Correctional pillar

- Correction as a pillar
o Charged with the rehabilitation of offenders
- Rehabilitation
o Changing bad behavior and turning it into a good one
o Making a person into a law-abiding citizen

Two (2) kinds of correction

Institutional correction
- Rehabilitation in the different places of confinement
- Place of confinement
o Installations or structures devoted for incarceration
- Three kinds of institutional correction
o 1. Jail
- Jail houses a heterogynous population (mixed inmates):
 A. Detention prisoners or detainee – incarcerated while undergoing
trial or investigation.
 B. Convicted or sentenced prisoners for minor offences- penalty
imposed by the court would be 3 years and below
4 kinds of convicted prisoners:
o 1. Municipal prisoner – 1 day to 6 months
o 2. Provincial prisoner – 6 months 1 day to 6 years
o 3. City prisoner – 1 day to 3 years
o 4. National or insular prisoner – 3 years and up
 C. prisoner in safe keeping – this people did not commit a crime , safe
keeping in side a jail ; this are people how endanger himself or the public
- Under the bureau if jail management and penology’s (BJMP)
 The head of BJMP - chef BJMP
 Officer in charge in jail– warden
- BJMP(Bureau) is under the DILG(Department)
o 2. Prison
- Prison has a Homogenous population (one kind of inmate):
- Sentenced or convicted prisoner for major offences – more than 3 years or
above 3 years; 3 years 1 day and above
- Insular or national prisoners – above 3 years
- Prison is under bureau of corrections and bureau of correction is under the
department of justice
 Head of bureau of corrections – Director
 Officer in charge – Penal super intendent
 New Bilibid prison is a national penitentiary for men
 Correctional institution for women
o 3. Penal colonies
- Houses Homogenous population
  Those convicted with major offenses
- Colonists -National or insular prisoners who are in a penal institution
- Under the bureau of corrections
- Officer in charge – penal supper intendent
Non-institutional correction
- Community based corrections
o Rehabilitation in the community; buy serving your sentence in the community
- Two kinds of non-institutional corrections
o 1. Probation
- Is a disposition where by a person is released subject to the condition of the
releasing court
- GRANTED BY THE CONVICTING COURT (judicial act)
- Allowed only if the imposed penalty is 6 years and bellow
PD. 968- That govern the adult probation
Prision correccional -highest probation penalty under the RPC ;6-month one day to 6 years
o 2. Parole
- When can you avail parole if your penalty is 6 years a below
- If the imposed penalty is above 1 year
Two- fold purpose of correction
- Punishment
o Redress of the state against an offending member
o Legalistic perspective – penalty
o Infliction of pain and suffering
- Redress- pay back for the violation of the law
- Rehabilitation
o The process of changing of bad behavior into good
o Process of making a person into a law violating citizen

Punishment as a system of correction

- Penology
o Refer to the study of criminal punishment
o Originated from the foreign words
- Poena or Poina- pain and suffering
- Logus – to study
- To study pain and suffering; you study criminal punishment
Etymology of the word punishment
- Etymology
o To study the origin of a word
- Old French PUNISS (punire)
o To punish
- Latin POENIRE/PUNIRE
 o Inflict a penalty or cause pain for same offense

Two major goals of punishments:

1. To inflict deserved suffering on evil doers
o Pertaining to retaliation
- Talks about revenge, vengeance
2. To prevent crimes
o Prevention of crime / crime prevention
- Preventing the future occurrence of crime
- prevention the re-occurrence of a crime
five (5) criteria of punishment:
- criteria
o standard or principal that our punishment is following
1. imposed on an actual or supposed offender
2. meted out for an offense against legal rules
o common law crimes
- this are acts condemned by the society witch are not punishable by law
o nulom crimen nulom puena sineliges
- there is no crime if there is no law punishing it
3. imposed by an authority constituted by the legal system against which offense was
committed
o who punishes crimes – how has the authority to punish crimes
4. intentionally administered by human beings other than the offenders
5. inflict pain or other consequences normally considered unpleasant

