The Fourier Series

Representing a Signal
• The
h convolution
l i method h d for
f finding
fi di the
h
response of a system to an excitation takes
advantage of the linearity and time invariance
of the system and represents the excitation as a
linear combination of impulses and the
response as a linear combination of impulse
responses
• The Fourier series represents a signal as a
linear combination of complex sinusoids
 Linearity and Superposition
If an excitation can be expressed as a sum of
p sinusoids the response
complex p can be expressed
p
as the sum of responses to complex sinusoids.

Real and Complex Sinusoids

e jx + e − jx
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cos( x) =
2

e jx − e − jx
sin( x) =
j2
Continuous-
Time
Fourier
Series
Concept

Continuous-
Time
Fourier
Series
C
Concept t
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Continuous-
Time
Fourier
Series
Concept

CT Fourier Series Definition

CTFS of a Real Function

The Trigonometric CTFS

 The Trigonometric CTFS

Periodicity of the CTFS

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CTFS Example #1
2 t0 +TF 2 t0 +TF
xc [k ] = ∫ x(t ) cos(2π (kf F )t )dt xs [k ] =
TF t0
∫ x(t ) sin(2π (kf F )t )dt
TF t0
 CTFS Example #1
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CTFS Example #1
 CTFS Example #2
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CTFS Example #2
 CTFS Example # 2

CTFS Example #3

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 CTFS Example #3
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Linearity of the CTFS

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These relations hold only if the harmonic functions X of all the

componentt functions
f ti x are based
b d on the
th same
representation time
CTFS Example #4

CTFS Example #4
 CTFS Example #4
A graph of the magnitude and phase of the harmonic function as
a function
f i off harmonic
h i number
b is
i a goodd way off illustrating
ill i it.
i

CTFS Example #5
 CTFS Example #5

CTFS Example #5
The CTFS representation of this cosine is the signal below,
which is an odd function, and the discontinuities make the
representation have significant higher harmonic content.
This is a very inelegant representation.
representation
CTFS of Even and Odd Functions

CTFS Example #6
This signal has no known functional description but it can still
be represented by a CTFS.
 CTFS Example #6

CTFS Example #6
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CTFS Example #6