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 CONTENTS

Number 6.4 More notation 93

6.5 Practical problems 94
Chapter 1: Number 6 Chapter 7: Ratio, proportion and speed 96
1.1 Multiples of whole numbers 8 7.1 Ratio 98
1.2 Factors of whole numbers 9 7.2 Speed 104
1.3 Prime numbers 10 7.3 Density and pressure 108
1.4 Square numbers and cube numbers 11 7.4 Direct proportion 111
1.5 Products of prime numbers 14 7.5 Proportional variables 112
1.6 HCF and LCM 15
Chapter 8: Approximation and limits of
Chapter 2: Fractions and percentages 18 accuracy 114
2.1 Equivalent fractions 20 8.1 Rounding whole numbers 116
2.2 Fractions and decimals 22 8.2 Rounding decimals 118
2.3 Recurring decimals 24 8.3 Rounding to significant figures 119
2.4 Percentages, fractions and decimals 25 8.4 Approximation of calculations 121
2.5 Calculating a percentage 28 8.5 Upper and lower bounds 122
2.6 Increasing or decreasing quantities 8.6 Upper and lower bounds
by a percentage 31 for calculations 125
2.7 Expressing one quantity as a
Chapter 9: Standard form 128
percentage of another 35
2.8 Reverse percentage 37
9.1 Standard form 130

2.9 Interest and depreciation 40

9.2 Calculating with standard form 132

2.10 Compound interest problems 42

9.3 Solving problems 134

2.11 Repeated percentage change 43 Chapter 10: Applying number and using
calculators 136
Chapter 3: The four rules 46
10.1 Units of measurement 138
3.1 Order of operations 48
10.2 Converting between metric units 139
3.2 Choosing the correct operation 50
10.3 Reading scales 141
3.3 Finding a fraction of a quantity 51
10.4 Time 142
3.4 Adding and subtracting fractions 54
10.5 Currency conversions 145
3.5 Multiplying and dividing fractions 58
10.6 Using a calculator efficiently 147
Chapter 4: Directed numbers 62
Examination questions on Number 148
4.1 Introduction to directed numbers 64
4.2 Everyday use of directed numbers 65
4.3 The number line 67
Algebra
4.4 Adding and subtracting
directed numbers 68
Chapter 11: Algebra and formulae 156

4.5 Multiplying and dividing 11.1 The language of algebra 158

directed numbers 72
11.2 Substitution into formulae 161
11.3 Rearranging formulae 164
Chapter 5: Squares, cubes and roots 74 11.4 More complicated formulae 166
5.1 Squares and square roots 76
Chapter 12: Algebraic manipulation 168
5.2 Cubes and cube roots 78
12.1 Simplifying expressions 170
5.3 Surds 79 12.2 Expanding brackets 174
Chapter 6: Set language and notation 84 12.3 Factorisation 177
12.4 Expanding two brackets 179
6.1 Inequalities 86
12.5 Multiplying more complex expresions 181
6.2 Sets 88
12.6 Quadratic factorisation 185
6.3 Venn diagrams 90
12.7 Factorising ax 2 + bx + c 187

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 12.8 More than two brackets 188 18.3 Multiplying and dividing with indices 294
12.9 Algebraic fractions 190 18.4 Fractional indices 295

Chapter 13: Solutions of equations 194 Chapter 19: Direct and inverse proportion 300
13.1 Solving linear equations 196 19.1 Direct proportion 302
13.2 Setting up equations 202 19.2 Inverse proportion 307
13.3 More complex equations 205
Chapter 20: Inequalities and regions 310
13.4 Solving quadratic equations
by factorisation 206
20.1 Linear inequalities 312

13.5 More factorisation in 20.2 Quadratic inequalities 318

quadratic equations 208

20.3 Graphical inequalities 319

13.6 Solving quadratic equations 20.4 More than one inequality 322

by completing the square 210

20.5 More complex inequalities 324

13.7 Solving quadratic equations Chapter 21: Functions 326

by the quadratic formula 213 21.1 Function notation 328
13.8 Simple simultaneous equations 214 21.2 Domain and range 329
13.9 More complex simultaneous equations 220 21.3 Inverse functions 330
13.10 Linear and non-linear 21.4 Composite functions 332
simultaneous equations 222 21.5 More about composite
Chapter 14: Graphs in practical situations 224 functions 334

