AS 1418.3-1997 Cranes - Including Hoists and Winches - Bridge, Gantry and Portal Cranes - Including Container Cranes

Title
AS 1418.3-1997 Cranes (including hoists and winches) - Bridge, gantry and portal
cranes (including container cranes)
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AS 1418.3—1997
Australian Standard®
Cranes (including hoists and

Licensed to Russell J Norman on 25 Oct 2001. Single user licence only. Storage, distribution or use on network prohibited.
winches)
Part 3: Bridge, gantry and portal

This Australian Standard was prepared by Committee ME/5, Cranes. It was
approved on behalf of the Council of Standards Australia on 19 September 1997
and published on 5 December 1997.
The following interests are represented on Committee ME/5:

Association of Consulting Engineers, Australia
Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry
Australian Elevator Association
Australian Institute for Non-Destructive Testing
Bureau of Steel Manufacturers of Australia
Construction and Mining Equipment Association of Australia
Crane Industry Council of Australia
Department for Industrial Affairs, S.A.
Department of Labour New Zealand

Department of Training and Industrial Relations, Qld
Institution of Engineers, Australia
Metal Trades Industry Association of Australia
State Chamber of Commerce
University of New South Wales
Victorian WorkCover Authority
Work Health Authority, N.T.
WorkCover, New South Wales
Workplace Standards Authority (Tasmania)
WorkSafe Western Australia
Review of Australian Standards. To keep abreast of progress in industry, Australian Standards are
subject to periodic review and are kept up to date by the issue of amendments or new editions as
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should be made without delay in order that the matter may be investigated and appropriate action taken.
This Standard was issued in draft form for comment as DR 96348.

AS 1418.3—1997
Australian Standard®
Cranes (including hoists and

winches)
Part 3: Bridge, gantry and portal

Originated as part of AS CB2 — 1938.

Previous edition AS 1418.3 — 1990.
Fifth edition 1997.
Incorporating:
Amdt 1—1998
PUBLISHED BY STANDARDS AUSTRALIA

(STANDARDS ASSOCIATION OF AUSTRALIA)
1 THE CRESCENT, HOMEBUSH, NSW 2140
ISBN 0 7337 1527 3
AS 1418.3 — 1997 2
PREFACE
This edition of this Standard was prepared by the Joint Standards Australia/Standards
New Zealand Committee ME/5, Cranes, to supersede AS 1418.3 — 1990.
This Standard is a result of consensus among representatives of the Joint Committee to
produce it as an Australian Standard.
This edition incorporates the following changes:
(a) The format has been revised in accordance with Standard Australia’s procedures.
(b) The content has been amended to allow for the new edition of AS 1418.1, Cranes
(including hoists and winches) Part 1: General requirements, published in 1994,
and for ISO developments.
(c) An appendix has been added showing clearances required between the cranes and
fixed elements.
(d) The appendix on ‘Statutory Approval’ has been removed in response to the
changing role of regulatory organizations.
(e) Items specific to safe use issues have been removed. These will be included in a
dedicated part of AS 2550, Safe use of cranes.
(f) Editorial changes.

The terms ‘normative’ and ‘informative’ have been used in this Standard to define the
application of the appendix to which they apply. A ‘normative’ appendix is an integral
part of a Standard, whereas an ‘informative’ appendix is only for information and
guidance.
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3 AS 1418.3 — 1997
CONTENTS
Page
SECTION 1 SCOPE AND GENERAL

1.1 SCOPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2 NEW DESIGN AND INNOVATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.3 APPLICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.4 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.5 DEFINITIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.6 SAFETY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
SECTION 2 CLASSIFICATION AND LOAD RATING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
SECTION 3 STRUCTURE
3.1 BASIS OF DESIGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.2 SLENDERNESS RATIOS OF BRIDGE SECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.3 DEFLECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.4 SPAN TO WHEELBASE RATIO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
SECTION 4 STABILITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
SECTION 5 CRANE MECHANISMS

5.1 MECHANISMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
5.2 MOTION LIMITS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
5.3 HOISTING UNIT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
5.4 ATTACHMENTS FOR FREIGHT CONTAINERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
5.5 MULTIPLE HOIST/CRAB COMBINATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
5.6 MULTIPLE CRANE COMBINATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
SECTION 6 ACCESS FROM FIXED PLATFORMS

6.1 ACCESS TO CRANE OPERATING POSITION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
6.2 ACCESS FOR SERVICING — SERVICE PLATFORMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
6.3 ACCESS AND SERVICING FACILITIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
SECTION 7 ACCESS FROM MOBILE PLATFORMS

7.1 GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
7.2 USE OF MOBILE PLATFORM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
7.3 ACCESS FROM MOBILE PLATFORM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
7.4 ACCESS TO CRANE DRIVING POSITION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
7.5 ACCESS FOR SERVICING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
7.6 ACCESS AND SERVICING FACILITIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
7.7 NOTICES REQUIRED WHEN USING MOBILE PLATFORMS . . . . . . . . . 16
SECTION 8 CLEARANCES
8.1 HANDRAIL CLEARANCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
8.2 CLEARANCE ABOVE CRANE OR CRAB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
8.3 CLEARANCE BELOW UNLADEN CRANE WITH POWER-DRIVEN
TRAVEL OR TRAVERSE MOTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
AS 1418.3 — 1997 4
Page
8.4 CLEARANCES BETWEEN CRANE AND PLATFORMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

8.5 CLEARANCE AT OR NEAR A CRANE RUNWAY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
8.6 CLEARANCE BETWEEN MOVING PARTS OF A CRANE AND A
PLATFORM OR WALKWAY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
8.7 CLEARANCE BETWEEN HOIST UNIT AND CRANE END CARRIAGE
OR RUNWAY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
SECTION 9 ELECTRICAL ACCESS ISOLATORS

9.1 GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
9.2 ACCESS ISOLATORS FOR ACCESS FROM FIXED PLATFORMS . . . . . 19
9.3 ACCESS ISOLATORS FOR ACCESS FROM MOBILE PLATFORMS . . . . 19
9.4 MARKING OF ACCESS ISOLATORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
SECTION 10 SPEED LIMITATIONS FOR PENDANT-CONTROLLED CRANES . . 20
SECTION 11 MARKING AND DATA TO BE SUPPLIED WITH CRANE

11.1 MARKING ON CRANE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
11.2 MARKING ON LIFTING MEANS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

11.3 MANUALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
SECTION 12 INSPECTION AND COMMISSIONING

12.1 INSPECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
12.2 COMMISSIONING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
SECTION 13 GUARDING
13.1 GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
13.2 STRENGTH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
13.3 MATERIAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
13.4 FIXED GUARDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
13.5 REMOVABLE GUARDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
13.6 INSPECTION POINTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
13.7 MARKING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
13.8 TRAVEL MOTION WHEELS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
13.9 COLOUR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
APPENDICES
A INFORMATION TO BE SUPPLIED WITH ENQUIRY, ORDER,
OR TENDER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
B LIST OF TYPICAL HAZARDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
C ACCESS AND CLEARANCE REQUIREMENTS FOR FIXED PLATFORMS 34
5 AS 1418.3 — 1997
STANDARDS AUSTRALIA
Australian Standard
Cranes (including hoists and winches)
Part 3: Bridge, gantry, and portal cranes (including container cranes)
S E C T I O N 1 S C O P E A N D G E N E R A L
1.1 SCOPE This Standard sets out requirements for bridge, gantry, semi-gantry, and
portal cranes defined in AS 2549. It also covers container and heavy-duty cranes.
It is complementary to AS 1418.1, but the requirements given herein take precedence over
corresponding requirements in that Standard.
NOTES:
1 Guidance on information to be supplied with enquiry, order, or tender is given in
Appendix A.
2 Additional requirement for heavy duty cranes are given in AS 1418.14.
1.2 NEW DESIGN AND INNOVATIONS This Standard does not preclude the use of
materials, designs, methods of assembly, procedures and the like which do not comply
with a specific requirement of the Standard, or are not mentioned in it, but which can be
shown to give equivalent or superior results to those specified.
1.3 APPLICATION Cranes using fixed platforms for servicing shall comply with
Sections 1 to 6 and 8 to 13 inclusive. Cranes using mobile platforms for servicing shall
comply with Sections 1 to 5 and 7 to 13 inclusive.
NOTE: Throughout this Standard the ‘servicing’ implies routine servicing only (i.e. does not
include crane breakdowns).
1.4 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS The following documents are referred to in this

