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The Effect Analysis of KOICA Project in Bangladesh: A Case of

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Article · December 2021

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농업경영․정책연구 제47 권 제4 호 1
Korean Journal of Agricultural Management and Policy
Volume 47, Number 4: December 2020

An Analysis on the impact of KOCIA Project on

Smallholder village Poultry farmer: A case of
Bangladesh*
1)

ChanJu Yu**
Rakibul Hassan***
DongHeon Jang****

In Bangladesh, antibiotic are readily available to people in local drug stores.

Farmers are using AGP unlawfully due to improve growth and feed
efficiency. Therefore, the aim of the study was to produce antibiotic free
broiler using LED lighting system and probiotic in diet under the village
condition of Bangladesh. Before conducting this experiment, three training
programs were arranged consecutively to the small scale poultry farmers.
After training, farmers reared broiler chicken with the technical support of
KOICA to ensure antibiotic free broiler producing at farm condition. At the
end of the project, a survey was conducted targeting 20 farmers at two
villages(Aragaon and Pandhua village at Savar Upazilla) to evaluate the
impact of replacing antibiotic growth promoters by using LED lighting
system and probiotic in diet on the performance and economic returns of

* This paper was supported by the Rural Development Administration R&D Project(grant
number: PJ013830).
** First Author, CEO, Ecobiz Co. Ltd, 80 sichoen-ro Jeonju-si Jeollabuk-do, Tel:
063-251-2531, e-mail: ycj@jbnu.ac.kr
*** Rakibul Hassan, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute(BLRI), BLRI Senior Scientific
Offier
**** Corresponding Author, Professor, Division of Agricultural Economics and Food Marketing,
Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do, Tel: 063-270-4329,
e-mail: jdh584@jbnu.ac.kr
2 ChanJu Yu ․Rakibul Hassan․DongHeon Jang

broiler chicks. Face to face interview method was applied following

pretested well-structured questionnaire for this survey. Data were collected
during 2018 from the farmers before and after training and demonstration
focusing before and after project implementation on growth performance,
disease outbreak and economic return of broiler farming. After receiving
training, selected farmers achieved higher net returns as well as BCRs per
bird and per batch than those of traditional practices. This study
recommends carrying out further detailed long term program and replicate
this success stories to other location of the country.

Key words : KOICA Project, Poultry Farmer, Bangladesh Poultry, ODA,

Chicken Productivity

Ⅰ. Introduction
Bangladesh is an agriculture-based developing country in south-east Asia. Poultry is
one of the most important agricultural subsectors in the country and about 87 percent
of rural household’s rear poultry, with an average flock size of 6.9 birds(Apu and
Saleque, 2012). The commercial poultry sector achieved a significant annual average
growth rate of 15 –20 percent. Currently, the most available broiler strains in
Bangladesh are Cobb 500, Ross 308, Indian River Meat, Tiger Sasso, Habbard and
Arber acre(Shahidur Rahman et al., 2017). The shares of industrial and backyard poultry
sectors in Bangladesh are approximately 60:40 for meat production(Huque et al., 2011).
Therefore, broiler plays an important role to fulfill the meat requirement and economic
growth due to the advantage of quick return. At present, per capita meat consumption
in Bangladesh is 4.5kg per year(BER, 2016). According to vision 2021, poultry meat
consumption target is to increase from 4.5kilogram to 7.5kg (Bangladesh Bureau of
Statistics 2016). But, during the rearing period, several antibiotics like bacitracin,
virginiamycin, flavomycin, avilamycin, tiamulin, colistin sulphate, oxytetracycline,
aureomycin, chlortetracycline, neomycin sulphate, erythromycin and enrofloxacin have
been used for several decades in broiler feed at a sub-therapeutic level for reducing the
 3
An Analysis on the impact of KOCIA Project on Smallholder village Poultry farmer: A case of
Bangladesh

incidence of diseases(Islam et al., 2016). However, indiscriminate use of antibiotics in

