BTQS 3034 MEASUREMENT OF CIVIL

ENGINEERING WORKS
Method Of Measurement –MyCESMM2
ROADWORKS
Lecture 4

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Method Of Measurement

CONTENTS
– MyCESMM2 ROADWORKS

01. Course Learning Outcome 3

02. Understanding the Roadworks & Pavings 5

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01. COURSE LEARNING OUTCOME

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Method Of Measurement –

01. COURSE LEARNING OUTCOME

MyCESMM2 ROADWORKS

 CLO1 :
Ability in preparing Taking Off List for Roadworks

 CLO2 :
Ability to measre the quantities with comprehensive
descriptions for Roadworks

 CLO3 :
Ability to prepare comprehensive Specification writing for
Roadworks

 CLO4 :
Ability to produce structured Bills of Quantities for Roadworks

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02. UNDERSTANDING T H E ROADWORKS

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ROAD CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES

ROADWORKS
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PREPARATORY WORKS

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PREPARATORY WORKS

ROADWORKS
- Clearing & Grubbing
Scope of work involved include:
1.Removal of trees, stumps, roots, down timber,
rotten wood, rubbish and other objectionable
material from the area marked on the plan
2.Removal of materials above existing ground.
3.Established clearing line for earthwork and
drainage limit
4.Extra width maybe required for top-soil stockpiling,
movement of construction machinery and
operation of side tracks

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PREPARATORY WORKS

ROADWORKS
- Good Workmanship (Clearing Line)

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PREPARATORY WORKS

ROADWORKS
- Setting Out
 to establish a datum for line and level control for
guidance to plant operators and supervisory
personnel
 progressive setting out and clear marking
 setting out by using pegging

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PREPARATORY WORKS

ROADWORKS
- Construction Pegging
o Pegs must be driven firmly and positioned vertically
o Pegging interval is usually 10m – 50m

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PREPARATORY WORKS

ROADWORKS
- Earthwork
 Earthwork activity - clearing and grubbing of:
i. Roadway
ii. Borrow pits
iii. Formation of embankments

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PREPARATORY WORKS

ROADWORKS
- Equipment & Machineries

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PREPARATORY WORKS

ROADWORKS
- Equipment & Machineries
Bulldozer
 Bulldozer is a machine used for pushing earth or
rocks, used in road constructions
 Ripping and loosening rocky earth, tree removal
 Consists of a heavy, broad steel blade or plate
mounted on the front of a tractor.

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PREPARATORY WORKS

ROADWORKS
- Equipment & Machineries
Motor Grader with Scarifier
 Scarifier used to break up the surface of topsoil or
pavement.
 Machineries with a type of surface preparation
device used for tearing up pavement or surface soil
with typical penetration between one to eight
inches.

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PREPARATORY WORKS

ROADWORKS
- Equipment & Machineries
Compactor
 Compactor used to vibrate the soil, which reduces
the friction between the soil particles, allowing
them to squeeze together more easily.
 Machineries with a type of surface preparation
device used for tearing up pavement or surface soil
with typical penetration between one to eight
inches.

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PREPARATORY WORKS

ROADWORKS
- Cutting
» Batters should be trimmed or stepped and loose material
removed.
» Construction pegs and batter boards should be used to
serve as a guide to plant operators
» Operations should commence at the top and slope working in
generally horizontal layers and down grades so that
scrapers and dozers can workdown hill while cutting.
» Excavation must be worked in a convex shape to allow
construction plant to effectively move in close to the batter
line during excavation and shaping
» In wet weather attention to surface drainage is essential,
ponding of water must be avoided to reduce the possibility of
saturation of material to be excavated
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PREPARATORY WORKS

ROADWORKS
- Typical Cut for Road Construction

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PREPARATORY WORKS

ROADWORKS
- Borrow Pit
Borrow Pit
 Soil taken from Borrow Pit when there is not
sufficient materials used for construct and forming
embankments within the roadway area.
 Fill materials for embankments is obtained from
cutting as part of the road earthworks can be also
from borrow pits if still not sufficient

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PREPARATORY WORKS

ROADWORKS
- Embankments
Embankments
 Used when it is required that the grade line of
the roadway need to be raised in some distance
above existing ground surface .
 It is to maintain design standards and prevent
damage to highway through the action of surface
or ground water

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PREPARATORY WORKS

ROADWORKS
- Embankments
Embankments
 The height of the embankment is generally by
considering the location of the road.
 Backfill for embankment shall be laid in uniform
layers not to exceed 150mm in depth (compacted)

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CROSS SECTION

ROADWORKS
- ROAD

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CROSS SECTION

ROADWORKS
- EMBANKMENT

Embankment

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PREPARATORY WORKS

ROADWORKS
- Sub-grade Surface
 At the completion of the earthworks the next
process is to shape the subgrade surface to line,
level and shape, and to confirm uniform
compaction to meet the specification.
 Careful visual inspection is also required to
confirm uniform quality
 Unsuitable material should be replaced to
provide a subgrade surface of uniform quality
and density

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PREPARATORY WORKS

ROADWORKS
- Compaction
 Compaction is the process of increasing the soil
density by reducing the volume of air within
the soil mass
 Soil compaction can be defined as the process
whereby soil particles are induced to pack more
closely together
 Subgrade compaction is the act of grading,
s h a p in g , and co m p a c t in g the natural
subgrade materials prior to placing an
aggregate base or pavement.