Ancient forms of punishment:

o they have the quality of age or long existence
1. death penalty
- this involves the taking away the life of the offender
- very common form of ancient form of punishment
o several (7) forms of death penalty:
1. burning – given to witches
2. hanging- Couse of death asphyxia (the blocking of the air)
3. crispification- Couse of death asphyxia, slow death
4. beheading- chopping of the head, use of axe or guillotine
5. breaking of the wheel
6. drowning
7. poisoning – execution by the famous or able people
2. physical torture/corporal punishment
- infliction of Sevier physical pain
- inhumane or barbaric forms of methods
- common inflictions:
o mutilation- the cutting of a body part
o castration- cutting the reproductive organ of a person
 - miming- disfigure you(inflicting severe wounds)
o whipping- the use of a device to flagellate you
- tale o9- a whips with 9 tails with a hook
3. social degradation
- public humiliation
- common forms of degradation:
o branding- offender is marked as a criminal (hot iron)
o tattooing- those how are convicted in crimes
o peloria- big handcuff, cuffed around your hands and head
o parading- you were main to walk to the community to shout that you are a criminal
4. banishment or exile or ostracism or relegatio
- sending or putting away the offender form the place of crime commission
- Oldest form of punishment
5. slavery and transportation
- slavery
o condition where by the offender is owned by another person
- transportation
o the sending of the offender to another colony

Early forms of prison discipline:

- 1. Hard labor
o Also known as Penal labor
o various kinds of an unfree labor witch prisoners are required to perform
o Performance of productive works
- 2. Deprivation
o The denial of everything except those essential for existence
o The denial luxuries of life
- 3. Monotony
o The performance of same boring routine over and over again
- 4. Uniformity
o Talks about the consistence of the way you treat the prisoner
- 5. Mass movement
o The performance of activities at the same time
- 6. Degradation
o Humiliation or putting a person in to shame
o Utterance of insulting words or language
o Primary purpose of degradation – break the confidence of the prisoner
- 7. Corporal punishment
o Imposition of brutal punishment
o Employ physical pain
o Intimidate(frightening) a delinquent inmate
- 8. Isolation or solitary confinement
o Physical segregation of the prisoner forms the total inmate population
 o Person subjected to isolation - the lone wolf
o Bartolina

Contemporary forms of punishments:

- This are the punishments being utilized at present

- 1. Imprisonment
o Is the deprivation of liberty by putting the offender in a place of confinement
o Prepose of imprisonment:
- Public protection
- For rehabilitation
o Public purposes of imprisonment before: traditional purposes
- Insure of the presence of the accused during trial
- Administer punishment of confinement of incarceration
- To secure the society form boing molested by undesirable character
o Legal grounds for imprisonment
- Crime commission
- Insanity- imprisonment is temporary for purposes of safe keeping
- Any illness requiring confinement
- 2. Parole
o Is the condition of a release by serving the minimum of his sentence
- 3. Probation
o Is a disposition of where by a person is released subject to the releasing court
- 4. Fine
o Payment of the amount considered as penalty for the crime committed
- 5. Destierro
o Is the sending away of a person from the place of crime commission
o Person is not allowed to enter within 25 – 250 km radios

Justification of punishment:

- Retribution
o Retaliation, revenge, vengeance
o Retribution is something personal on the part of the victim
- Expiation or atonement
o Group vengeance, for the general public
o For purposes of appeasing the general public
- Deterrence
o Prevention of the occurrence of crime
o Two (2) kinds of deterrence
- Specific deterrence – striking fear in the hearts and minds of criminals himself
- General deterrence – striking fear in the hearts and minds of would be
criminals
- Incapacitation
o Render the offender physically unable to commit a crime
 - Rehabilitation
o Changing bad behavior into good behavior
o Reformation- if law subject
o Correction subject- rehabilitation
- *Reintegration
o The process of bringing the offender back to the society
o Conditions to be satisfied

Juridical conditions of penalty:

- Conditions the are required/imposed by law

- 1.Productive of suffering
o The penalty must produce something good
o Must be fruitful, attain the purpose of the law
- 2. Commensurate with the offense
o The penalty must be tantamount to the crime
o The penalty must fit the crime committed
o Just desert theory – give what is due to him
- 3. Personal
o Person how committed the crime must be the same person to suffer the penalty
o No substitute allowed
- 4. Legal
o The penalty must be in accordance with the law
o Heinous crime – crime that shocks public morality
- 5. Equal
o Penalty must be applied to all
- 6. Certain
o No one must escape the effects of the penalty
- 7. Correctional
o The penalty must be aimed at the rehabilitation