broiler production leads to the development of antibiotic resistant pathogenic bacteria,
thereby causing resistance to medicines, persistence of infections and treatment failure
which is recognized as a serious public health problem worldwide(Nisha 2008). More
specifically in Bangladesh, where poultry farmers are widespread and indiscriminately
using antibiotics in the poultry feed(Islam et al., 2016). Therefore, government has set
a plan to produce safe and antibiotic free meat by 2021(Seventh five year plan, 2016)
due to the accumulation of their residues in edible broiler carcass which poses a
potential risk to public health(Donoghue, 2003; El-Kahky and Allam, 2005; Nisha, 2008;
Shareef et al., 2009; Jallailudeen, 2015).
Recent study has shown that high levels of residues of major antibiotics were found
mostly in liver, kidney, thigh meat and breast meat of broilers(Islam et al., 2016; Sattar
et al., 2014). Therefore, patients become resistant to antibiotic and growing children
become obese due to widespread use of antibiotic growth promoter(AGP) in Bangladesh.
For this reason, most of the poultry meat consumer groups are avoiding broiler meat
by fed on diets containing antibiotics. Therefore, it is important to identify more suitable
and safer alternatives to antibiotics that would promote growth, feed utilization and
improve meat and blood properties without having any residual effect on poultry
products. Keeping this view in mind, Jeonbuk National University(JBNU), South Korea
and Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute(BLRI) jointly works in 2016 to produce
antibiotic free broiler using LED lighting system and probiotic in diet under the village
condition funded by KOICA. The title to this project was "Development of feeding and
management techniques to improve the performance of chicken and its application in the
farm level of Bangladesh". To implement this project, 50% women famers were selected
to create gender equalities and women’s empowerment. Therefore, the purpose of this
research is to know the impact through survey what changes have been happened in
Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute(BLRI) and villages to enhance the effectiveness
of the KOICA projects in the future.
In Bangladesh, most of the farmers rear their birds in the open housing system.
Therefore, during the day time, farmers depends on natural light and in the night
farmers use traditional light as a light source. But farmers do not know about the
4 ChanJu Yu ․Rakibul Hassan․DongHeon Jang

beneficial effects of LED light color, period and intensity on broiler performance.
Therefore, LED light and system was applied in the field to optimize productivity,
verification on the influence of light color, source and intensity on the blood properties,
meat quality and immune responses of chicken. On the other hand, to the development
of natural growth promoting agents, antibiotics were replaced with probiotics for the
production of safe poultry meat. In Bangladesh, farmers are familiar antibiotics to add
into poultry feed to improve the performance and disease resistance capacity of poultry.
Therefore, it is important to verify the performance of chicken using natural feed
additives as alternatives to antibiotics. This study was done to assess whether the
implemented project had a positive impact of knowledge transfer to village poultry
farmers and to their society in large.
The composition of this study is to examine the selection of the project area in
Ⅱ, the research results and discussion in section Ⅲ, and the conclusion and
section
Recommendations in section Ⅳ.

Ⅱ. Selection of Project area

1. Description of the project

In recent years, poultry farming in Bangladesh is growing rapidly. Due to high

population and income generation and urbanization the demand for meat and eggs are
expected to increase appreciably in the future. The poultry is particularly important to
women and village people to create job opportunities, self employment and women’s
empowerment. The country’s poultry population increased from 91 million in 1990 to
293.24 million in 2013 (BER, 2013) and thus chicken contributes 51% of the total meat
production. The consumption of milk and meat is only 15 to 20% of their annual
requirement, and they are far below than that of the average of the developing countries
(55.0kg and 32.0kg, respectively) (Thornton, 2010). Thus, there is a need to increase
production of meat and eggs to fulfill the demand of the people and subsequently to
make them sound and healthy for increasing their working ability. In such condition,
An Analysis on the impact of KOCIA Project on Smallholder village Poultry farmer: A case of 5
Bangladesh

poultry and small village poultry farmers play an important role for income generation,
poverty eradication, women empowerment, nutrition, food security and country’s
economical and developmental procedure(Redoy et al., 2017). And Project duration was
from January 1, 2016 to December 31, 2016.