Standard:
AS
1000 The International System of Units (SI) and its application
1318 Use of colour for the marking of physical hazards and the identification of
certain equipment in industry (known as the SAA Industrial Safety Colour
Code)
1418 SAA Crane Code
1418.1 Part 1: General requirements
1418.10 Part 10: Elevating work platforms
1418.14 Part 14: Cranes subject to arduous working duties
1576 SAA Metal Scaffolding Code
1657 SAA Code for fixed platforms, walkways, stairways, and ladders
1892 Portable ladders
1892.2 Part 2: Timber
2321 Short-link chain for lifting purposes (non-calibrated)
2549 Cranes — Glossary of terms
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AS 1418.3 — 1997 6
AS
2550 Safe use of cranes
2550.1 Part 1: General requirements
3990 Mechanical equipment — Steelwork
4024 Safeguarding of machinery
4024.1 Part 1: General principles
AS/NZ
1891 Industrial fall-arrest systems and devices
1891.1 Part 1: Safety belts and harnesses
3711 Freight containers
3711.3 Part 3: Corner fittings
ISO
12482 Cranes — Condition monitoring
12482.1 Part 1: General
1.5 DEFINITIONS For the purpose of this Standard, the definitions given in AS 2549
and that below apply.
1.5.1 Container crane — rail-mounted crane equipped with a spreader assembly for
engaging and lifting freight containers.
1.6 SAFETY The design of bridge, gantry and portal cranes in relation to materials,
construction and equipment shall eliminate as far as practicable the potential hazards
associated with all specified operating conditions.
NOTES:
1 Examples of potential hazards associated with bridge, gantry and portal cranes are given in
Appendix B.
2 General guidance on the safe use of cranes is given in AS 2550.1.
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7 AS 1418.3 — 1997
S E C T I O N 2 C L A S S I F I C A T I O N A N D L O A D
R A T I N G
The classification and load rating of each crane shall comply with AS 1418.1 for typical
crane application classifications.
S E C T I O N 3 S T R U C T U R E
3.1 BASIS OF DESIGN The crane structure shall comply with AS 1418.1.
3.2 SLENDERNESS RATIOS OF BRIDGE SECTION The slenderness ratio of the

principal structural member, or members, of the crane bridge shall be not greater than
105 in vertical plane and 200 in horizontal plane.
In calculation of slenderness ratio, the effective length for lateral buckling shall be
determined in accordance with AS 3990.
3.3 DEFLECTION
3.3.1 Limits The limits of vertical static deflection and lateral deflection shall be as
specified in AS 1418.1.
For semi-portal cranes, the vertical static deflection of the crane bridge of 1/500 span, as
specified in AS 1418.1, is acceptable only if precautions are taken for the kick-out of the
leg.
NOTE: Subject to the client’s approval, the deflection for cranes greater than 30 m span may
exceed the 60 mm requirement to a limit of L/500 providing due consideration is taken of the
effects on the function of the crane.
3.3.2 Leg spread of gantry cranes The design shall be such that the load shall not
induce binding of wheel flanges on the rails.
3.3.3 Natural frequency The natural frequency shall be equal to or greater than
2.4 Hz —
(a) in the horizontal plane of the crane structure as a whole; and
(b) due to torsional vibration of the bridge structure.
3.3.4 Lateral forces on portal cranes Lateral forces on portal cranes due to oblique
travel may be disregarded where the structure has sufficient inherent flexibility to prevent
any effective transfer of such loads through the structure; however, lateral forces due to
inertia shall be taken into account.
3.3.5 Camber Camber is not necessary to maintain serviceability.
3.4 SPAN TO WHEELBASE RATIO The ratio of span to wheelbase of the crane
shall be not greater than 7.
S E C T I O N 4 S T A B I L I T Y
Stability under in-service conditions and out-of-service conditions shall comply with
AS 1418.1.
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AS 1418.3 — 1997 8
S E C T I O N 5 C R A N E M E C H A N I S M S
5.1 MECHANISMS The mechanism which drives each motion shall comply with
AS 1418.1.
NOTE: Cranes are designed and built for a limited rated life which may be extended or reduced
depending upon their usage. Devices are available to enable actual recording of rated life of the
crane to enable assessment of the remaining rated life. Guidance on this is given in
ISO 12482.1.
5.2 MOTION LIMITS

5.2.1 Hoisting
5.2.1.1 Control of upper limit The upper limit of the hoisting motion shall be
controlled by a motion-limiting device complying with AS 1418.1, and arranged as one of
the following:
(a) A final limit only (whole current or double independent control circuit type).
(b) A final limit preceded by a working limit.
(c) Other suitable arrangements providing equivalent safety, e.g. slipping clutch.
5.2.1.2 Control of lower limit The lower limit of the hoisting motion shall be
controlled by a self-resetting motion-limiting device complying with AS 1418.1, and
arranged as one of the following:
(a) A final limit only (whole current or double independent control circuit type).
(b) A final limit preceded by a working limit.
(c) Other suitable arrangements providing equivalent safety, e.g. slipping clutch.
5.2.2 Travel
5.2.2.1 General Limitation of travel motion is generally not necessary, but where large
masses or high-travel velocity produces a large amount of kinetic energy which needs to
be absorbed but results in impractical buffers, the size of the buffers may be reduced by
using limit switches and anti-collision devices.
5.2.2.2 Crane anti-collision Where two or more cranes operate on a common runway
or over the same area and the possibility that the crane structures can come into contact
with each other, then anti-collision equipment should be provided. The anti-collision
equipment should be incorporated in each crane’s long travel control system to prevent
the cranes from approaching each other closely, except at or below slow speed.
5.2.2.3 Crab trolley anti-collision Where two or more crabs/trolleys operate on a
common bridge structure and there is the possibility that the crab/trolley structures can
come into contact with each other, then anti-collision equipment should be provided. The
anti-collision equipment should be incorporated in each crab/trolley’s control system to
prevent the crabs from approaching each other closely, except at or below slow speed.
5.2.3 Out-of-service conditions Means shall be provided in accordance with
AS 1418.1 to secure the crane in out-of-service conditions against occurrences such as
drifting. The design out-of-service wind loading shall comply with AS 1418.1.
5.2.4 Rail clamps Where a crane deadload is insufficient to prevent the crane from
being blown along its tracks with out-of-service brakes (see AS 1418.1) applied or the
stabilizing moment of the crane under out-of-service conditions does not comply with
AS 1418.1, means shall be provided to secure it against out-of-service wind forces.
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9 AS 1418.3 — 1997
Rail clamps shall be located so that their application is least detrimental to the stability of
the crane, and the rail fastenings in this location shall be sufficient to withstand the uplift
and side loads.
5.3 HOISTING UNIT

5.3.1 Wire rope The hoist reeving system shall comply with AS 1418.1.
5.3.2 Drum The hoist-rope winding drum shall comply with AS 1418.1, and shall
accommodate the fully wound rope in a single layer on the drum.
5.3.3 Retention of chain Where a chain hoist is used, the dead chain end should be
prevented from hanging free by retention in a suitable receptacle, e.g. by a bucket or other
similar means.
5.4 ATTACHMENTS FOR FREIGHT CONTAINERS

5.4.1 General Cranes which are to be used regularly for handling containers shall be
equipped with an appropriate spreader. The spreader shall have an engagement system for
connecting to the corner fittings of the container as shown in AS/NZ 3711.3.
5.4.2 Spreader A positive and fail-safe interlocking system shall be provided to
prevent —
(a) the hoisting of containers unless the spreader is properly seated and any latching-on
device is fully engaged and locked; and