14.1 Conversion graphs 226 Chapter 22: Calculus 336

14.2 Travel graphs 230 22.1 The gradient of a curve 338
14.3 Speed–time graphs 234 22.2 More complex curves 341
Chapter 15: Straight line graphs 238 22.3 Turning points 344

15.1 Using coordinates 240

22.4 Motion of a particle 347

15.2 Drawing straight line graphs 242 Examination questions on Algebra 352
15.3 More straight line graphs 244
15.4 The equation y = mx + c 248
15.5 Finding equations 251
Geometry and trigonometry
15.6 Parallel and perpendicular lines 252
15.7 Graphs and simultaneous equations 256 Chapter 23: Angle properties 360
23.1 Angle facts 362
Chapter 16: Graphs of functions 258 23.2 Parallel lines 365
16.1 Quadratic graphs 260 23.3 Angles in a triangle 368
16.2 Solving equations with 23.4 Angles in a quadrilateral 371
quadratic graphs 263 23.5 Regular polygons 374
16.3 Other graphs 265 23.6 Irregular polygons 376
16.4 Estimating gradients 268 23.7 Tangents and chords 379
16.5 Graphs of sin x, cos x and tan x 270 23.8 Setting up equations 381
16.6 Transformations of graphs 272 23.9 Cyclic quadrilaterals 385

Chapter 17: Integer sequences 278 23.10 Alternate segment theorem 388
23.11 Intersecting chords 391
17.1 Number sequences 280
17.2 The nth term of a sequence 282 Chapter 24: Geometrical terms and
17.3 Finding the nth term of an arithmetic relationships 394
sequence 285 24.1 Measuring and drawing angles 396
17.4 The sum of an arithmetic sequence 286 24.2 Bearings 398

Chapter 18: Indices 288

24.3 Congruent shapes 402
24.4 Similar shapes 404
18.1 Using indices 290
24.5 Areas of similar triangles 407
18.2 Negative indices 292
24.6 Areas and volumes of similar shapes 409

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 Chapter 25: Geometrical constructions 414
Statistics and probability
25.1 Constructing shapes 416
25.2 Bisectors 420
Chapter 31: Statistical representation 536
25.3 Scale drawings 422
31.1 Frequency tables 538
Chapter 26: Trigonometry 426 31.2 Pictograms 541
26.1 Pythagoras’ theorem 428 31.3 Bar charts 543
26.2 Trigonometric ratios 432 31.4 Pie charts 547
26.3 Calculating angles 434 31.5 Histograms 551
26.4 Using sine, cosine and Chapter 32: Statistical measures 558
tangent functions 435
32.1 The mode 560
26.5 Which ratio to use 440
32.2 The median 562
26.6 Solving problems using trigonometry 443
32.3 The mean 565
26.7 Angles of elevation and depression 446
32.4 The range 567
26.8 Problems in three dimensions 448
32.5 Which average to use 570
26.9 Sine, cosine and tangent of
32.6 Using frequency tables 572
obtuse angles 450
32.7 Grouped data 576
26.10 The sine rule and the cosine rule 452
32.8 Measuring spread 579
26.11 Using sine to find the area of a triangle 460
32.9 Cumulative frequency diagrams 582
Chapter 27: Mensuration 462
Chapter 33: Probability 588
27.1 Perimeter and area of a rectangle 464
33.1 The probability scale 590
27.2 Area of a triangle 467
33.2 Calculating probabilities 592
27.3 Area of a parallelogram 470
33.3 Probability that an event will
27.4 Area of a trapezium 471
not happen 595
27.5 Circumference and area of a circle 474
33.4 Addition rule for probabilities 596
27.6 Surface area and volume of a cuboid 477
33.5 Probability from data 599
27.7 Volume of a prism 480
33.6 Expected frequency 602
27.8 Volume and surface area of a cylinder 482
33.7 Combined events 604
27.9 Arcs and sectors 484
33.8 Tree diagrams 608
27.10 Volume and surface area of a cone 486
27.11 Volume and surface area of a sphere 489 Examination questions on Statistics and
probability 616
Chapter 28: Symmetry 490
28.1 Lines of symmetry 492 Answers 624
28.2 Rotational symmetry 494
Index 675
28.3 Symmetry of special two-dimensional
shapes 495

