1404-1408.
lyzing the recovery after high-intensity running exercises. Nakamura, K., Takahashi, H., Shimai, S. and Tanaka, M. (1996) Effects
of immersion in tepid bath water on recovery from fatigue after
submaximal exercise in man. Ergonomics 39(2), 257-266.
References Nakanishi, Y., Kimura, T. and Yokoo, Y. (1999) Maximal physiological
responses to deep water running at thermo neutral temperature.
Baker, S.J. and King, N. (1991) Lactic acid recovery profiles following Journal of Physiological Anthropology 18(2), 31-35.
exhaustive arm exercise on a canoeing ergo meter. British Jour- Park, K.S., Choi, J.K., and Park Y.S. (1999) Cardiovascular regulation
nal of Sports Medicine 25(3), 165-167. during water immersion. Journal of Physiological Anthropology
Baldari, C., Videira, M., Madeira, F., Sergio, J. and Guidetti, L. (2004) 18(6), 233-241.
Lactate removal during recovery related to the individual an-
192 Di Masi et al.
Robergs, R.A., Farzenah, G. and Daryl, P. (2004) Biochemistry of Estélio Henrique Martin DANTAS
exercise-induced metabolic acidosis. American Journal of Employment
Physiology-Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology
287, R502–R516. Full professor of Exercise Physiology
Taoutaou, Z., Granier, P., Mercier, B., Mercier, J., Ahmaidi, S. and at the Universidade Castelo Branco -
Prefaut, C. (1996) Lactate kinetics during passive and partially Brasil.
active recovery in endurance and sprint athletes. European Degree
Journal Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, PhD
73(5), 465-470.
Town, G.P. and Bradley, S.S. (1991) Maximal metabolic responses of
Research interests
deep and shallow water running in trained runners. Medicine The physical fitness-related issues.
and Science in Sports and Exercise 23(2), 238-241. E-mail: estelio@cobrase.org.br
Villar, R. and Denadai, B.S. (1998) Efeitos da corrida em pista ou do Ana Cristina Lopes BARRETO
Deep Water Running na taxa de remoção do lactato sangüíneo
Employment
durante a recuperação ativa após exercícios de alta intensidade.
Motriz 4(2), 98-103. (In Portugal). Assistant Professor at the Celso Lis-
boa University (CEUCEL), Rio de
Janeiro and researcher of the Human
Key points Motricity Biosciences Laboratory of
Federal University of Rio Grande do
• Previous studies have found positive effects of half Norte (LABIMH/RN), Brazil.
liquid environment on blood lactate removal. Degree
• However, few studies have compared lactate re- MSc
Research interests
moval in half liquid and in dry land conditions with
The physiological, morphological and
the use of stationary bikes.
health-related effects of gym physical
• We have compared the lactate removal during active
activities.
recovery on half-liquid cycling and active recovery
E-mail: profanaclgbarreto@globo.com
on dry land cycling after a similar exercise bout in
Jefferson da Silva NOVAES
male adults. Employment
• The blood lactate values during the recovery were Professor at the Physical Education
lower after half-liquid cycling when compared with and Sport Faculty of the Federal Uni-
dry land cycling and significant differences were ob- versity of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ),
served at the 6th minute and at the 15th minute of re- Brazil.
covery. Degree
• We may conclude that active recovery using half- PhD
liquid cycling may be more efficient than dry land Research interests
cycling for blood lactate removal The physiological and morphological
effects in gym physical activities.
E-mail: jsnovaes@terra.com.br
AUTHORS BIOGRAPHY Victor Machado REIS
Fabrízio Di MASI Employment
Employment Professor of Exercise Physiology at
Ass. Prof. at the Physical Education the Sport Sciences Department of the
Course of Federal Rural University, Rio University of Trás-os-Montes and
de Janeiro, Brazil. Alto Douro (UTAD), Portugal.
Degree Degree
MSc PhD
Research interests Research interests
The physiological and morphological The physiological and biomechanical
effects of gym physical activities. indicators of energy cost during
E-mail: fmasi@ig.com.br physical activities.
Rodrigo Gomes DE SOUZA VALE E-mail: vreis@utad.pt
Employment
Ass. Prof. at the Exercise Physiology Lab
of the Estácio de Sá University, Brazil. Victor Machado Reis
Degree University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro – Department of
Msc Sport Sciences, Apartado 1013, 5000-911 Vila Real, Portugal
Research interests
The physiological and morphological
effects of gym physical activities and
elderly physical activity.
E-mail: rodrigovale@globo.com