(b) the disengagement of the container while suspended.
5.4.3 Twistlock details Twistlocks shall comply with the following requirements:
(a) Each twistlock shall have its own separate interlock actuated by a cam fixed directly
to the twistlock.
(b) A ‘ready’ light indicator shall be provided in the driver’s cabin to indicate when the
spreader is properly seated upon a container and ready for twistlock operation.
(c) ‘Latched’ and ‘unlatched’ indicator lights shall be provided in the driver’s cabin to
indicate when twistlocks are fully open or fully closed.
(d) Mechanical interlocks shall be provided to prevent operation of any twistlock while
any load is suspended therefrom.
(e) Interlocks shall be provided to prevent operation of hoist motion unless all
twistlocks are fully open or fully closed.
(f) Where limit switches are positive in operation in one direction only, two such
switches shall be provided, each one utilized for operation in the positive direction
only.
5.5 MULTIPLE HOIST/CRAB COMBINATIONS Where a crane is fitted with

multiple hoists or crabs which are not mechanically coupled together but can be selected
and operated simultaneously by a common set of operator controls, then a visual indicator
shall be provided to indicate to the operator which hoists/crabs have been selected.
5.6 MULTIPLE CRANE COMBINATIONS Where multiple cranes can be selected

and operated simultaneously from a common set of operator controls, a visual indicator
shall be provided to indicate to the operator which cranes have been selected.
Where cranes/crabs can be simultaneously operated while supporting a common load the
travel control system at each crane/crab should simultaneously operate to any individual
crane/crab limit or anti-collision device so that each crane/crab slows down or stops
simultaneously or both.
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AS 1418.3 — 1997 10
S E C T I O N 6 A C C E S S F R O M
F I X E D P L A T F O R M S
6.1 ACCESS TO CRANE OPERATING POSITION

6.1.1 General Where a crane is operated from a cabin or other fixed location on the
crane, access of the crane operator to the normal operating position shall be provided.
Where the operating position is integral with a part of the crane structure which moves,
the access shall be with the crane situated at its out-of-service position (see Clause 6.2.1).
Access requirements are shown in Appendix C.
6.1.2 Access in hazardous environment If the crane is operating in a hazardous
environment, consideration should be given to the desirability of providing access/egress
to the operator’s cabin along the full length of the runway.
6.2 ACCESS FOR SERVICING — SERVICE PLATFORMS

6.2.1 Servicing position of crane Where the crane structure does not incorporate
integrated service platforms, platforms shall be provided at the servicing position of the
crane which should be at one end of the travel runway with the crane in contact
(nominally) with the end stops. Where two or more cranes are operated on the same
runway, each crane shall have a designated service area along the runway. The downshop
conductor bar shall incorporate isolating sections at the various designated crane service
positions. The isolating sections shall be arranged such that other cranes operating along
the runway cannot inadvertently supply power to a crane that has been isolated in its
service position. A whole current isolator shall be provided at each crane service platform
in accordance with the requirements of AS 1418.1.
Where bare aerial conductors are used to supply the crane, means shall be provided to
isolate the aerial conductor at the service platform.
Where a limit switch is provided to limit speed of motion of the crane when it is
approaching the servicing position, the switch shall be positioned so that the crane comes
to rest near the servicing platform. The limit switch shall not initiate operation of an
isolator.
6.2.2 Access for servicing
6.2.2.1 Power driven cranes Permanent means of access of service personnel to those
parts of the crane which need servicing (see AS 1418.1 and AS 2550.1) shall be provided
with the crane situated at its servicing position so that there is no need to move the crane
during servicing. Such parts include the following:
(a) Hook or hookblock, or attached lifting beam.
(b) Rope-reeving system, including —
(i) return sheaves;
(ii) rope equalizer; and
(iii) rope guides.
(c) Gearboxes (to inspect oil level).
(d) Bearings (which need regular lubrication).
(e) Brakes.
(f) Fluid couplings, clutches, gear-change mechanisms, and the like.
(g) V-belt and similar drives.
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11 AS 1418.3 — 1997
(h) Electrical equipment such as —

(i) brushgear;
(ii) commutators and slip rings;
(iii) contactors;
(iv) control and switch panels;
(v) fuses and fuse boxes; and
(vi) limit switches, particularly hoisting.
Where the purchaser of a crane requires facilities for servicing additional items of
equipment such as lighting and other ancillaries, such facilities shall comply with the
relevant Part of AS 1418.
6.2.2.2 Manually operated cranes Where a manually operated crane can be safely
serviced from a portable ladder, permanent means of access for servicing need not be
provided. In such circumstances, provision shall be made to ensure that the crane, or part
of crane, against which the ladder is placed shall not be capable of movement while it is
being serviced. The height of the serviceable item shall not exceed 6 m.
Temporary platforms to access high items shall require additional guarding.
6.2.3 Height for serviceable items The maximum allowable height for any serviceable
item above a service platform or walkway shall be 1.9 m.
6.3 ACCESS AND SERVICING FACILITIES

6.3.1 Platforms, walkways, stairways and ladders Platform, walkways, stairways,
and fixed ladders shall comply with AS 1657. Except for manual cranes, direct servicing
from ladders without any standing platform shall not be permitted.
6.3.2 Provision of access and servicing facilities
6.3.2.1 Bridge crane with underslung hoist Where a bridge crane has an underslung
hoist, one or more permanent fixed platforms, external to the crane, shall be provided for
servicing the hoist, long-travel drive (or drives), and other parts which need servicing.
6.3.2.2 Bridge or gantry crane with crab Where a bridge crane or gantry crane has a
crab, one or more platforms shall be provided for servicing the crab and the long-travel
drive (or drives). The platform or platforms shall be constructed integral with the crane
bridge.
Where a part or component of the crab needs to be serviced and is not within safe and
convenient reach from the platform on the crane bridge, an additional platform shall be
provided on the crab to enable the part or component to be serviced.
A fixed platform, external to the crane, shall not be used to service a top-running crab.
6.3.2.3 Bridge crane with cabin control Where a bridge crane is controlled from a
cabin mounted on, or integral with, the crane or crab, access for servicing the crane
should be by way of the operator’s cabin. Where this is not practicable, other means
should be provided by which the operator is made aware that another person is on the
crane.
6.3.2.4 Torsion box cranes The following clearances shall be applicable to torsion box
cranes as appropriate:
(a) Torsion box crane with walkway — clearances as per double girder crane
(see Clause 6.3.2.2).
(b) Torsion box crane without walkway — clearances as per single girder crane
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6.3.2.5 Multiple-crane installations Where two or more cranes have adjacent