Penalties as to gravity:

- The gravity or atrocity of the offences

Afflictive Correctional Light

1. Reclusion perpetua (20
years 1 day to 40 years)
2. Reclusion temporal (12
years 1 day to 20 years)
3. Perpetual or temporary
1. Prision correctional (6 1. Arresto menor (1 day
months 1 day to 6 to 30days)
years) 2. Public censure
2. Arresto mayor (1-
month 1day to6
 absolut disquisition months)
4. Perpetual or temporary 3. Suspension
special disqualification 4. Destierro
5. Prison mayor (6years 1
day to 12 years )
- *CAPITAL PUNISHMENT: DEATH PENALTY
o Penalty imposed on grave crimes
- Absolut deprivation
o Deprivation of public office and employment
o Deprivation on the right to suffrage and deprivation to be elected
o Laws of rights to retirement pay or other pension
- Perpetual disqualification
o Deprivation of office employment
o Disqualification for holding similar offices or employments
o Deprived to vote and be voted
- Suspension
o temporary denial of person from work
o un paid
- public censure
o public reprimand

penalties common to the penalties as to gravity

- fine
- bond to keep peace – a sum of money you give as a form of security at you will be at your best
behavior

the primary schools of penology

theory

- a body of knowledge used to explain a phenomenon

phenomenon

- anything that drowns curiosities

1. classical theory or juristic theory

- a person chooses to act voluntarily because he chose pleasure over pain
- two pioneers:
o Cesare Beccaria – father of classical criminology
- human freewill- people perform acts voluntarily
o Jeremy Bentham
- Hedonism- Choosing/seeking pleasure over pain
- Hedonistic calculus - (felicific calculus) determining the value of an act by first
determining the amount of pleasure and the amount of pain.
 o Just dessert theory- the penalty for the crime must fit the said crime
2. neo-classical theory
- was introduced by William Blackstone
- it is the modification of the classical theory
- exceptions:
o children and lunatics should be exempted Couse they cannot calculate pleasure over
pain
o this people are irrational beings
3. positivist theory, positivist school, realistic theory
- this was introduced by the holy three of criminology:
o Cesare Lombroso – father of modern criminology
o Rafael Gruffalo
o Enrico ferry
- Criminals are like sick people who need treatment
- Rehabilitation -It is a non-punitive reaction to criminality

History of early codes

- Code
o A compilation of laws
- Revised penal code
o Compilation of criminal’s laws in the Philippines

Babylonian and Sumerian codes:

1. King Ur-Nammu’s code

o It is regarded as oldest known surviving law code
o 100 years older than the so cold Code of king of Hammurabi
o Restitution or restoration
- It is the return of the stollen property
o Fines of execution
- Reparation – payment of the value property which cannot be returned
- Only allowed for minor offences
o Savage penalty
- Mutilation; cutting of body parts
- Grave penalty
-
o Restorative justice
- Is the counter part of retributive justice
- Fixing of broken relationships within the community
- Process of resolving disputes with the maximum participation of the victim,
offender and the community
o Retributive justice
- Vengeance or retaliation
2. Code of king Hammurabi
 o One of the first legal codes
o The oldest and the harshest code
o Under the Babylonian codes
o Lex talionis
- Is a concept or principle of retaliation
- An eye for an eye a tooth for a tooth
- Law of the jungle
o Patriarchal
- Father dominated

Greek codes:

- Nicomachean ethics
o Author: Aristotle 400BC
o One of the best books in history, how important punishment is
- Punishment is a means of restoring the balance between the pleaser and the
pain
o Not a Greek code it is a book introduced in Greek times
o Balance between pleasure and pain
1. Greek code of Draco
- Draco – dragon or serpent associated with cruelty
- In Greece, the Code of Draco, a harsh code that provides the same punishment for both
citizens and slaves as it incorporates primitive concepts (vengeance, blood feuds). They were
the first society to allow citizen to prosecute the offender in the name of the injured party.
- Concepts introduced:
o 1. Public prosecution – the citizens are allowed to persecute the offender in the name
oof the victim
o Vengeance prosecution – persons allowed to prosecute the offender is the victim
o 2.imposition of corporal punishment – infliction of Sevier physical pain
- Corporal punishments:
- flogging – whipping or caning
- branding
- drowning
- quartering – beheaded and his body will be hack/cut in top four
- stretching on the rock

roman codes:

1. the twelve tables (XII tabulae) (451-450BC)

- set of laws inscribed on 12 bronze tablets created in ancient Rome
- compilation of customary and written laws of Rome
- compilation – codification of the laws
- earliest code or roman law
2. Justinian code (483-565)
- Corpus juris Civilis- body of civil laws
- Evolution of the 12 tables
 - Provides a punishment to all possible crimes
- A penal code, a form of criminal code
- Basis of western legal code
3. The Burgundian code (500AD)
- Fusion of German tribal culture and roman system
- Specified punishments according to social class
- Classes:
o Nobel’s- rich
o Middle class
o Lower class
- Punishment depending on social class
- Value of life is dependent on social status

Roman republic:

Summum Sulpician

- Death penalty

History

5th until 15th century - Dark ages

- Excessive and brutal measures of social control imposed by the church.

o Excessive and brutal punishment
- Common crime against the church:
o Heresy -contradicting the teaching of the church
o Sacrilege – disrespecting which something sacred
o Blasphemy -disrespecting God
o Apostasy – deliberately rejection of the core tenientes of the religion
- Common penalties
o Death penalty
o Corporal punishment
o Ex communicado – ex communication; person is excluded from all communication
with the contact with other people in the society
o

13th century

- Securing sanctuary
- one where by a criminal can avoid punishment by claiming refuge in a church
- Protection given to a criminal by the church
o Refuge– protection
o Refugee- person seeking protection
- Duration or length of the securing sanctuary
o 40 days and 40 nights – internet
o 90 days- books
 - Benefits of clergy
o Remedy given by the church
o Compromised agreement between the king and the church that a clergyman commits
a crim he shall be tried in an ecclesiastical court
o Ecclesiastical court - a court created by the church for the church
- Torture was very prevalent – very commone for a form of punishment

16th century

- Transportation was common: transportation of criminals

- Used transport for the European criminals Galleys
- Galleys – long narrow boat, single deck ship used for transportation
- Transferred to the criminals to USA then to AUSTRELIA
- American Indians – first people how inhabited America
- Aboriginal people – first people how inhabited Australia

17th century to late 18th century

- Death penalty was very prevalent

- Problem for over crowding of penal colonies
- The use of galleys
- Oarsmen -criminals how row the galleys
- Empty hulks
o old warships used to house prisoners
o flouting hell or hell howl
- goal – jail

history: pioneers

18th century

- age of enlightenment
- century of change
o William Penn (1614-1716)
- Fought for religious freedom and individual rights
 Responsible for abolition of death penalty and torture