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PREPARATORY WORKS

ROADWORKS
- Compaction

Benefit of Compaction are :

 At a particular moisture content an increase in
density results in increased resistence to shear
stresses for a particular material
 A reduction in the resistance component of the
total deflection under load, this resists fatigue
failure particularly in the upper layers of the
pavement.
 A reduction in permeability and ingress of water

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PAVINGS

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PAVING CONSTRUCTION

PAVINGS
- TYPES
Types of Paving Construction
1. Flexible
2. Rigid

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FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT

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PAVING CONSTRUCTION

PAVINGS
- Flexible
Paving Construction :- Ǿ
Flexible
↘ Consists of a layered system of materials which
distribute the wheel-loads to the sub-grade
↘ The top layers are bituminous-bound

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SUBGRADE

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Component of Flexible Pavement

PAVINGS
- Sub-grade
 Uppermost part of the soil.
 Natural or imported
 Supporting the load transmitted from the
overlaying layers
 The bottom part of the road structure on which
the pavement layers are constructed
 Materials: -
I. in-situ materials, i.e soil
II. fill materials which has been imported to
make up the level or to replace the in-situ
material if too unstable
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SUB BASE

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Component of Flexible Pavement

PAVINGS
- Sub base
 The construction layer that is placed over the
subgrade after the subgrade has been
waterproofed (capping layer)
 Materials :-
I. unbound granular materials/aggregates, i.e
crushed rock, crushed slag, crushed concrete or
dry lean concrete
 Maximum thickness: 750mm
 Minimum thickness: 150mm

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BASE COURSE

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Component of Flexible Pavement

PAVINGS
- Base Course
 To distribute the stresses acting on the wearing course so
that the stresses transmitted to the subgrade is not
sufficiently great to result in excessive deformation of the
foundation layer.
 Is shaped with the appropriate crossfalls and gradients
before the wearing coat is laid
 Be of such character that is not damaged by capillary
water and/or frost action
 Materials consist of:
- Gravel/Crusher run
- Crushed rock
- Granular material treated with asphalt or cement
 Minimum thickness: 60mm
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BINDER & WEARING COURSES

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Component of Flexible Pavement

PAVINGS
- Binder Course
o a coarse aggregate bound with bitumen between the
base course and the wearing course of an asphalt
pavement
o Binder courses are designed to withstand the highest
shear stresses that occur below the asphalt surface.
o The binder course is therefore placed between the
wearing course and base course to reduce rutting by
combining qualities of stability and durability.
o Main materials:
- Hot Rolled Asphalt (HRA)
-Dense Bitumen Macadam (DBM)
o Thickness: 40mm - 50mm
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Component of Flexible Pavement

PAVINGS
- Wearing Course
o The upper layer which consists of bituminous material
o To provide an even, non-skidding and good riding quality surface
o Capable of withstanding the wear and abrasive effects of moving
vehicles
o Possess sufficient stability to prevent it from shoving and rutting under
traffic load
o Preventing the entrance of excessive quantities of surface water into the
base and subgrade
o To withstand adverse environmental conditions
o Main materials:
- Hot Rolled Asphalt (HRA)
- Dense Bitumen Macadam (DBM)
- Dense Tar Macadam (DTM)
- Porous Asphalt (PA)
o Thickness: 50mm - 250mm depends upon the material used
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 ROADWORKS & PAVINGS
Premix

Laying of Bitumen Macadam Wearing Course Rolling of Bitumen Macadam Wearing Course

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 PAVINGS
Dual drum asphalt vibratory roller compactor Hot mix asphalt paving machine

Vibratory asphalt compactor roller

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RIGID PAVEMENT

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PAVING CONSTRUCTION

PAVINGS
– Rigid
Paving Construction
Ǿ Rigid
↘ A rigid pavement is constructed from cement
concrete or reinforced concrete slabs.
↘ Grouted concrete roads are in the category of
semi- rigid pavements
↘ The design of rigid pavement is based on
providing a structural cement concrete slab of
sufficient strength to resists the loads from traffic.
↘ The rigid pavement has rigidity and high modulus
of elasticity to distribute the load over a
relatively wide area of soil
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Construction of Rigid Pavement

PAVINGS
1. Preparation and preliminary finishing of the subgrade

o The soil stability should be identified; soft soil should be

ripped, removed and replaced with material with the same
quality as the surrounding subgrade and compacted.
o The sub-base will then be constructed whether with a
compacted granular material such as sand or crushed rock
o The sub-base will need to be laid to a regular and accurate
level, and maintained in a clean condition until the concrete is
laid