out-of-service positions, access to each crane shall be independent, i.e. no crane shall be
used as a means of access to another.
Where two or more cranes are on a common runway, each crane should have an
out-of-service position so that all cranes can be serviced simultaneously.
6.3.2.6 Common fixed access to more than one crane Where a fixed access platform
provides access to more than one crane, each isolating switch shall be arranged and
marked to indicate, without possibility of misinterpretation, the crane it isolates.
6.3.2.7 Access across an end carriage Where an end carriage is used to provide a way
of access to the other side of the crane, the following conditions shall apply:
(a) An access isolator shall be provided in accordance with AS 1418.1.
(b) Standing, walking, and servicing surfaces (see AS 1418.1) shall be free of tripping
hazards, such as bolt heads and conduits.
(c) Adjacent standing or walking surfaces (see AS 1418.1) on the end carriage of more
than 300 mm difference in height shall be connected by steps.
(d) Standing and walking surfaces shall be not less than 300 mm clear width (in plan),
inside the handrail system; servicing surfaces shall be not less than 450 mm clear
width.
(e) A handrail shall be provided alongside any obstruction which has to be stepped over
(f) The handrail system provided along the end carriage shall have a horizontal
clearance, outside the handrail from any fixed object, of not less than —
(i) where the handrail is of open type not less than 900 mm high .. 225 mm;
(ii) where the handrail is panelled or meshed (50 mm × 50 mm) not less than
900 mm high . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 mm; or
(iii) where the handrail is panelled or meshed (50 mm × 50 mm), is not less than
1.5 m high, and is either extended not less than 300 mm past each end of the
end-carriage (i.e. the crane width) or returned at each end along the walkway
not less than 150 mm, and with a handrail not less than 900 mm high
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 mm.
These positions are indicated in Figure C1.
6.3.3 Requirements of access and service facilities located on the crane
6.3.3.1 Headroom above platforms and walkways The headroom above a platform,
walkway, or other standing, walking or, servicing surface (see AS 1418.1) shall be not
less than the following:
(a) Above a rising ladder and above the access platform or walkway immediately
adjacent to the rising ladder for a distance of 600 mm from the edge of the platform
or walkway (see Figure C2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.9 m.
(b) Above a walkway, platform, or other standing, walking, or servicing surface on the
crane or crab when the crane or crab is at the normal position for servicing
(see Figure C2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.8 m.
(c) Above a walkway, platform, or other standing, walking, or servicing surface on the
crane or crab when the crane or crab is at any other position than the normal
position for servicing —
(i) above the crab platform where the driver’s cabin is mounted on the crab and
travels with the crab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.8 m;
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13 AS 1418.3 — 1997
(ii) in the travel direction where access of personnel to the crane can be gained
at any travel position, or the crane may carry personnel, or where personnel
are required to remain on the crane while it is moving . . . . . . . . . 1.8 m; or
(iii) in the travel direction (for the total length of travel), where access of person-
nel can be gained only at the out-of-service position of the crane . . . 1.4 m.
(d) Within the crane bridge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4 m.
6.3.3.2 Width of platforms and walkways The width of platforms and walkways shall
comply with the following:
(a) The width of a standing, walking, or servicing surface (see AS 1418.1) of a
platform or walkway shall be not less than —
(i) where the surface is level with the upper surface of the crane-bridge member,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 900 mm
except that this may be reduced locally to not less than 600 mm past
unavoidable obstructions such as cabinets, mechanisms, or the like, provided
that the handrailing is continuous past the reduced-width section; or
(ii) where the surface is more than 450 mm below the upper surface of the
crane-bridge member (i.e. the platform or walkway is of the lowered or well
type) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600 mm.
(b) The horizontal distance between a moving crab or other part of a crane, and other
equipment or fixed parts of the crane on or above a platform, walkway, or servicing

surface on the crane bridge shall be not less than 450 mm (see Figure C3), except
that for end or return handrails (see AS 1418.1) —
(i) where the crab stops level with the end return handrail (in plan), the
horizontal clearance shall be not less than 150 mm; or
(ii) where the crab passes the end return handrail (in plan), the horizontal
clearance shall be not less than 300 mm.
Where (i) or (ii) apply and a handrail return would be less than 150 mm in length, it
may be omitted.
(c) The width between any two fixed items which could form a foot trap, on a standing
or walking surface (see AS 1418.1) of a platform or walkway shall be not less than
150 mm.
(d) Access to crane platforms shall be provided by static platforms located at the top of
a ladder or stairway which shall have a clear horizontal distance of at least 600 mm
with no obstructions at the point of transfer, e.g. gates, chains, baulk bars
(see Figure C4).
6.3.3.3 Obstructions on a platform or walkway No permanent obstruction shall be
situated at or adjacent to an entry or exit point of a platform or walkway. The height and
width (in direction of stepping over) of obstructions at other locations on a platform or
walkway shall be not greater than the following corresponding sizes:
Maximum height Maximum width

mm mm
600 200
550 260
500 330
450 400
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AS 1418.3 — 1997 14
6.3.3.4 Servicing access through platform or walkway Where a hole is provided in a

platform or walkway for servicing access, it shall be provided with a removable or hinged
cover of strength not less than that required for the platform or walkway, and means shall
be provided below the hole to prevent a dropped tool from falling to the ground.
6.3.3.5 Servicing facilities for crane hook A section of handrail of a fixed (static)
servicing platform may be arranged to swing or slide out of the way to enable the
crane-hook assembly to be positioned above the platform for servicing provided that such
section of handrail is not readily detachable, is arranged to be self-closing, and is not
closed by spring action.
6.3.3.6 Access to crab Where steps or rungs are provided on a crab to give access from
the crane bridge, and where these steps or rungs are directly below each other, a handgrip
shall be provided at each side.
6.3.3.7 Points of access between two platforms which move relative to each other At the
walk-through point between a fixed (static) access platform and an access platform on a
crane, or between the access platform on a crane and another which can move relative to
it —
(a) the clearance between the edges of the platforms shall be not less than 150 mm nor
more than 200 mm;
(b) the difference in level between the edges of the platforms shall be not more than
200 mm;
(c) the edges of the platforms shall not overlap in plan view; and
(d) the horizontal clearance between handrails shall be not less than 300 mm and, when
the platforms are in position to provide access between them, not more than
350 mm.
These positions are indicated in Figure C5.
6.3.3.8 Points accessible from fixed or moving walkways All access openings in a deck,
platform, or walkway on a platform or crane near a travel runway or traverse runway shall
be arranged to prevent the possibility of a person placing a hand on the runway track.
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S E C T I O N 7 A C C E S S F R O M
M O B I L E P L A T F O R M S
7.1 GENERAL The mobile platform may be of a variable height or a fixed height, and
shall comply with AS 1418.10 or AS 1576, as appropriate.
NOTES:
1 It is recommended that fixed-service platforms should be installed.
2 For platforms complying with AS 1418.10, a scissors type mobile platform should be used
in preference to other types.
3 Mobile platforms are generally more suitable for servicing of single girder cranes or double
girder cranes with underslung crab than other types of cranes.
7.2 USE OF MOBILE PLATFORM The mobile platform shall not be used for any
other purposes when in use for servicing or breakdown repairs of the cranes.
7.3 ACCESS FROM MOBILE PLATFORM Free access shall be provided for the
movement of the mobile platform from the defined parking area to each of the cranes to
be serviced.
7.4 ACCESS TO CRANE DRIVING POSITION The mobile platform shall not be
used for access to the crane operator’s cabin except in emergencies (see Clause 7.6.2).
7.5 ACCESS FOR SERVICING

7.5.1 Servicing position of crane Each crane shall have a designated out-of-service
position. The floor area under the servicing position shall be kept free from obstructions
in order to allow free movement of the mobile platform to reach all points to be serviced.
The servicing position of the crane should be at one end of the travel runway with the
crane in contact (nominally) with its end-stops, except in the case of a multicrane runway.
7.5.2 Access for servicing During servicing, access for personnel (see AS 1418.1)
shall be provided with the crane in its out-of-service position so that there is no need for
it to be moved. Parts which require servicing include the following:
(a) Hook or hookblock, or attached lifting beam.
(b) Rope-reeving system, including —
(i) return sheaves;
(ii) rope equalizer; and
(iii) rope guides.
(c) Gearboxes (to inspect oil level).
(d) Bearings (which need regular lubrication).
(e) Brakes.
(f) Fluid couplings, clutches, gear-change mechanism, and the like.
(g) V-belt and similar drives.
(h) Electrical equipment such as —
(i) brushgear;
(ii) commutators and slip rings;
(iii) contactors;
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AS 1418.3 — 1997 16
(iv) control and switch panels;

(v) fuses and fuse boxes; and
(vi) limit switches, particularly hoisting.
7.5.3 Servicing position of platform Every point to be serviced in the crane shall be
not higher than 1900 mm above platform level nor further from the outside of the handrail
that is safe for the performance of the task.
7.6 ACCESS AND SERVICING FACILITIES