<Table 1> Description of the project

Project Summary
Goal
Increasing poultry meat
and egg production
through the application of
effective lighting program
(LED bulb) and using
feed additives by altering
the antibiotics in chicken
Indicators Baseline Target
Production potential of Smallholder village Smallholder
chicken is improved as farmers performance village poultry
a result of improved record of chicken householders are
technical interventions. rearing. expected to
increase income
level through the
implementation of
the project.

Purpose/Outcome Production of meat and Production records Employment, self

Improvement of meat and
egg production through
smallholder’s community
poultry farming in the
village of Bangladesh
egg will be increased. of chicken in the employment will
Small holder’s selected village increase and thus
community affords and areas. Performance reduce poverty of
chicken production and data will be the village people.
management system in recorded in the
the selected village will farmer’s field.
be established.

Outputs One poultry shed will Research report on Village farmers

Construction of poultry
shed for rearing chicken
in the village farmer.
Socio-economic condition
of rural farmers will be
improved through
improved management,
lighting system and using
feed additives.
Conduct training program
for the farmers to
increase the awareness
and production system of
poultry.
Reduced mortality rate of
chicken and increased
production of egg and
meat of chicken.
Adoption of bio-security
be built in each poultry lighting system, will get training
village. antibiotic alternate on management of
Farmers will earn more f e e d i n g , chicken rearing
money from chicken management, health model.
rearing through care and production
increased production of rate.
meat and egg.
Three days training for
50 farmers especially
women from 5 villages
will get training on
chicken rearing and
primary veterinary
treatment and
vaccination and also
conduct awareness
building activities for
disease prevention.
Supplementary feeding,
6 ChanJu Yu ․Rakibul Hassan․DongHeon Jang

measures to combat the m a n a g e m e n t

incidence of diseases. interventions and
regular vaccination will
reduce mortality and
will boost up egg and
meat production rate of
chicken.

Activities
1. Training of village farmers on lighting system, management, alternate antibiotic feeding in
poultry.
2. Construction of chicken shed at village farmer’s area.
3. Using lighting system and antibiotic alternatives for rural poultry farmers in Bangladesh.
4. Strengthening of poultry research system of Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute.
5. Validation of lighting system and antibiotic alternatives under village farmer’s condition.
SOURCE : KOICA Report(2017)

2. Selection of project area

1) Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute

The Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute(BLRI) is an autonomous organization
under the Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Government of the People’s Republic of
Bangladesh. Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute was established in 1984 by a
presidential ordinance no. 28 with the aim of identify livestock and poultry production
constraints at the national and farm level; solve those problems through multi and
inter-disciplinary and inter-institutional research in the country. The present campus of
the Institute spread over an area of about 500 acres covered with greeneries, terrains
and waterways and located about 30 kilometer north-west from Dhaka city. BLRI has
various research divisions such as Poultry Production, Animal Production, Animal
Health, Goat and Sheep Production, Animal Biotechnology and Training planning and
technology testing. BLRI also has taken a lot of research and development initiatives
based on the vision 2021. BLRI also aim to become a world class research Institute with
the vision of being a research hub through national and international collaborative
research work that creates new technologies required for the development of the nation
and meet the challenges of the millennium. Therefore, BLRI and Jeonbuk National
University signed a MOU(memorandum of understanding) in 2014 with a view to
 7
An Analysis on the impact of KOCIA Project on Smallholder village Poultry farmer: A case of
Bangladesh

execute joint research program, seminar and or workshop, publication of the research
findings, arrangement of the training program, exchange of Masters and PhD students
etc. In 2015, BLRI & JBNU jointly submit a joint project proposal to train the small
holder village people on broiler rearing, development of natural growth promoter for
chicken to replace the antibiotics in Bangladesh and adaptation of LED lighting system
to enhance the performance and reduce the electric cost for broiler production.

<Figure 1> Locations of the three project villages

2) Selection of the smallholder poultry farmers

To conduct KOICA Research program, we surveyed and selected 3 villages. The first
village name is Aragao, Ashulia and it is located around 4-5 kilometers from BLRI.
Second village is Pandhua, Savar is located 3-4 kilometer far from BLRI and third
village is Sithi, Dhamrai and is located 25 kilometer from BLRI. According to the
8 ChanJu Yu ․Rakibul Hassan․DongHeon Jang

KOICA questionnaire, we have selected 20 smallholder broiler farmers in each village.

