Violence:Causes and Preventions

A Research Project
Submitted to:Mrs. Joy C. Sioson
Submitted by:Eula Camila Geodisico
10-Valenzuela
SY-2022-2023 PNHS-Main

Discussion of Violence
Violence is "the use of physical force so as to injure, abuse, damage, or destroy".Other
definitions are also used, such as the World Health Organization definition of violence as "the
intentional use of physical force or power threatened or actual, against oneself, another person,
or against a group or community, which either results in or has a high likelihood of resulting in
injury, death, psychological harm, maldevelopment or deprivation."
Internationally, violence resulted in deaths of an estimated 1.28 million people in 2013 up from
1.13 million in 1990.However, global population grew by roughly 1.9 billion during those years,
showing a dramatic reduction in violence per capita. Of the deaths in 2013, roughly 842,000
were attributed to self-harm, 405,000 to interpersonal violence, and 31,000 to collective violence
(war) and legal intervention. For each single death due to violence, there are dozens of
hospitalizations, hundreds of emergency department visits, and thousands of doctors'
appointments.[5] Furthermore, violence often has lifelong consequences for physical and mental
health and social functioning and can slow economic and social development.
In 2013, of the estimated 405,000 deaths due to interpersonal violence globally, assault
by firearm was the cause in 180,000 deaths, assault by sharp object was the cause in 114,000
deaths, and the remaining 110,000 deaths from other causes.
Violence in many forms can be preventable. There is a strong relationship between levels of
violence and modifiable factors in a country such as an concentrated (regional) poverty, income
and gender inequality, the harmful use of alcohol, and the absence of safe, stable, and nurturing
relationships between children and parents. Strategies addressing the underlying causes of
violence can be relatively effective in preventing violence, although mental and physical health
and individual responses, personalities, etc. have always been decisive factors in the formation
of these behaviors.

The World Health Organization divides violence into three broad categories;self-directed
violence,interpersonal violence,collective violence.Self-directed violence;subdivided into suicidal
behaviour and self-abuse.The former includes suicide thoughts,attempted suicides also called
 para-suicide or deliberate self-injury in some countries and suicide itself.Self-abuse, in contrast,
includes acts such as self mutation.Collective violence that is committed to advance a particular
social agenda includes, for example, crimes of hate committed by organized groups, terrorist
acts and mob violence. Political violence includes war and related violent conflicts, state
violence and similar acts carried out by armed groups. There may be multiple determinants of
violence against civilians in such situations.Economic violence includes attacks motivated by
economic gain such as attacks carried out with the purpose of disrupting economic activity,
denying access to essential services, or creating economic division and fragmentation. Clearly,
acts committed by domestic and subnational groups can have multiple motives.Slow violence is
a long-duration form of violence which is often invisible (at least to those not impacted by it),
such as environmental degradation, pollution and climate change. Interpersonal violence;is
divided into two subcategories: Family and intimate partner violence that is, violence largely
between family members and intimate partners, usually, though not exclusively, taking place in
the home. Community violence between individuals who are unrelated, and who may or may not
know each other, generally taking place outside the home. The former group includes forms of
violence such as child abuse and child corporal punishment, intimate partner violence
and abuse of the elderly. The latter includes youth violence, random acts of
violence, rape or sexual assault by strangers, and violence in institutional settings such as
schools, workplaces, prisons and nursing homes. When interpersonal violence occurs in
families, its psychological consequences can affect parents, children, and their relationship in
the short- and long-terms.

Domestic Violence
Domestic violence is a pattern of abusive behavior in any relationship that is used by one
partner to gain or maintain power and control over another intimate partner. Domestic violence
can be physical, sexual, emotional, economic, psychological, or technological actions or threats
of actions or other patterns of coercive behavior that influence another person within an intimate
partner relationship. This includes any behaviors that intimidate, manipulate, humiliate, isolate,
frighten, terrorize, coerce, threaten, blame, hurt, injure, or wound someone.

Sexual Violence
Sexual Violence is any sexual behavior a person has not consented to that causes that person
to feel uncomfortable, frightened or intimidated is included in the sexual assault category.
Physical sexual assault occurs when someone touches any part of another person’s body in a
sexual way, even through clothes, without that person’s consent, including but not limited to
forced sexual intercourse (rape), sodomy (oral or anal sexual acts), child molestation, incest,
fondling and attempted rape.The law generally assumes that a person does not consent to
sexual conduct if he or she is forced, threatened or is unconscious, drugged, a minor,
developmentally disabled, chronically mentally ill, or believe they are undergoing a medical
procedure.