7.6.1 Provision of access and servicing facilities During routine servicing of the
crane, the service personnel shall not use the mobile platform as a means of climbing any
part of the crane.
7.6.2 Emergency access to control cabin In case of emergency, the mobile platform
may be used for access to control cabin if this is the safest means available.
7.7 NOTICES REQUIRED WHEN USING MOBILE PLATFORMS In addition to

other notices required, the following notice shall be prominently displayed at the out-of-
service position:
THIS CRANE IS SERVICED FROM A MOBILE PLATFORM.
ISOLATE LONG TRAVEL DRIVE BEFORE SERVICING.
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S E C T I O N 8 C L E A R A N C E S
8.1 HANDRAIL CLEARANCES The vertical clearance above a handrail shall be not
less than 450 mm with the crane in any position (see also Clause 8.3).
8.2 CLEARANCE ABOVE CRANE OR CRAB The vertical clearance above a crane
or crab shall be not less than the following as shown in Figure C6:
(a) Where the part of the crane is within 300 mm horizontal distance of a standing,
walking, or servicing surface, and —
(i) where the clearance above the standing, walking, or servicing surface is not
less than 1.8 m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 mm; or
(ii) where the clearance above the standing, walking, or servicing surface is less
than 1.8 m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 mm.
(b) Positions, on the crane, which cannot be reached from the standing, walking, or
servicing surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 mm.
8.3 CLEARANCE BELOW UNLADEN CRANE WITH POWER-DRIVEN TRAVEL

OR TRAVERSE MOTION For an unladen crane, the clearance below the underside of
the crane or hoist/permanent lifting attachment at its upper working limit but excluding
the bottom block, shall be not less than the following as shown in Figures C2, C7 and C8:
(a) Where use by persons if the area below is not restricted —
(i) at ground or floor level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1 m; and
(ii) at other than ground or floor level, e.g. flat roof, gallery, mezzanine,
servicing platform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.8 m.
(b) Where use by persons if the area below the crane is restricted —
(i) where the area below is a fixed access platform or walkway and not within
600 mm of a rising ladder (see Clause 6.3.3.1, Item (b)), disregarding the
handrail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4 m;
(ii) where the area below is a fixed (static) access platform or walkway;
clearance from the handrails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450 mm; and
(iii) from all fixed objects not readily accessible (to stand on) to personnel
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450 mm.
8.4 CLEARANCES BETWEEN CRANE AND PLATFORMS

8.4.1 Fixed platforms Where a crane travels up to, but does not overlap, a fixed
platform at the end of a building, the horizontal clearance between the crane, when
located against its end-stops and with the buffers, where fitted, fully compressed, and the
platform shall be not less than 150 mm and, where the platform provides access to the
crane, not more than 200 mm. Additional requirements are given in Clause 6.3.3.7.
8.4.2 Mobile platforms A mobile work platform shall be positioned so that the
nominal horizontal clearance between it and the crane shall not be less than 250 mm.
8.5 CLEARANCE AT OR NEAR A CRANE RUNWAY The horizontal clearance

between a moving crane, or part thereof, and an adjacent building structure and any
projections thereon shall be not less than the following as shown in Figure C9:
(a) Where the crane is on an elevated runway and no walkway or platform is provided
adjacent to the runway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 mm.
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AS 1418.3 — 1997 18
(b) Where the crane is on an elevated runway and a platform or walkway is adjacent to
the runway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450 mm.
(c) Where the crane runway is at ground level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600 mm.
Where a projection extends from a moving crane over a platform or walkway alongside a
crane runway (travel or traverse), the projection, except where suitable precautions such
as flexible flaps or other type of guarding are provided to prevent injury to persons, shall
not extend below a line inclined upward from the centre of the rail-head surface at
30 degrees. Refer to Figure C9.
8.6 CLEARANCE BETWEEN MOVING PARTS OF A CRANE AND A

PLATFORM OR WALKWAY Any part of a crab which overhangs a platform or
walkway on a crane bridge shall not project over the platform or walkway more than
450 mm in working areas.
Any moving or overhanging part of a crane which passes over an access opening in a
crane deck, platform, or walkway shall have a vertical clearance not less than 1 m from
the opening, and shall not constitute danger to persons emerging from the opening.
8.7 CLEARANCES BETWEEN HOIST UNIT AND CRANE END CARRIAGE OR

RUNWAY Where the crane does overlap the platform, the headroom over the platform
shall not be less than 1.5 m for a clear horizontal distance of 450 mm, and 1.8 m for a
clear horizontal distance of 300 mm, from the building or crane structure and any
projection thereon, and at the access point to the platform the headroom shall not be less
than 1.9 m (see Figure C8). If shorter clear horizontal distance in cross-travel direction is
required for normal crane operation, then a service stop shall be fitted in order to provide
and maintain the nominated clearance even if the controls are inadvertently operated
during servicing of the crane.
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19 AS 1418.3 — 1997
S E C T I O N 9 E L E C T R I C A L A C C E S S
I S O L A T O R S
9.1 GENERAL Electrical isolation and protection shall be provided in accordance with
AS 1418.1 and this Section. In general, an access isolator shall be provided at the entry
point to the crane, and adjacent to the access point between parts of a crane, wherever one
part of a crane can move relative to another part.
9.2 ACCESS ISOLATORS FOR ACCESS FROM FIXED PLATFORMS

9.2.1 Hoisting motion An access isolator for the hoisting motion is not usually
necessary.
9.2.2 Travel and traverse motions
9.2.2.1 Location of service isolators Separate access isolators for travel and traverse
motions shall be either —
(a) grouped externally, provided that the access to the crane is not by way of the
driver’s cabin; or
(b) located in accordance with Clauses 9.2.2.2 and 9.2.2.3.
9.2.2.2 Travel motion The access isolation for travel motion shall be located as
follows:
Means of access for servicing Location of access isolators
(a) Fixed platform(s) external to the On the crane and operable from each
crane. platform.
(b) Platform(s) on cranes On crane at each point of access to
platform(s).
9.2.2.3 Traverse motion The access isolators for the traverse motion shall be located on
the crab and operable from the access points.
9.3 ACCESS ISOLATORS FOR ACCESS FROM MOBILE PLATFORMS

9.3.1 Location of access isolation Separate access isolators shall be located as
follows:
(a) An isolator shall be placed adjacent to each motor operable from the mobile service
platform.
(b) Where the crane is fitted with a driver’s cabin, an access isolator for the travel
motion shall be located at each point of access.
Additional access isolators for travel and traverse should be grouped together
adjacent to the main electrical switchgear cubicle and operable from the mobile
service platform.
9.4 MARKING OF ACCESS ISOLATORS Each access isolator shall be

permanently, legibly and clearly marked with the following information:
(a) Identification, e.g. ‘ ACCESS ISOLATOR TRAVEL MOTION ONLY’.
(b) A warning, e.g. ‘THIS ISOLATOR DOES NOT ISOLATE THE CRANE FROM ITS
POWER SOURCE’.
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AS 1418.3 — 1997 20
S E C T I O N 1 0 S P E E D L I M I T A T I O N S F O R
P E N D A N T - C O N T R O L L E D C R A N E S
For cranes controlled by means of a pendant attached to or travelling with the crane —
(a) where the driving mechanism and its control provide variable speed control or
smooth acceleration, the maximum travel speed shall be 72 m/min and the maximum
traverse speed shall be 30 m/min; or
(b) where the conditions in Item (a) do not apply, the maximum travel speed shall be
48 m/min and the maximum traverse speed shall be 24 m/min.
Where the travel speed is greater than 48 m/min, a pathway not less than 2 m wide shall
be provided in the travel direction for the crane operator.
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21 AS 1418.3 — 1997
S E C T I O N 1 1 M A R K I N G A N D D A T A T O B E
S U P P L I E D W I T H C R A N E
11.1 MARKING ON CRANE Each crane shall be marked in a permanent manner with
the following information, Items (a), (b), and (c) being of sufficient size to be legible
from the working area below the crane, and the other items being marked legibly on a
plate or plates permanently fixed to the crane in a readily-accessible location:
(a) A number identifying the particular crane.
(b) On each independent hoisting mechanism, the rated capacity of the mechanism in
either kilograms (less than one tonne) or tonnes, e.g.
(i) 800 kg;
(ii) 10 t; or
(iii) 10 tonnes.
(c) The rated capacity of the crane structure.
(d) The group classification of the crane and the mechanical class of each hoist
separately, in accordance with AS 1418.1.
(e) Name or mark of the manufacturer or distributor of the crane.
(f) Manufacturer’s serial number.