These three villages has selected on the basis of their interest on broiler farming,
education level, poultry rearing experience, land availability, social acceptance and
gender of the farmer. To ensure women’s participation, we have selected 40% women
farmers. In addition, this is the poultry rearing zone of this area. Finally, farmers were
selected two villages near to BLRI. The reason is that the researchers of the research
institute may support the field more easily. During the project work research team of
BLRI and two Korean experts intensely managed from beginning to end of the project.
The first village is Aragao with the population of 2,500-2,600 residents. Main items
of production are chicken, milk cow, goat, vegetable, rice and others. The joint facilities
have outstanding road, electricity, purchase of chicks and farming feed and others, and
it is equipped with market and others that may sell poultry equipment, poultry and
poultry products.

<Figure 2> View of the village is Aragao

The second village is Pandhua Village with the population of 2,500-2,600. Main items
of production are chicken, milk cow, vegetable, rice and others. The joint facilities have
outstanding road, electricity, chick, feed, internet and others, and there is a market that
may sell poultry equipment, poultry and poultry products in the nearby area.
 9
An Analysis on the impact of KOCIA Project on Smallholder village Poultry farmer: A case of
Bangladesh

<Figure 3> View of the village is Pandhua

3. Training to the farmer

Training is one of the most important factors for successful broiler farming. The
education of poultry farms was conducted three times in April, June and August 2018,
and the education site was conducted at the BLRI. A training programme at two
different locations among 20 farmers were arranged covering, way to keep hygienically
operating poultry and poultry products; benefits of proper uses of drugs and additives;
disadvantage of excessive drug in poultry and ultimate adverse effects of indiscriminate
drug use on human health. More specifically, BLRI researcher was trained to the village
farmer to teach about housing and management of broiler farming, boisecurity, ration
formulation, antibiotic feed broiler production, lighting(light color and intensity), and
vaccination and disease control of chicken. Twenty farmers were attended in this
consecutive three training program.

4. Impact assessment through survey method

In each village the selected farmers were invited to the BLRI compound to have brief
explanation on the planned evaluation and scheduling the time of visiting their
households for field assessment. In each village, 10 farmers were selected from the
village involved in the assessment study. Another 10 farmers were considered with no
training program. To know the impact of practicing improved feeding and management
techniques through this project, a face to face interview method was applied following
10 ChanJu Yu ․Rakibul Hassan․DongHeon Jang

pretested well-structured questionnaires for this survey. The questions were based on
general knowledge on chicken, chicken management, health, welfare and biosecurity
issues. Any answer if not enlisted or taken into consideration as per questionnaire
requisite, during the time of rechecking the investigator went to the farm area and
collect the data for minimizing the error.

Ⅲ. Results and discussion

The knowledge and practical skills on broiler farming to smallholder broiler farmers
and the impact of KOICA project were assessed(Table 2). In this case, farmers could
understand the idea of ration formulation, LED lighting system, improved feeding and
management practices, chicken vaccination and disease diagnosis as compared to
untrained farmers. The overall better performance of the smallholder farmers with
training clearly indicates a positive impact of the project to the farmer. With training
and demonstration of improved feeding and management techniques, this assessment
finds a change in the level of knowledge of the farmers about poultry management.
Practically it was also observed a positive difference between trained and not trained
farmers on poultry. Majority of trained farmers rear broiler chicken using improved
feeding and management techniques. However, there were some observable differences
in the frequency of application of better management tools in the households of trained
farmers as compared to the ones not trained. Feed formulation, shed management,
biosecurity, housing, cleanliness, disease diagnosis were observed to be done more
carefully in households of trained farmers as compared to the households of the ones
not trained.
This study found that implementation of this project has a positive impact on
upgrading their knowledge on poultry management. The study exhibits that imparting
knowledge to the selected smallholder farmer can act as a media of transferring poultry
rearing skills to the society. From the findings of the study it is worthy to predict
improvement in the productivity of broiler chicken in the individuals and communities
under coverage of the program.
An Analysis on the impact of KOCIA Project on Smallholder village Poultry farmer: A case of 11
Bangladesh