o John lock
- He was an author of an essay concerning on human understanding and his
second treated
- Tabula rasa – man is born without knowledge
- School of empiricism- man learns through experience
o Isaac Newton
- Author of the book principia a book about science
- Encourage intellectual to investigate social and scientific phenomena
methodically and objectively
- Crime is a social phenomenon
o Charles Montesquieu
- Full name: Charles louis secondat, baron de la brede et de Montesquieu (1689-
1755)
- Was the author of the book spirit of laws book discussing the constitutional
system of a government?
- Believe that harsh punishment undermine morality
- Appealing to moral sentiments better means of preventing crimes
- Law as an expression of justice
o Francois Marie Arouet (1694-1778) also known as Voltaire
- Fear of shame is deterrent of crime
 Shame the criminal from him recreating crime
 Make the people believe that they would be shamed if they
committed a crime
- Fought the legality of sanction of torture
o Cesare Beccaria (1738-1794)
- Full name: Cesare Bonesa, Marchese de Beccaria
- Father of classical theory
- Essay on feigns and punishments
o Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832)
- Pioneers of classical theory
- Greatest leader in the reform of English criminal law
- Punishment negates the pleasure gain from crime
- Designed panopticon prison
 All seeing prison
 Ultimate penitentiary or inspection house
 Pan – all
 Optic – seeing or sight
 It was never built
o John Howard (1726-1790)
- Great prison reformer
- He was a sheriff of Bedfordshire
- He introduced prison reform :
 Single cells for sleeping
 Segregation of women
 Segregation of youth
 Provision of sanitation facilities
 Abolition of the fee system by which jailers obtained money from
prisoners
o Alexander Macanochie
- Superintendent of the penal colony at Norfolk Island in Australia (1840)
- Father of parole
- Introduces the mark system
 System where by the prisoner’s ern marks/points to ern for a ticket of
leave
  conditional release - Ticket of leave
o Walter Crofton
- Director of the Irish prison in 1854
- Irish ticket of leave – system which modified the macanochie’s marks system
 Released conditionally
 Ticket of leave – document of parole
o Manuel Montesimos
- Director of prisons in Valencia, Spain
- Divided the prisons into groups/companies
 Easy monitoring and control
- Appointed prisoners as petti officers in charge per company
- Preparation for a gradual possible relies of a prisoner
o Frederic-Auguste Demetz
- Also known as Dometz of France
- Established an agricultural colony of delinquent boys
- Agricultural colony
 Named: mettray penal colony
 Reformatory without walls
 Probation of House fathers -in charge of the delinquent boys
o Sir. Evelyn Ruggles Brise
- Director of the English prison
- Established the borstal institution
 Considered the best reform institution for young offenders
 Based from the Elmira & Massachusetts reformatory
 Reformatory for male offender 16-21years old
 Individualized treatment program
 After care services – motoring conducted after a child is relished
 To monitor or determine if the rehabilitation of the child continuous
o Zebulon Brockway
- Director of the Elmira reformatory in New York (1876)
- Father of prison reform
- Elmira reformatory -it is the forerunner of modern penology
- adopted a training school type
- compulsory education of prisoners
- case work methods – a process of determine the background of the prisoner
to provide solutions to his problems
- extensive use of parole- based on the indeterminant sentence
- indeterminant sentence - penalty with the minimum to maximum duration
o Jean Jacques Philippe Villain
- Founded the Maison De force in gent, Belgium
- A. felonce and misdemeanant should be separated
 Felon – a person how committed a grave felony
 Misdemeanant – light violation
- B. women and children must have separate quarters
 o Elizabeth fry or Betsy fry
- The angel of prisons
- The first female to introduce reforms of women in jails
- Quaker – prominent religious group
o John Augustus
- Father of American probation
- The first practical demonstration probation in US was made by John Augustus
- Boston Massachusetts- first practical probation, first law about probation
o Mathew Davenport Hill
- The father of English probation

Early prisons

- Mamertine prison
o One of the oldest places of confinement in history
o Was created by Ancus Mauritius 64BC
o Roman place of confinement built under the main suers of Rome
- Saint Bridget’s well
o England’s first house of correction
o Houses English prisoners of short-term confinement and punishment of petty offences
o Renamed: bridewell workhouse - most popular work house in London
- Workhouse – is total institution where those how are not able to support
themselves are offered accommodation and employment
- It houses:
 Anti-social misfits – this people who cannot feet in the society
 Vagrant – person how has not had any home
 Vagabonds/itinerance- you are a person how travels without any
destination
 Loos women - prostitutes
- They are whipped and maid to perform hard labor
- Walnut street jail
o Detention jail in Philadelphia
o It was then converted to a state prison
o First American penitentiary/prison
- Dartmoor prison
o House of half way to hell
o Constructed for purposes of French prisoners
- Prisoner of war – a person how has been captured end imprisoned by the
enemy of war
- Hospicio de san Michelle or hostess of saint Michelle
o The first home for delinquent boy ever established
o Build: by Pope Clement the 11th in Rome
o Housed:
- Incorrigible youth under 20 years old
  Incorrigible – he is not capable of change
- Maison De Force
o There should be separation of women and children from real criminals
- New gate prison
o New, new gate prison
o Old new gate prison
- the black hole of horrors
- Located at, nucednicum
- Old mining sight
- Holding area/cell – hell
- Alcatraz prison
o The rock
o Located at: san Francisco bay California
o Capacity of the prison :312 inmates
- When it closed it only housed:260 inmates?
o Juan Manuel De Ayala
- Person how found the island where Alcatraz prison was constricted
 Island name: island of the pelicans or la Isla delos Alca traces
o Wardens:
- James A. Johnston (1934-48)- first ever warden of Alcatraz
- Edwin B. swope (1948-55)
- Paul J. Madigan (1955-61)
- Olin G. Blackwell (1961-63)
o Jim Albright
- Last person to leave Alcatraz
- A prison guard
o Frank weatherman
- Last inmate/prisoner to be sent to Alcatraz
- Inmate number: Az-1576
o Alcatraz operated for over 29 years
- Operated: August 1934
- Closed: march 21, 1963
o James Bennet
- He was the director of the federal bureau of prison at the time of the closure
of Alcatraz prison
o Alcatraz – very costly (4.5million-5million)
o 14 non escape attempts: there were 36 involved; 32 captured ;6 shoot dead; 2
drowned; 5 went missing