(g) Details of steel-wire rope used on crane, i.e.
(i) nominal size;
(ii) grade (quality);
(iii) construction; and
(iv) length.
(h) Details of chain (see AS 2321) used on crane, i.e.
(i) nominal size; and
(ii) grade (quality).
Marking shall be in the English language, and values shall be in SI units (see AS 1000).
11.2 MARKING ON LIFTING MEANS Each lifting attachment (i.e. lifting beam,
magnet, grab) shall be marked in a permanent manner with the following information,
Items (a) and (b) being of sufficient size to be legible from the working area below the
crane to which it is attached, and the other items being marked legibly on a plate or plates
permanently fixed to the attachment:
(a) The rated capacity of the lifting attachment in either kilograms (less than one tonne)
or tonnes, e.g.
(i) 700 kg;
(ii) 9 t; or
(iii) 9 tonnes.
(b) The mass of the lifting attachment expressed in the same unit as the rated capacity
of the lifting attachment (see Item (a)), e.g.
(i) TARE 100 kg;
(ii) TARE 1 t; or
(iii) TARE 1 tonne.
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AS 1418.3 — 1997 22
(c) Name or mark of the manufacturer or distributor of the attachment, where

applicable.
(d) Manufacturer’s serial number, where applicable.
(e) Details of steel-wire rope used on the lifting attachment, i.e.
(i) nominal size;
(ii) grade (quality);
(iii) construction; and
(iv) length.
(f) Details of chain (see AS 2321) used on the lifting attachment, i.e.
(i) nominal size; and
(ii) grade (quality).
Marking shall be in the English language, and values shall be in SI units (see AS 1000).
11.3 MANUALS
11.3.1 General The following manuals shall be provided.
(a) The crane operator’s manual.
(b) The maintenance manual.
(c) The logbook.

(d) The spare parts book.
NOTE: Attention is drawn to AS 1418.1, which specifies details of the electrical equipment and
control system that are to be provided.
11.3.2 Crane operator’s manual The crane operator’s manual shall be a formal
publication, covered in a durable material and of a size suitable for its use. It may be
combined with another manual or be an individual manual. It may be cross-referenced to
other manuals of the crane. It shall present the following information in plain English
with explanations and definitions by words or diagram where there is risk of
misunderstanding:
(a) Ready identification of the make, model and serial number of the crane or where
appropriate, the range of serial numbers to which the information applies.
(b) All technical data of importance to the crane operator to ensure correct operation of
the crane.
(c) Description of and location of all safety devices, settings and adjustments.
(d) Instructions on the duties of the crane operator prior to operation, during operation
and after use.
(e) Instructions on restrictions in environmental conditions of wind and temperature.
(f) Description of safety precautions to be observed during maintenance and servicing
of the crane.
11.3.3 Maintenance manual The maintenance manual shall be a formal publication
covered in a durable material and of a suitable size for the conditions of use. It may be
combined with another manual or be an individual manual. It may be cross-referenced to
other manuals for the crane. It shall present the following information in plain English
with explanation and definitions by words or diagrams where there is risk of
misunderstanding:
(a) Ready identification of the make, model and serial number of the crane or where
applicable, the range of serial numbers to which the information applies.
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23 AS 1418.3 — 1997
(b) All technical data necessary to enable the correct and safe maintenance of the crane.
(c) Description of the location, operation and adjustments of all safety devices.
(d) Details of safety precautions to be observed during maintenance and servicing of the
crane.
11.3.4 Logbook The crane logbook shall provide means to record details of the
maintenance, service and repairs carried out on the crane.
NOTE: The logbook may be a computer record.
11.3.5 Parts book The crane parts book shall be provided with all parts and elements
adequately illustrated and identified to enable descriptions of spare parts to be readily
given to the provider of the spare parts.
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S E C T I O N 1 2 I N S P E C T I O N A N D
C O M M I S S I O N I N G
12.1 INSPECTION Prior to its being commissioned, the crane shall be inspected in
accordance with AS 1418.1.
12.2 COMMISSIONING
12.2.1 General The following tests shall be carried out during the commissioning of
cranes:
(a) Pre-operational inspection and testing.
(b) No-load operation and testing.
(c) Load testing.
The required performance of the crane should be agreed between the owner and supplier
of the crane. Normally, the required performance will be lifting, lowering, and moving the
maximum rated capacity at the rated speeds, smoothly with sufficient frequency to
represent the normal operation of the crane.
Safety procedures and precautions for each phase of inspection and testing should be
agreed between the owner and supplier of the crane prior to commissioning.
12.2.2 Pre-operational inspection and testing Pre-operational inspection and testing
(including alignment checking) shall be carried out to ensure that all systems and items
comply with the relevant drawings and specifications, and shall include the following:
(a) Checking of runway tracks for level and alignment.
(b) Visual examination of all components, assemblies and drives and checking for
correctness of fitting including tolerances, clearances, alignments, and adjustments.
(c) Checking of greasing, oil levels, hydraulic systems, and pneumatic systems.
(d) Visual examination of welded and bolted connections of structures and torque check
all critical bolted connections.
(e) Checking of all safety guards and their fittings.
(f) Checking of details and correctness of electrical safety devices, circuits, earthing,
insulation cubicles, and cabling.
12.2.3 No-load operation and testing Following satisfactory inspection and testing in
accordance with Clause 12.2.2, no-load operation and testing shall be carried out, and
shall include the following:
(a) Cranes with pendant or cabin operating control These shall be as follows:
(i) The individual parts of the equipment shall be run under ‘manual’ control to
check the proper operation of alarms and warning devices, the tracking of the
crane, the operation of safety devices and the smooth acceleration and
stopping of the crane.
(ii) The crane shall be travelled and traversed over the full length of runways to
check physical clearance from fixed obstructions.
(iii) Pressure pipework shall be checked for leaks.
(iv) Supply of lubricants shall be monitored.
(v) Electrical circuits shall be proven to be functional. Any alterations shall be
marked-up on the schematic diagram.
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25 AS 1418.3 — 1997
(b) Cranes with remote operation or radio control After satisfactory operation of the
individual parts of the crane in accordance with Item (a) above, the crane shall be
tested in remote control mode in appropriate groups and then as a unit checking the
correct sequencing of the equipment for all functions and for smooth hoisting,
acceleration and retardation, until the reliability of the system at working
temperatures has been demonstrated.
12.2.4 Load testing Following satisfactory no-load testing in accordance with
Clause 12.2.3, load testing shall be carried out, and shall include the following:
(a) The maximum rated capacity shall be applied to the main hoist at the point causing
maximum deflection. The maximum bridge deflection shall be checked and
compared with the calculated deflection under rated capacity (as supplied by the
crane supplier). The final deflection after removal of the load shall also be checked.
NOTE: The deflection of the crane support system under rated capacity should also be taken
into account.
(b) Each hoist in turn shall be used to lift its rated capacity, and shall be checked for
brake adjustment, hoisting speed and input current.
(c) With maximum rated capacity applied to the main hoist, the crane travel and
traverse shall be checked up to full speed to ensure that the load can be controlled
satisfactorily, and hoist brake application when lowering on power failure shall be
checked. The electrical system shall be checked for voltage drop and simultaneous
operation of main hoist and travel under full load and acceleration.
(d) Noise levels shall be checked, as required.
(e) At the time of commissioning only, each hoist shall be checked with 110% of its
rated capacity as in Item (b) above.
12.2.5 Reports Accurate and complete reports of all testing shall be prepared. Such
reports shall record all the information checked during the test including clearances,
temperatures, voltages, currents, heat generation, noise levels, starting times, acceleration
durations, stopping times, settings and other control set points.
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AS 1418.3 — 1997 26
S E C T I O N 1 3 G U A R D I N G
13.1 GENERAL All guards shall be designed to prevent persons from reaching into
the danger zone. This requirement shall include preventing personnel from reaching over,
under, around or through any guard into the potentially dangerous area and shall be in
accordance with AS 4024.1 except where otherwise stated.
13.2 STRENGTH The construction of a guard shall be robust and shall not collapse if
personnel climb upon it. The minimum mass to be supported by a guard shall be 75 kg.
13.3 MATERIAL Where mesh or slatted guards are employed, the material used shall
be sufficiently rigid to prevent separation of the mesh or slats by finger pressure.
13.4 FIXED GUARDS Where removal of a guard is not required for maintenance or
inspection purposes, the guard shall be fixed in position so that it cannot be readily
removed without the use of tools.
13.5 REMOVABLE GUARDS Where removable guards are required, the guards shall
be constructed so as to minimize the weight and be provided with handles to assist with
handling.
13.6 INSPECTION POINTS Access to inspection points of fixed guards shall be by a