Chapter 29: Vectors 498

29.1 Introduction to vectors 500
29.2 Using vectors 503
29.3 The magnitude of a vector 508

Chapter 30: Transformations 510

30.1 Translations 512
30.2 Reflections 514
30.3 Further reflections 516
30.4 Rotations 518
30.5 Further rotations 521
30.6 Enlargements 522

Examination questions on Geometry

and Trigonometry 528

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 INTRODUCTION
Welcome to Collins International GCSE Maths for Edexcel. This page will introduce you
to the key features of the book which will help you to succeed in your examinations and
to enjoy your maths course.

Why this chapter matters

This page is at the start of each chapter.
It tells you why the mathematics in
the chapter is important and how it is
useful.

Chapter overviews
The overview at the start of each
chapter shows what you will be
studying, the key words you need to
know and what you will be expected to
know and do in the examination.

Worked examples
Worked examples take you through
questions step by step and help you
understand the topic before you start
the practice questions.

Practice questions and answers

Every chapter has extensive questions to
help you practise the skills you need for
the examination. Many of the questions
require you to solve problems which is
an important part of mathematics.

Colour-coded levels
The colour coded panels at the side of
the question pages show whether the
questions are at Foundation ((blue) or
Higher level (yellow). The on some
topic headings shows that the content
in that topic is at Higher level only.

Exam practice
Each of the four main sections in the
book ends with sample exam questions
from past examinations. These will
show you the types of questions you
will meet in the exams. Mark schemes
are available in the teacher pack.

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 Why this chapter matters
A pattern is an arrangement of repeated parts. You see
patterns every day in clothes, art and home furnishings.
Patterns also occur in numbers.

There are many mathematical problems that can be solved

using patterns in numbers. Some numbers have fascinating features.

Here is a pattern.
3 + 5 = 8 (5 miles ≈ 8 km)
5 + 8 = 13 (8 miles ≈ 13 km)
8 + 13 = 21 (13 miles ≈ 21 km)

Approximately how many kilometres are there in 21 miles?

Note: ≈ means ‘approximately equal to’. 52 = 5

×5=
25
In the boxes are some more patterns. Can you work out the 50 2 =
50 × 5
next line of each pattern? 0 = 25
500 2 = 00
500 ×
500 =
p
Now look at these numbers and see why they are special. 250 00
0
96
4096 = (4 + 0 )
= 100
81 = (8 + 1)2 10 × 10
00
1 0 × 10 = 10
10 ×
Some number patterns have special names. 10 000
× 1 0 × 10 =
Can you pair up these patterns and their names? 10 × 10
42 = 16
4, 8, 12, 16, … Prime numbers
342 = 1156
1, 4, 9, 16, … Multiples (of 4)
3342 = 111 556
1
2, 3, 5, 7, … Cube numbers 1×1=
= 121
1, 8, 27, 64, … Square numbers 11 × 11
321
11 = 12
You will look at these in more detail in this chapter. 111 × 1

Below are four sets of numbers. Think about which

1×1=
number links together all the other numbers in each set. 1
(The mathematics that you cover in 1.2 ‘Factors of whole numbers’ 2×2=
1+3
will help you to work this out!)
3×3=
1+3+
5
10, 5, 2, 1 4×4=
1+3+
1 5+7
9 = 980
18, 9, 6, 3, 2, 1 1089 ×
901
25, 5, 1 9 8 9 × 9 = 98
10
89 901
32, 16, 8, 4, 2, 1 9 9 8 9 ×9=9
10

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 Chapter
p

Number

Topics Level Key words

1 Multiples of whole FOUNDATION multiple, common multiple, even, odd

numbers

2 Factors of FOUNDATION factor, factor pair, common factor

whole numbers

3 Prime numbers FOUNDATION prime number

4 Square numbers and FOUNDATION square, square number, cube, cube number
cube numbers

5 Products of prime FOUNDATION product

numbers

6 HCF and LCM FOUNDATION highest common factor, lowest common multiple

What you need to be able to do in the examinations:

FOUNDATION

● Use the terms odd, even and prime numbers, factors and multiples.
● Identify prime factors, common factors and common multiples.
● Express integers as the product of powers of prime factors.
● Find Highest Common Factors (HCF) and Lowest Common Multiples (LCM).

