Research on a Networking Concept

Network – connection of two or more host together to share their information

Router – Connects two different networks

Switch – it is successor of hub and bridge

Bridge – it is used to reduce the broadcast and its learn mac address

Hub – connects the host

OSI Model (Open System Interconnection)

 Application layer – The software which interacts one human to another works. Ex: web
browser, ftp, telnet, http
 Presentation layer – It shows the format of data (.jpg, .jpeg, .mp3, .mp4) and helps in
encryption and decryption.
 Session layer – creating and maintaining session
 Transport layer – end to end delivery of data (TCP and UDP)
 Network layer – This layer is responsible for packet forwarding where router works
 Datalink layer – Working of Switch
 Physical layer – physical connection of the device

IP Address – To communicate with each other in a network

Class A – 1 – 126 (/8)

Class B – 128 – 191 (/16)

Class C – 192 – 223 (/24)

Class D – 224 – 239 – This range IP is used by router to communicate its internal networks. (Used for
multicasting)

Class E – 240 – 255

# Note – 127 network is loopback address used for testing (or used as local host)

ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) – It stores MAC address and IP address information

Subnetting is used to reduce the wastage of IP

STP (Spanning tree protocol) – it helps to avoid or stops layer 2 loops

HSRP (Hot Standby Router Protocol) – It helps to create a virtual gateway between routers

DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) – DHCP working mechanism

 D – Discover – Client find a DHCP server in a network

 O – Offer – Serer offers Pool of Ip address to client
 R – Request – Client send a request message to DHCP server that please assign me this IP
 A – Ack – Server send a response message to client that we received your request

Port Number – a unique number that identify the services and application running on a neywork.