<Table 2> Impact of training on the broiler faming of smallholder farmers

Topics Before training After training
Site selection and farm planning Traditional Knowledge Clear knowledge
Shed preparation Traditional Knowledge Clear knowledge
Housing and management of poultry farm Traditional Knowledge Clear knowledge
Feed formulation No practical knowledge Practically learned
Disinfection of poultry farm Incomplete knowledge Clear knowledge
Shed management (Temperature,
Incomplete knowledge Clear knowledge
humidity, airflow, ventilation)
Debaking of chicken No practical knowledge Practically learned
Feed formulation No practical knowledge Practically learned
Vaccination of chicken No practical knowledge Practically learned
Antibiotic alternative for chicken
Incomplete knowledge Clear knowledge
production
LED lighting (light color, intensity, and
No knowledge Clear knowledge
lighting period)
Biosecurity of poultry farm Traditional Knowledge Clear knowledge
Probiotics, prebiotics (single, double and
Incomplete knowledge Clear knowledge
multi-strain) in poultry feed
Stress management (hot and cold weather)
Traditional Knowledge Clear knowledge
of poultry farm
Poultry diseases and diagnosis Incomplete knowledge Practically learned

The mean carcass traits of the experimental chicken reared by the farmer using
conventional and improved management system are presented in Table 3. Carcass
characteristics were not significantly influenced by the inoculation of probiotic in the
diet and LED lighting in the poultry farm. Though the dressing percentage was non
significantly different among the treatments, but numerically higher percentage was
found with addition of probiotic in the diet and LED light using farmers. On the other
hand, carcass characteristics(breast, thigh, drumstick, wings, giblet, fat pad, spleen,
shank and bursa weight percentage were not influenced due to differences of feeding
and management techniques. The results showed that meat pH and CIE(a* redness) were
significantly increased by the probiotic and LED light using group. However, cooking
loss, CIE(L*lightness and b*yellowness) were not influenced by using feeding and
12 ChanJu Yu ․Rakibul Hassan․DongHeon Jang

management techniques.

<Table 3> Impact of antibiotic free broiler production under smallholder farmer’s
condition on carcass and meat quality of chicken
Conventional Improved
Parameter SEM P value
rearing management
Carcass characteristics
Body weight (g) 2041.61 2051.22 17.48 0.124
Carcass weight (g) 1431.69 1503.54 13.59 0.587
Dressing % 70.10 73.30 2.43 0.038
Breast meat (%) 23.86 23.30 0.91 0.249
Thigh meat (%) 19.26 20.25 0.87 0.247
Drumstick (%) 12.56 13.22 0.69 0.359
Wings (%) 12.26 12.56 0.64 0.289
Liver (%) 2.36 2.41 0.16 0.817
Heart (%) 0.52 0.64 0.03 0.598
Fat pad (%) 2.80 2.41 0.17 0.378
Gizzard (%) 2.46 2.11 0.15 0.591
Spleen (%) 0.11 0.16 0.01 0.428
Shank (%) 5.06 5.69 0.38 0.241
Bursa (%) 0.08 0.11 0.004 0.127
Meat quality
Cooking loss (%) 12.01 11.26 0.58 0.421
Meat L* 48.83 49.53 0.520 0.663
a* 1.64c 3.53a 0.197 0.003
color b* 6.95 7.40 0.305 0.565
pH 5.69b 6.09a 0.013 0.030
SEM, Standard error of mean; abcvalues in a row with no common superscript differ
significantly

