Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Lecture 13
MTX9100
Nanomaterials
OUTLINE
2 M. Ashby, P. Ferreira, D. Schodek; Nanomaterials, Nanotechnologies and Design; Copyright 2009 Elsevier Ltd.
Zero-dimensional materials
Nanocrystals absorb light then re-
emit the light in a different color
–the size of the nanocrystal (at
the Angstrom scale) determines
the color.
6
Solid-state lighting
The direct conversion of electricity
to light using semiconductor
materials (normally in the form of
light emitted diodes - LEDs)
9 www.lbl.gov
Applications
Quantum dots are particularly a measure of the efficiency with which absorbed light
significant for optical produces some effect.
applications due to their
the probability that a given quantum state is formed
theoretically high quantum
from the system initially prepared in some other
yield. quantum state
Researchers have
demonstrated
the self-assembled growth
of In(Ga)As quantum dots in
both InP-based and GaAs
based systems using
metalorganic chemical vapor
deposition.
12
Carbon structures - publishing
13
One-dimensional nanomaterials
14
Nanostructures
Solution synthesis of
copper nanowires: (a)
an as-prepared Cu
nanowire suspension,
(b) FESEM image of
Cu nanowires,
(c) TEM image of a
Cu nanowire, and
(d) SAED pattern of
the nanowire in (c).
15
Nanowire nanosensors for biology
Central to detection is the signal transduction
associated with selective recognition of a biological or
chemical species of interest.
The diameters of the nanostructures are comparable to
the sizes of biological and chemical species being
sensed, and thus intuitively represent excellent primary
transducers for producing signals that ultimately
interface with macroscopic instruments.
The size-tunable colors of semiconductor
nanocrystals, together with their highly robust
emission properties, are opening up opportunities for
labelling and optical-based detection of biological
species that offer advantages compared with
conventional organic molecular dyes widely used today.
16
Nanowire field-effect sensors
The underlying mechanism for nanowire sensors The electronic
is a field effect that is transduced using field- characteristics of
effect transistors (FETs), the ubiquitous nanowires are well
switches of the microelectronics industry. controlled during
growth in contrast
to carbon nanotubes
17
Two-dimensional nanomaterials
18
M. Ashby, P. Ferreira, D. Schodek; Nanomaterials, Nanotechnologies and Design; Copyright 2009 Elsevier Ltd.
Nanocoatings and multilayers
19
M. Ashby, P. Ferreira, D. Schodek; Nanomaterials, Nanotechnologies and Design; Copyright 2009 Elsevier Ltd.
Graphene
20
What is graphene?
24
Dirac fermions
Although there is nothing particularly relativistic about electrons
moving around carbon atoms,
their interaction with the periodic potential of graphene’s
honeycomb lattice gives rise to new quasiparticles that at low
energies E are accurately described by the Dirac equation with an
effective speed of light.
These quasi-particles, called massless Dirac fermions, can be seen
as electrons that have lost their rest mass m or as neutrinos that
acquired the electron charge e.
The relativistic like description of electron waves on honeycomb
lattices has been known theoretically for many years, never failing to
attract attention, and the experimental discovery of graphene now
provides a way to probe quantum electrodynamics (QED) phenomena
by measuring graphene’s electronic properties.
25
What kind of uses does
graphene have?
Graphene can be used to make excellent transistors.
26
Gas Sensors
Gas molecules that land on graphene affect its
electronic properties in a measurable way - in
fact, we have measured the effect of a single
molecule associating with a graphene.
This means that we can create gas sensors
which are sensitive to a single atom or
molecule!
27
Example: how to make sensors…
bottom up
28
Thermal conductivity of thin CN films
M. Ashby, P. Ferreira, D. Schodek; Nanomaterials, Nanotechnologies and Design; Copyright 2009 Elsevier Ltd.
29
3-D nanomaterials
30
Opportunities for using nanomaterials
and nanotechnologies in automobiles
31