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 1.1 Multiples of whole numbers

When you multiply any whole number by another whole number, the answer is called a
multiple of either of those numbers. Multiples of 2 are even numbers.
For example, 5 × 7 = 35, which means that 35 is a multiple of 5 and it is also a multiple of 7.
Here are some other multiples of 5 and 7:
multiples of 5 are 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 …
multiples of 7 are 7 14 21 28 35 42 …

35 is a common multiple of 5 and 7. Other common multiples of 5 and 7 are 70, 105, 140 and
so on.

EXERCISE 1A

1 Write out the first five multiples of:

FOUNDATION

a 3 b 7 c 9 d 11 e 16
Remember: the first multiple is the number itself.

2 Use your calculator to see which of the numbers below are:

a multiples of 4 b multiples of 7 c multiples of 6.
Odd numbers cannot
72 135 102 161 197 be multiples of even
numbers. Whole numbers
132 78 91 216 514 are either even or odd.

3 Find the biggest number that is smaller than 100 and that is:
a a multiple of 2 b a multiple of 3
c a multiple of 4 d a multiple of 5
e a multiple of 7 f a multiple of 6.

4 A party of 20 people are getting into taxis. Each taxi holds the same number of passengers.
If all the taxis fill up, how many people could be in each taxi? Give two possible answers.

5 Here is a list of numbers.

6 8 12 15 18 28
a From the list, write down a multiple of 9.
b From the list, write down a multiple of 7.
c From the list, write down a multiple of both 3 and 5.

6 How many numbers between 1 and 100 inclusive are multiples of both 6 and 9?
List the numbers.

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 1.2 Factors of whole numbers

A factor of a whole number is any whole number that divides into it exactly. So:
the factors of 20 are 1 2 4 5 10 20
the factors of 12 are 1 2 3 4 6 12

The common factors of 12 and 20 are 1, 2 and 4. They are factors of both numbers.

Factor facts
Remember these facts.
● 1 is always a factor and so is the number itself.
● When you have found one factor, there is always another factor that goes with it – unless the
factor is multiplied by itself to give the number. For example, look at the number 20:
1 × 20 = 20 so 1 and 20 are both factors of 20
2 × 10 = 20 so 2 and 10 are both factors of 20
4 × 5 = 20 so 4 and 5 are both factors of 20.
These are called factor pairs.
You may need to use your calculator to find the factors of large numbers.

EXAMPLE 1

Find the factors of 36.

Look for the factor pairs of 36. These are:

1 × 36 = 36 2 × 18 = 36 3 × 12 = 36 4 × 9 = 36 6 × 6 = 36
6 is a repeated factor so it is counted only once.
So, the factors of 36 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18, 36.

EXERCISE 1B

1 What are the factors of each of these numbers?

FOUNDATION

a 10 b 28 c 18 d 17 e 25
f 40 g 30 h 45 i 24 j 16

2 What is the biggest factor that is less than 100 for each
of these numbers?
a 110 b 201 c 145 d 117
e 130 f 240

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 FOUNDATION CHAPTER 1: Number

3 Find the common factors of each of the following

pairs of numbers.
a 2 and 4 b 6 and 10 c 9 and 12 Look for the largest
number that has
d 15 and 25 e 9 and 15 f 12 and 21 both numbers in its
multiplication table.
g 14 and 21 h 25 and 30 i 30 and 50
j 55 and 77

4 Find the highest odd number that is a factor of 40 and a factor of 60.

1.3 Prime numbers

What are the factors of 2, 3, 5, 7, 11 and 13?