Verbal Violence
Verbal violence can include issues that are specific to a person, such as putdowns (in private or
in front of others), ridiculing, the use of swear-words that are especially uncomfortable for the
other, saying bad things about the other’s loved ones, threatening with other forms of violence,
either against the victim or against somebody dear to them. At other times, the verbal abuse
may be relevant to the background of the victim, such as their religion, culture, language,
(perceived) sexual orientation or traditions. Depending on the most emotionally sensitive areas
of the victim, abusers often consciously target these issues in a way that is painful, humiliating
and threatening to the victim. Most of the verbal violence that women experience because of
being women is sexualised, and counts as sexual violence. Verbal gender-based violence in the
public sphere is also largely related to gender roles: it may include comments and jokes about
women or may present women as sex objects (e.g. jokes about sexual availability, prostitution,
rape). A great deal of bullying is related to the (perceived) sexuality of young people (especially
boys). The regular negative use of words such as ‘queer’ or ‘fag’ is often traumatising for those
perceived as gays and lesbians. This is very likely one of the reasons why many gays and
lesbians only ‘come out’ after secondary school.

Causes of Violence
The most common motivations for violence can be viewed as inappropriate attempts to handle
emotions. Often, violence is the medium used by an individual to openly express their feelings
such as anger, frustration, or sadness. Other times, violence can be considered as a form of
manipulation for individuals to try and get what they want or need. Aggressive behaviour can
also be used as a form of retaliation; a means by which one uses to even the score. Finally,
violent behaviour is sometimes caused because people grow up seeing violence openly
displayed. Violence then becomes learned as an “appropriate” way to behave.

Preventions of Violence
Prevention, intervention, and treatment strategies that are trauma-informed are key. Many youth
have experienced traumatc events, including physical, sexual, and emotional abuse; family and
community violence;natural disasters; and the ongoing, cumulative impact of poverty, racism,
and oppression. Repeated exposure to traumatic events increases the risk of youth violence.
Organizational trauma-informed care that is grounded in an understanding of the causes and
consequences of trauma can promote resilience and healing, while reducing youth violence.
Prevention cannot be accomplished by one sector alone. Justice, public health, education,
health care(mental, behavioral, medical), government (local, state, and federal), social services,
business, housing, media, and organizations that comprise the civil society sector, such as faith-
based organizations, youth-serving organizations, foundations, and other non-governmental
organizations all need to play a role. In addition, the voices of children, youth, and families who
are most affected by violence must be front and center. Collectively, we can prevent and
eliminate violence and improve well-being.

Analysis and Interpretation

Violence is a complex phenomenon rooted in the interaction of many factors, so it is important
to use an ecological framework to understand the complex interplay of personal, situational,
socioeconomic, political, psychocultural, and historical factors that combine to cause violence.
Discussions about violence should include the micro-macro linkage. These are embedded in
“entitlement/ownership, the acceptability of hierarchy/superiority/domination, and the legitimacy
of violence” (Tifft and Markham 1991, 132).
Biological, physical, and hormonal changes impact young people in various ways that ultimately
also relate to violence potential. These changes affect sexual motivation, which in turn relates to
capacities for either physical or structural violence in the form of male or female competition.
Moreover, their cognitive and social development ensures that they learn to think more rationally
and perhaps less emotionally so that they can consider multiple perspectives (Garbarino 2003).
Adolescents experience major changes relating to their identity and self-esteem and especially
around age thirteen have a strong tendency to be swayed by and conform to peers.

Comments or Reaction
Many people feel sadness and shame and take the blame for what’s happened. They may also
feel anger and resentment, or resignation and despair. Being exposed to violence and living
under severe stress can lead to what’s known as PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder.
 Reccomendations to Readers
I advise to you that please do not tolerate violence even though its small or big because
violence can cause excitement and exhaust the mind and leaves it withered and sterile. Nothing
good ever comes of violence.And if you ever encounter a situation that you witnessed a
violence please do not turn a blindeye because you don’t know what consequences are waiting
for you.

Source
Domestic Violence
Sexual Violence
Verbal Violence
https://www.justice.gov/ovw/domestic-violence
Analysis and Interpretation: https://www.cuav.org/aov
Comments and Reactions: https://kvinnofridslinjen.se/en/about-violence/reactions-to-violence-
and-abuse/#:~:text=Many%20people%20feel%20sadness%20and,%2C%20post%2Dtraumatic
%20stress%20disorder.