hinged cover. The cover shall be positively secured in position.
13.7 MARKING All removable guards or inspection covers shall be clearly marked —
DANGER — ISOLATE POWER BEFORE REMOVING OR OPENING GUARD.
13.8 TRAVEL MOTION WHEELS Where guards are applied to travel motion
wheels, the guards shall be designed to sweep aside personnel and loose objects from the
danger zone without causing a potential crushing or shearing-type hazard.
13.9 COLOUR Travel motion wheel guards shall be painted in high visibility colours
in accordance with AS 1318.
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27 AS 1418.3 — 1997
APPENDIX A
INFORMATION TO BE SUPPLIED WITH ENQUIRY, ORDER, OR TENDER
(Informative)
A1 INFORMATION TO BE SUPPLIED WITH ENQUIRY OR ORDER When

enquiring about or ordering a bridge crane or gantry crane, the enquirer or purchaser
should supply the following information to the crane manufacturer or supplier (see typical
form in Figure A1):
(a) Type of crane (see Clause 1.1).
(b) A clearance diagram in the plane normal to long-travel motion of the space in which
the crane is to operate, showing required minimum approaches.
(c) Access and clearance details of the building or structure in which or against which
the crane is to operate.
(d) Information relevant to the foundation or, where the crane is to be installed on an
existing runway, the condition and wheel-load capacity of the runway (i.e. site
details).
(e) Details of other cranes operating on the same runway.
(f) Operating conditions, e.g.

(i) indoor or outdoor;
(ii) exposure to salt spray, heat, corrosive atmosphere, wind loading, and the
like; and
(iii) any hazard such as explosive or flammable atmosphere.
(g) Details of application for which the crane is to be used, i.e.
(i) purpose of crane;
(ii) nature of loads to be handled;
(iii) magnitude of loads to be handled (and in what proportion);
(iv) average rate of use (per hour, day, or week) of crane; and
(v) where the crane is to be used for a fixed work cycle, details of the work
cycle and its frequency of application; and
(vi) true vertical lift, where required.
(h) Dimensional requirements of crane, e.g.
(i) span; and
(ii) lifting height.
(i) Length of long-travel runway.
(j) Physical requirements of the crane, i.e.
(i) load rating (rated capacity and classification) (see Section 2);
(ii) hoisting speed (or speeds) raising and lowering;
(iii) travel speed;
(iv) traverse speed; and
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AS 1418.3 — 1997 28
(v) where required, automatic travel or traverse speed-control limits method of

crane control, e.g.
(A) automatic;
(B) cabin;
(C) pendant (cord or push button); or
(D) remote (console, radio, or infrared).
(k) Information relevant to design of electrical system (see AS 1418.1).
(l) Special requirements of design, manufacture, e.g.
(i) painting, corrosion proofing, and the like; and
(ii) auxiliary equipment required.
A2 INFORMATION TO BE SUPPLIED WITH TENDER Where requested by the

enquirer and in the tendering for the supply of a bridge crane or gantry crane, the crane
manufacturer or supplier should supply the following information to the enquirer (see
typical form in Figure A2):
(a) Type of crane (see Clause 1.1).
(b) An outline drawing of the crane giving overall dimensions, span, wheelbase, lifting
height, height position of travel rails to highest working position of hook, clearance
diagram around crane, hook approaches, and similar information.
(c) Details of performance of crane, i.e.
(i) load rating (see Section 2);
(ii) hoisting speed (or speeds) and acceleration raising and lowering;
(iii) travel speed and acceleration;
(iv) traverse speed and acceleration;
(v) method of crane control; and
(vi) deflection limit.
(d) Information relevant to design of crane supporting structure, i.e.
(i) static wheel loads;
(ii) mass of crane bridge or gantry;
(iii) natural frequency of the crane bridge;
(iv) mass of crab or hoist; and
(v) performance requirements of crane runway buffers and end-stops.
(e) Information relevant to electrical supply to crane, i.e.
(i) voltage, number of phases, a.c. or d.c. of power supply required;
(ii) power rating of each motor;
(iii) power consumption of ancillary equipment (e.g. lighting, heating);
(iv) power consumption of auxiliary equipment (e.g. magnet); and
(v) estimated maximum loading under worst conditions of use.
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29 AS 1418.3 — 1997
Sheet 1 of 2
Enquirer: Supplier:
1 Type of crane required
2 Clearance diagram (including height and span of crane track if existing, hook approaches and
hook path)
3 Building details relevant to crane access:

4 Site details:
(a) Foundation
(b) Existing runways and supporting structure

5 Other cranes operating on same runway:
(a) Existing cranes
(b) Proposed future cranes

6 Operating conditions:
(a) Indoor or outdoor
(b) Location site —
locality;
adverse atmospheric conditions; or
hazardous conditions
FIGURE A1 (in part) TYPICAL FORM OF ENQUIRY/ORDER FOR SUPPLY OF CRANE
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AS 1418.3 — 1997 30
Sheet 2 of 2
7 Application of cranes:
(a) Purpose of crane
(b) Nature of loads
(c) Maximum load to be handled
(d) Number of load applications per hour, day or week —
(i) up to one-third maximum load;
(ii) one-third to two-thirds maximum load; and
(iii) two-thirds to maximum load
8 Dimensional requirements of crane:
(a) Span
(b) Lifting height —
(i) above ground level; and
(ii) below ground level

9 Length of travel runway
10 Physical requirements of crane:
(a) Load rating (rated capacity and classification)
(b) Hoisting speeds —
(i) raising; and
(ii) lowering
(c) Travel speed
(d) Traverse speed
(e) Automatic travel or traverse speed-control limits (if required)
(f) Method of crane control

11 Information relevant to electrical system:
(a) Adverse aspects of crane operation control (e.g. plugging)
(b) Details of electric-power supply
(c) Special safety provisions required (e.g. emergency power changeover)
(d) Special factors affecting servicing
12 Special requirements of design and manufacture (e.g. painting, corrosion proofing, auxiliary
equipment required):
(a) Existing cranes
(b) Proposed future cranes
FIGURE A1 (in part) TYPICAL FORM OF TENDER FOR SUPPLY OF CRANE
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31 AS 1418.3 — 1997
Tenderer: Prospective purchaser:

1 Type of crane:
2 Crane dimensions (diagram):
3 Crane performance:
(a) Load rating (rated capacity and classification)
(b) Hoisting speed —
(i) raising; and

(ii) lowering
(c) Travel speed
(d) Traverse speed
(e) Method of crane control
4 Physical details of crane:
(a) Static wheel loads
(b) Mass of crane bridge or gantry
(c) Mass of crab or hoist
5 Electrical details:
(a) Power supply rating
(b) Power rating of each motor
(c) Power consumption of ancillary equipment (e.g. lighting heating)
(d) Power consumption auxiliary equipment (e.g. magnet)
6 Details of runway and runway support
FIGURE A2 TYPICAL FORM OF TENDER FOR SUPPLY OF CRANE
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AS 1418.3 — 1997 32
APPENDIX B
LIST OF TYPICAL HAZARDS
(Informative)
This Appendix lists typical hazards of which a designer should be aware when designing a
bridge, gantry or portal crane. The list is for information only and is not exhaustive. There
are other potential hazards that are not listed. These hazards are applicable to the
situations described and could involve risks to persons if not reduced or eliminated.
Typical hazards are as follows:
(a) Mechanical hazards These can include the following:
(i) Crushing.
(ii) Shearing.
(iii) Cutting or severing.
(iv) Entanglement.
(v) Drawing-in or trapping.
(vi) Impact.
(vii) High pressure fluid ejection.