The two rival prisons system in the history of correction

- Auburn prison - Pennsylvania prison system

- This was introduced by the auburn - Solitary system, prisoners are
prisoner confined day and night
- Prisoners are confined in their own - Revolve around prayer
 cells during the night and they perform - There is a consistency
congregate work in shocks during the day
- Otherwise non as the New York
system
- Also known s the silent prison
system
Congregate work
o Working together with other prisoners

Alternative forms of corrections:

- Work release program

o Where by a prisoner is allowed to be released from the facility for purposes of work
but is required to return from the facility after work
o Two forms of work release programs:
- A. programs that helps people retain old jobs while completing jail sentence
- B. program nearing the end of there sentences to transient out of there
incarceration
- Furlough
o A temporary release of a prisoner for home visits or education
o Aim for reintegration
o For purposes of releasing sexual tentation in the prison
- Halfway houses
o A place where offender benefit form work or educate in the free world while residing
in the community as an alternative of incrassation
o A place of confinement for prisoners that are about to be released soon
- Graduated release or graduated reenter
o Prisoner undergo gradual series of steps to reintegrate him back to the society
o Do not make a sudden return a prisoner to the community

Criteria for civil commitment

Crime
o It always carries with it criminal aspect and a civil aspect

Criminal aspect of crime

o Crime is a violation against the state

Civil aspect
o Crime is a violation agent the private offended party (private person)
Police power
o It is the right of the state to protect it self both physically and morally
o Power of the state for self defense
 o Self defense – imprisonment
How would the state protect itself?
o Promulgation of criminal law (legislative Brach)
o Criminal law (executed by the executive Brach)
o Law violation (judicial Brach)
- Principle of parens patriae
o The state act like a parent of the weak
o Weak – the incompetents, people how are incarnated
o Parens patriae
- While the person is incarcerated the state know is protected from the
convicted person

Ergastulum

- is an ancient form of confinement in Rome

- where prisoner were made to perform hard labor and made to participate gladiators games

Legal issues

- Issues on death penalty

- Death penalty is the taking of life of a prisoner
- Controversial why?:
- 1.There could be no rehabilitation in death penalty
- 2.it dose not only suspend the life but rather takes it away

Different kinds of death penalty recognized by law: international

1. Death by electrocution (cilia electrica/ electric chair)

- DR. albert Southwick
o He envented the electric chair
- William Kemmler (august 6, 1890)
o first person how was legally executed via electric chair,
o he was executed in OH born prison
- Willie Francis
o Best known for surviving a fail execution by electrocution
o He was never electrocuted
o He was 17 years old executed for the first time
o He was 18 years old second execution he died
- George Junius Stinney JR.
o youngest person how was executed via cilia electrica
o he as only 14 years old when he was executed

Botched execution

- un anticipated problems that caused unnecessary agony to the prisoner

Gruesome Gertie
 - death row inmates

dei inditum

- gods will
2. lethal injection
- killing the convicted prisoner via drugs introduces in the body of the criminal
- kinds of drugs used in lethal injection:
o sodium thiopental (sodium pethothal)
- it causes unconsciousness
o Pancuronium bromide (pavulon)
- It should Couse respiratory and muscle paralysis
o Potassium chloride
- Stop the heart

Different kinds of death penalty recognized by law: local

Heinous crime – are crime that shock public morality and decency

Ra 7659(1993)

- It is the act imposing death penalty in certain crimes

- Mode of death penalty: death via gas chamber but at the time it was not yet built so they
used celia electrica

Ra 8177 (1996)