2. Placing of the forms

• After the subgrade and the sub-base have been compacted
and graded, side-forms must be put in place.
• The side-forms are permanent edge strips or kerbing that
are precast in advance of the paving
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Construction of Rigid Pavement

PAVINGS
3. Joint assemblies and reinforcement
 There are 5 types of joint used in rigid pavement as follows;
i. Expansion joints
ii. Contraction joints
iii. Longitudinal joint - these are similar to contraction joint
and are required where slab width exceed 4.5m.
iv. Construction joint
v. Warping joint - these are transverse joint which are
sometimes required in un-reinforced slab to relieve the
stresses. The detail is similar to contraction joints
but has a special arrangement of reinforcement.
Reinforcement (usually fabric or mesh) can be included
to prevent the formation of cracks and to enable the
number of expansion and contraction joints required to be
reduced.
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Construction of Rigid Pavement

PAVINGS
4. Preparing the concrete
 For the constr uc tion of conc rete pave me nt, a l l
preparations have been made at the job site for the
placing of concrete between forms.
 Usually all ingredient of the concrete, including the water,
are batched and mixed at central point.
 The fresh concrete is then transported to the paving site in
transit mixers or in trucks.

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Construction of Rigid Pavement

PAVINGS
5. Placing and finishing the concrete.
 The spreading, compacting, and finishing procedures employed
will vary according to whether a fixed-form or a slip-form.
 fixed-form - the concrete is usually deposited to a uniform
uncompacted density by a traversing box-hopper spreader.
 This comprises a hopper that is mounted on a self-propelled rail
mounted frame so that the box moves across the frame and
discharge the concrete at a controlled rate as the frame moves
forward.
 The underside of the hopper then strikes off the deposited
concrete to the desired surcharge level.
 slip-form - concrete is deposited on the sub-base and spread to
a reasonably uniform depth.
 The concrete is then vibrated heavily through the space formed
by the traveling side forms that are part of the paver, the sub-
base and a heavy transverse pan or beam at the rear of the
machine.
 The beam forms the surface of the slab and can be adjusted to
give the desired cross section.
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 PAVINGS
Rigid Pavement – Concrete Road

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Construction of Rigid Pavement

PAVINGS
6. Curing.
• Curing aims to ensure the satisfactory moisture content
and temperature are maintained in the newly-placed
concrete slab.
• Curing involves keeping the surface of the concrete damp
for at least 7 days using either a resin-based aluminized
curing compound or polythene sheeting or a sprayed
plastic film that can be peeled off before the road marks
are applied

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FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS VS RIGID PAVEMENTS

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 Flexible Pavements Vs Rigid Pavements
No. Flexible Pavement
1. It consists of a series of layers
with the highest quality
materials at or near the
surface of pavement.
2. It reflects the deformations of
subgrade and subsequent
layers on the surface.
3. Its stability depends upon the
aggregate interlock, particle
friction and cohesion.
4. Pavement design is greatly
influenced by the subgrade
strength.
ROADWORKS & PAVINGS
Rigid Pavement
It consists of one layer Portland
cement concrete slab or
relatively high flexural strength.
It is able to bridge over
localized failures and area of
inadequate support.
Its structural strength is
provided by the pavement slab
itself by its beam action.
Flexural strength of concrete is
a major factor for design.
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 Flexible Pavements Vs Rigid Pavements

PAVINGS
No. Flexible Pavement Rigid Pavement

5. It functions by a way of load It distributes load over a wide

distribution through the area of subgrade because of its
component layers rigidity and high modulus of
elasticity.
6. Temperature variations due to Temperature changes induce
change in atmospheric heavy stresses in rigid
conditions do not produce pavements.
stresses in flexible pavements.
7. Flexible pavements have self Any excessive deformations
healing properties due to occurring due to heavier wheel
heavier wheel loads are loads are not recoverable, i.e.
recoverable due to some settlements are permanent.
extent.
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KERBS

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Kerbs - Introduction

PAVINGS
o Kerbs are used to contain the road construction and to define the limit of
the carriageway.
o The main purposes for kerbs construction are:
i. To assist drainage.
ii. To improve channelisation and delineation of traffic flows.
iii. To protect pedestrians.
iv. Improvement of aesthetic values of the road alignment.
v. To reduce maintenance of shoulders.
vi. To provide a boundary to landscaping treatments.

o Materials : Concrete - in-situ or precast

o Vertical or splayed section, or sometimes level with the carriageway

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TYPE OF KERBS – Vertical Kerbs

ROADWORKS & PAVINGS

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TYPE OF KERBS – Splayed Kerbs

ROADWORKS & PAVINGS

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TYPE OF KERBS – Inlet Kerbs

ROADWORKS & PAVINGS

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ROAD FURNITURE

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ROAD FURNITURE

ROADWORKS & PAVINGS

 Road furniture are used to complement the usage of roads
for road users.
 Road furniture are placed on the sides of the road
normally on the shoulder.
 Road furniture consist of signage, marking lines, safety
poles, etc ..

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TYPES OF ROAD FURNITURE

ROADWORKS & PAVINGS

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THANK YOU

Prepared By :

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