(viii) Ejection of parts.
(ix) Loss of stability.
(x) Slip, trip and fall.
(xi) Hazards to exposed persons due to uncontrolled movement.
(xii) Hazards due to rolling over.
(xiii) Inadequate means of access.
(xiv) Hazards due to towing, coupling connecting, transmission and the like.
(b) Electrical hazards One of the prime concerns is that of electrical contact.
(c) Hazards generated by neglecting ergonomic principles in machine design
(d) Hazard combinations
(e) Hazards caused by failure of energy supply, breaking down of machinery parts and
other functional disorders These can include the following:
(i) Failure of energy supply.
(ii) Failure or malfunction of control system.
(iii) Errors of fitting.
(iv) Overturn, unexpected loss of machine stability.
(f) Hazards caused by missing or incorrectly positioned safety-related measures/
means These include the following:
(i) Guards.
(ii) Safety-related (protection) devices.
(iii) Starting and stopping devices.
(iv) Safety signs and signals.
(v) Information or warning devices.
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33 AS 1418.3 — 1997
(vi) Energy supply disconnecting devices.

(vii) Emergency devices.
(viii) Essential equipment and accessories for safe adjusting or maintaining.
(ix) Inadequate lighting for servicing purposes.
(x) Fire extinguishers removed from site or not serviced properly.
(g) Hazards due to sudden movement, instability and the like during handling
(h) Inadequate/non-ergonomic design of operating position These can be demonstrated
by:
(i) Inadequate visibility from operator’s position.
(ii) Reduced clearances on walkway when a cabinet door is open.
(i) Hazards due to lifting operations These can include the following:
(i) Lack of stability.
(ii) Derailment of machinery.
(iii) Loss of mechanical strength of machinery and lifting accessories.
(iv) Hazards caused by uncontrolled movement.
(v) Inadequate view of trajectories of the moving parts.
(vi) Hazards due to loading/over-loading.

(j) Hazard due to fire
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AS 1418.3 — 1997 34
APPENDIX C
ACCESS AND CLEARANCE REQUIREMENTS FOR FIXED PLATFORMS
(Normative)
Figures C1 to C9 illustrate access and clearance requirements for fixed platforms.

NOTE: Some of the details in these Figures have been simplified to enable relevant dimensions
to be shown clearly.
FIGURE C1 HORIZONTAL CLEARANCE OUTSIDE HANDRAILS AT END

CARRIAGE OF CRANE
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35 AS 1418.3 — 1997
FIGURE C2 HEADROOM ABOVE PLATFORMS AND WALKWAYS ON CRANE
FIGURE C3 HORIZONTAL DISTANCE BETWEEN MOVING PART OF A CRANE AND

OTHER EQUIPMENT ON OR ABOVE A PLATFORM, WALKWAY OR SERVICING
SURFACE ON THE CRANE BRIDGE
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AS 1418.3 — 1997 36
FIGURE C4 CONSTRUCTED AREA AT TYPICAL STATIC PLATFORM AND CRANE

BRIDGE WALKWAY/PLATFORM AT ACCESS LOCATION
FIGURE C5 LIMITING GAP AT WALK-THROUGH ACCESS FROM

FIXED TO MOVING PLATFORMS
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FIGURE C6
FIGURE C7
37
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CLEARANCES BELOW A CRANE OR CRAB
VERTICAL CLEARANCE ABOVE CRANE OR CRAB
AS 1418.3 — 1997
AS 1418.3 — 1997 38
FIGURE C8 HORIZONTAL CLEARANCE BETWEEN PARTS OF A CRANE AND FIXED

PLATFORMS WHICH ARE OVERLAPPED BY THE CRANE
FIGURE C9 CLEARANCES AT OR NEAR A CRANE RUNWAY
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AS 1418.3-1997 Cranes - Including Hoists and Winches - Bridge, Gantry and Portal Cranes - Including Container Cranes

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Cranes (including hoists and

Part 3: Bridge, gantry and portal

The following interests are represented on Committee ME/5:

Department of Labour New Zealand

This Standard was issued in draft form for comment as DR 96348.

Cranes (including hoists and

Part 3: Bridge, gantry and portal

Originated as part of AS CB2 — 1938.

PUBLISHED BY STANDARDS AUSTRALIA

(f) Editorial changes.

© Copyright STANDARDS AUSTRALIA

SECTION 1 SCOPE AND GENERAL

SECTION 2 CLASSIFICATION AND LOAD RATING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

SECTION 5 CRANE MECHANISMS

SECTION 6 ACCESS FROM FIXED PLATFORMS

SECTION 7 ACCESS FROM MOBILE PLATFORMS

8.4 CLEARANCES BETWEEN CRANE AND PLATFORMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

SECTION 9 ELECTRICAL ACCESS ISOLATORS

SECTION 10 SPEED LIMITATIONS FOR PENDANT-CONTROLLED CRANES . . 20

SECTION 11 MARKING AND DATA TO BE SUPPLIED WITH CRANE

11.2 MARKING ON LIFTING MEANS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

SECTION 12 INSPECTION AND COMMISSIONING

Part 3: Bridge, gantry, and portal cranes (including container cranes)

1.4 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS The following documents are referred to in this

3.2 SLENDERNESS RATIOS OF BRIDGE SECTION The slenderness ratio of the

5.2 MOTION LIMITS

5.3 HOISTING UNIT

5.4 ATTACHMENTS FOR FREIGHT CONTAINERS

device is fully engaged and locked; and

5.5 MULTIPLE HOIST/CRAB COMBINATIONS Where a crane is fitted with

5.6 MULTIPLE CRANE COMBINATIONS Where multiple cranes can be selected

6.1 ACCESS TO CRANE OPERATING POSITION

6.2 ACCESS FOR SERVICING — SERVICE PLATFORMS

(h) Electrical equipment such as —

6.3 ACCESS AND SERVICING FACILITIES

6.3.2.5 Multiple-crane installations Where two or more cranes have adjacent

equipment or fixed parts of the crane on or above a platform, walkway, or servicing

Maximum height Maximum width

6.3.3.4 Servicing access through platform or walkway Where a hole is provided in a

7.5 ACCESS FOR SERVICING

(iv) control and switch panels;

7.6 ACCESS AND SERVICING FACILITIES

7.7 NOTICES REQUIRED WHEN USING MOBILE PLATFORMS In addition to

8.3 CLEARANCE BELOW UNLADEN CRANE WITH POWER-DRIVEN TRAVEL

8.4 CLEARANCES BETWEEN CRANE AND PLATFORMS

8.5 CLEARANCE AT OR NEAR A CRANE RUNWAY The horizontal clearance

8.6 CLEARANCE BETWEEN MOVING PARTS OF A CRANE AND A

8.7 CLEARANCES BETWEEN HOIST UNIT AND CRANE END CARRIAGE OR

9.2 ACCESS ISOLATORS FOR ACCESS FROM FIXED PLATFORMS

9.3 ACCESS ISOLATORS FOR ACCESS FROM MOBILE PLATFORMS

9.4 MARKING OF ACCESS ISOLATORS Each access isolator shall be

(f) Manufacturer’s serial number.

(c) Name or mark of the manufacturer or distributor of the attachment, where

(c) The logbook.

13.6 INSPECTION POINTS Access to inspection points of fixed guards shall be by a

A1 INFORMATION TO BE SUPPLIED WITH ENQUIRY OR ORDER When

(f) Operating conditions, e.g.

(v) where required, automatic travel or traverse speed-control limits method of

A2 INFORMATION TO BE SUPPLIED WITH TENDER Where requested by the

3 Building details relevant to crane access:

(b) Existing runways and supporting structure

(a) Existing cranes