- The law designating lethal injection as a mode of carrying out death penalty

Ra 9346 (2006)

- The law prohibiting the imposition of death penalty

Slavery

- Is a state of entire subjection one person to the will of another

- Person become a property of another

Peonage

- Voluntary submission of a person to the will of another because of his death

- Peon – depthr

Management functions of correctional supervision

- Planning
o Generally short-term, specific problems oriented. It includes the 5Ws & 1H in planning
- Staffing
o Involves assignment of subordinates to specific work tasks or activities.Sometimes
staffing may involve coordinating with other components to obtain needed manpower
or supplies.
 - Communicating
o Communications should be clear and, on a level, appropriate to the intended listener.
- Training subordinates
o Continuous process which begins the day a new employee reports to work and ends
the day employment is terminated. Training is a responsibility of supervisors.
- Delegating authority and responsibility to subordinates
o Involves entrusting obligations to assistants.

Objectives of Correctional Supervision:

1.Effect Legal and Human Control-Over the offender population for which the correctional organization
is responsible. This means to implement custody operations and procedures in such a way to prevent
escapes, to maintain order and safety and to encourage rehabilitation.

2.Reinforce Positive Change-In offenders whenever and wherever possible. Teaching new acceptable
models of behavior to offenders.

3.Ensure the protection of life, health, property, and personal safety of all persons.

4.Coordinate-Coordination with other components of an organization. It is the most important aspect

in the Correctional Supervision.

5.Motivate or influence subordinates to achieve or accomplish work tasks-A specified period of time
and to a specified level of competency or standards. Whether the subordinates is an employee or an
offender.

6.Engender senses of cooperation personal commitment, and positive discipline-Toward organizational

policies, standards, goals and objectives. Sometimes referred to as developing a climate of “positive
discipline”, which is characterized by the willingness of subordinates. Delegation is a necessary
ingredient in any successful work endeavor. Help subordinates grow and effect the training function.

7.Organizing Subordinate Activities-Organizing may be viewed as the process of “putting everything

together”.

8.Directing and Controlling Subordinate Activities-Assigning work training, delegating authority,

organizing, and so on are not enough.

9.Evaluating Subordinates-The process of informing the subordinates and higher levels of the
organization. Evaluation which are fed up the organization are the formal and infrequent summaries of
performance over a period of time

Models of criminal treatment

1. Control model
- Focuses on protecting the society from criminals by regulating criminal conduct
- How to control/ regulate the criminal conduct:
o The use of strict and swift punishment
o Prisoner obedience
2. Responsibility model
 - Proper inmate classification = bases of degree of freedom
o Minimum security prisoner- given more freedom compared to the different
classification
o medium security prisoner
o maximum security prisoner
o super maximum-security prisoner
3. Custodial model
- Emphasized maintenance and security, order to through subordination of security
- Subordination- you make the prisoner feel inferior
- Discipline is strictly applied
4. Rehabilitation model
- Security and housekeeping activity produce rehabilitative effects
5. Family model
- Criminality is a result of the breakdown of the family and the community
6. Penitence model
- Originally given to youthful offenders
- Making the child realize what he has done wrong, make him guilty for what he has done
wrong

Contemporary correctional model:

- Medical model
o Assumes that criminal behavior is a result of phycological or biological abnormality
o Treatment - Assumes that said condition can be treated
o Determinism- no the Couse to provide a solution
- Reform model
o Stressed rehabilitation through vocational and educational training counseling and
group therapy and other strategies
- Community model or reintegration model
o Focus on community rehabilitation
o Stresses of offender in the community
- Just desert model
o Punishment must feet the crime committed

Approaches in dealing with criminals

1. Null strategy
- Overcrowding is normal and temporary thus nothing should be done about it
2. Selective incapacitation strategy
- Incarceration of career criminal as a payoff in the prevention in multiple serious offences
- Career criminal- is a person how has committed many crimes throughout his life
3. Population reduction strategy
- Lowering the population in the different locations of confinement
o Front Dore strategy- diversion of offenders to non incerative sanction
o Backdoor strategy- part of the sentence in jail/prison while the remainder is with the
community
4. Construction strategy
- Construction of places of confinement to address the problem of over crowding
5. Population sensitive flow strategy
- Depends on the political will to release prisoners in the face of public process