Notice that each of these numbers has only two factors: itself and 1. They are all examples of
prime numbers.
So, a prime number is a whole number that has only two factors: itself and 1.
Note: 1 is not a prime number, since it has only one factor – itself.
The prime numbers up to 50 are:
2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47

EXERCISE 1C

1 Write down the prime numbers between 20 and 30.

FOUNDATION

2 Write down the only prime number between 90 and 100.

3 Decide which of these numbers are not prime numbers.

462 108 848 365 711

4 When three different prime numbers are multiplied together the answer is 105.
What are the three prime numbers?

5 A shopkeeper has 31 identical soap bars.

He is trying to arrange the bars on a shelf in rows, each with the same number of bars.
Is it possible?
Explain your answer.

10

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 Square numbers and
1.4 cube numbers

What is the next number in this sequence?

1, 4, 9, 16, 25, …

Write each number as:

1 × 1, 2 × 2, 3 × 3, 4 × 4, 5 × 5, …

These factors can be 1×1 2×2 3×3 4×4 5×5

represented by square
patterns of dots:

From these patterns, you can see that the next pair of factors must be 6 × 6 = 36, therefore 36 is
the next number in the sequence.

Because they form square patterns, the numbers 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, … are called square numbers.

When you multiply any number by itself, the answer is called the square of the number or the
number squared. This is because the answer is a square number. For example:
the square of 5 (or 5 squared) is 5 × 5 = 25
the square of 6 (or 6 squared) is 6 × 6 = 36

There is a short way to write the square of any number. For example:
5 squared (5 × 5) can be written as 52
13 squared (13 × 13) can be written as 132

So, the sequence of square numbers, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, …, can be written as:
12, 22, 32, 42, 52, 62, …

If dots are arranged in 1×1×1=1 2×2×2=8 3 × 3 × 3 = 27 4 × 4 × 4 = 64

three dimensional
cubes we get cube
numbers.

We can write these as

13, 23, 33, 43, … and
we read them as ‘one
cubed’, ‘two cubed’
and so on.

11

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 CHAPTER 1: Number

EXERCISE 1D
FOUNDATION

1 The square number pattern starts:

1 4 9 16 25 …
Copy and continue the pattern above until you have written down the first 20 square
numbers. You may use your calculator for this.

2 Work out the answer to each of these number sentences.

1+3=
1+3+5=
1+3+5+7=
Look carefully at the pattern of the three number sentences. Then write down the next
three number sentences in the pattern and work them out.

3 Find the next three numbers in each of these number patterns. (They are all based on
square numbers.) You may use your calculator.

1 4 9 16 25 36 49 64 81
a 2 5 10 17 26 37 … … …
Look for the connection
b 2 8 18 32 50 72 … … … with the square numbers
on the top line.
c 3 6 11 18 27 38 … … …
d 0 3 8 15 24 35 … … …

4 a Work out each of the following. You may use your calculator.
32 + 42 and 52 52 + 122 and 132
72 + 242 and 252 92 + 402 and 412
b Describe what you notice about your answers to part a.

5 Find:
a 53 b 63 c 103

6 Show that 1331 is a cube number.

7 Which is larger, 103 or 302? Find the difference between them.

8 a Show that (1 + 2 + 3)2 = 13 + 23 + 33.

b Is it true that (1 + 2 + 3 + 4)2 = 13 + 23 + 33 + 43?

9 How many cube numbers are there between 2000 and 4000?

10 4 and 81 are square numbers with a sum of 85.

Find two different square numbers with a sum of 85.

12

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 CHAPTER 1: Number

The following exercise will give you some practice on multiples, factors, square numbers, cube
numbers and prime numbers.

EXERCISE 1E

1 Write out the first three numbers that are multiples of both of the numbers shown.

FOUNDATION
a 3 and 4 b 4 and 5 c 3 and 5 d 6 and 9 e 5 and 7

2 Here are four numbers.

14 16 35 49
Copy and complete the table by putting each of the numbers in the correct box.
Square number Factor of 70
Even number
Multiple of 7

3 Arrange these four number cards to make a square number.

1 4 6 7

4 One dog barks every 8 seconds and another dog barks every 12 seconds. If both dogs
bark together, how many seconds will it be before they both bark together again?

5 A bell rings every 6 seconds. Another bell rings every 5 seconds. If they both ring together,
how many seconds will it be before they both ring together again?

6 From this box, choose one number that fits each

of these descriptions. 13
12 21
a a multiple of 3 and a multiple of 4
8 15
b a square number and an odd number
c a factor of 24 and a factor of 18 17
9 18
d a prime number and a factor of 39
e an odd factor of 30 and a multiple of 3 10
6
f a number with 5 factors exactly
14 16
g a multiple of 5 and a factor of 20
h a prime number that is one more than a
square number
i a cube number
j a number which is a quarter of a cube number

7 Arrange these four cards to make a cube number.

1 2 7 9

13

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 1.5 Products of prime numbers

Every positive integer can be written as a product of prime numbers.

For example, 5472 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 19.
We write this more concisely as 5472 = 25 × 32 × 19.
25 means 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 and 32 means 3 × 3.

EXAMPLE 2

Write 702 as a product of prime numbers.

Keep dividing by prime numbers, starting with the lowest.

702 is even so it is divisible by 2:
2)702
351
351 is not divisible by 2 but it is divisible by 3.
3)351
117 Remember the prime
Divide by 3 again: numbers are 2, 3, 5, 7,
11, 13, 17 …
3)117
39
Divide by 3 again:
3) 39
13
13 is prime so we stop there.
These calculations can be written more concisely like this:
2)702
3)351
3)117
3) 39
13
Now just write down all the prime numbers shown:
702 = 2 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 13 (Check that this is correct with a calculator)
We can write this more concisely as 702 = 2 × 33 × 13.
FOUNDATION

EXERCISE 1F

1 Calculate the following:

a 24 × 3 b 33 × 72 c 25 × 55 24 × 3 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3

d 35 × 5 e 24 × 54 f 210 × 34

14

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 CHAPTER 1: Number

FOUNDATION
2 Write each of these as a product of prime numbers:
a 72 b 100 c 252 d 560 e 285
f 729 g 444 h 896 i 675 j 1323

3 a Choose any 3 digit number.

Multiply it by 7, multiply the answer by 11 and then multiply that answer by 13.
What happens?
b Does what happened in part a happen with any three digit number? Why?

1.6 HCF and LCM

A common factor is a factor common to two or more numbers.

The numbers 60 and 72 have a number of common factors, including 2 and 3:
60 = 22 × 3 × 5
72 = 23 × 32
The prime factors common to both are 22 and 3.
2 × 2 × 3 ×5
2× 2 × 2 × 3 ×3

Multiply these together to find the highest common factor (HCF).

The HCF of 60 and 72 is 22 × 3 = 12
This is the highest number that is a factor of 60 and 72.
Multiples of 60 are 60, 120, 180, …
Multiples of 72 are 72, 144, 216, …
They will have a number of common multiples.
We can use prime factors to find the lowest common
multiple (LCM):
Choose the highest power
60 = 22 × 3 × 5 of each number in either
72 = 23 × 32 list, e.g. 23 not 22

Any common multiple must contain all the factors of both numbers.
It must contain 23 and 32 and 5.
The LCM of 60 and 72 = 23 × 32 × 5 = 360

15

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 CHAPTER 1: Number

EXERCISE 1G
FOUNDATION

1 a Show that 2 is a common factor of 10 and of 20.

b Is it the highest common factor?

2 Find the highest common factor (HCF) of each of these pairs of numbers. You should be
able to spot these without writing out a list of prime factors.
a 8 and 12
b 9 and 12
c 4 and 20
d 15 and 24
e 20 and 50
f 100 and 150

3 Find the highest common factor (HCF) of each of these pairs of numbers.
a 24 and 30
b 36 and 48
c 72 and 96
d 60 and 84
Write each number as a
e 108 and 63 product of prime factors.

f 66 and 78
g 84 and 140
h 165 and 385

4 a Show that 60 is a common multiple of 2 and of 3.

b Is it the lowest common multiple?

5 Find the lowest common multiple (LCM) of these pairs of numbers.

a 2 and 5
b 2 and 7
c 3 and 5
d 3 and 7

16

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 CHAPTER 1: Number

FOUNDATION
6 Write each of these pairs of numbers as a product of prime factors. Hence find the LCM.
a 12 and 15
b 16 and 24
c 12 and 14
d 25 and 40
e 18 and 21
f 60 and 80
g 32 and 48
h 70 and 55

17

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