Cost benefit analysis of the present study was presented in Table 3. The total fixed
cost(i.e shed, cage. Farming goods, electrical goods, bank interest, miscellaneous) per
batch of broiler was varied from BDT 6095.14 to BDT 6207.68. The total variable
cost(labor cost, feed cost, medicine cost etc) was between BDT 197694.36 and BDT
208726.43. Thus, the total cost per 1000 broiler was within the range of BDT 203789.14
to BDT 214934. Similarly, the gross returns were between BDT 252580.02 and BDT
256373.05. However, after implementation of the project significantly higher gross
returns, return over variable cost and input-output ratio or BCR were found by the
beneficiaries farmers(selected) in compare to traditional farmer(non selected) of that
villages. This income has a positive effect on the livelihood impact of the beneficiaries
An Analysis on the impact of KOCIA Project on Smallholder village Poultry farmer: A case of13
Bangladesh

in terms of improving the household diet, improving the housing conditions of the
family, household assets and educational expenditures of the children(Sonaiya, 2007).
Findings from the survey indicate that some of the poorer beneficiaries who nevertheless
managed to qualify for project participation did in several instances graduate out of
poverty after which they reduce investment in poultry farming.

<Table 4> Impact of project on economic returns of smallholder farmers

Before implementation After implementation of
Parameter SEM P value
of the project the project
Variable cost 208726.43 197694.36 225.63 NS
Fixed cost 6207.68 6095.14 45.23 NS
Total cost 214934.11 203789.14 59.23 *
Gross returns 256373.05 252580.02 231.23 *
Net returns 41438.94 48790.8 53.29 *
Return over variable
47647.94 54885.66 54.23 *
cost
Input-output ratio 1.30 1.36 0.12 *
Share of fixed cost
0.04 0.04 0.01 NS
in Input output ratio
Share of variable
cost in Input output 1.26 1.32 0.09 NS
ratio

Ⅳ. Conclusion and Recommendations

This study analyzed the performance evaluation of the Korea International
Cooperation Agency(KOICA) project for broiler farms in Bangladesh.For broiler farms,
the production of broilers without antibiotics was studied through the LED Lightning
System and probiotic in diet. This study is meaningful in that it provides policy
implications for the income improvement of Bangladeshi farmers and evaluates the
feasibility of agricultural development through a survey.
Based on the collected information and data analysis some recommendations for better
project management are. Based on the present results, it may be concluded that dietary
14 ChanJu Yu ․Rakibul Hassan․DongHeon Jang

addition of probiotics long with LED lighting system may be an alternative way to
produce safe broiler meat production in Bangladesh. Safe broiler meat production can
be an excellent source of low cost and high quality products. This program helps to
develop and monitoring and providing technical support in selected areas leads to rear
chicken without antibiotics in feed and water and increase farmer’s income and
reducing poverty improve livelihood accordingly.
This study found that implementation of this project has a positive impact on
upgrading their knowledge on poultry management. The study exhibits that imparting
knowledge to the selected smallholder farmer can act as a media of transferring poultry
rearing skills to the society. From the findings of the study it is worthy to predict
improvement in the productivity of broiler chicken in the individuals and communities
under coverage of the program. Biosecurity plan should be developed and practiced
before an outbreak occurs, not as a reaction of outbreak.
The study establishes that community oriented projects can have significant impact in
boosting productivity in village poultry keeping. A further, wider supplementation study
is required to understand the performance, immune system, variation in the intestinal
microbial counts, and any other possible alteration in the intestinal biota of the
broilers(Nosrati et al., 2017). Further long term program is needed to replicate this
success stories to other location of the country. Therefore, KOICA should begin a long
term program of more formalized application of safe broiler meat production techniques
under the smallholder village farmers in Bangladesh. Improved smallholder poultry
production has proven itself as a viable and manageable way for poor women to
enhance household incomes, to develop their social status. Poultry rearing may
successfully be combined with general awareness raising programmes for women.
In Bangladesh, a lot of small scale farmers are uneducated or non-trained. Farmers
are not aware about antibiotic uses and its residual impact on human health. Short
duration, limited smallholder farmers were selected to implement this project. Limited
fund allocation, variation of rules and regulation between the countries and donor
agencies are also an important limitation of this project. Therefore, it is judged that there
is a need for a projector that can overcome these limitations in the future.
 15
An Analysis on the impact of KOCIA Project on Smallholder village Poultry farmer: A case of
Bangladesh

[ 원고접수일 : 2020. 00. 00 ; 1차 수정일 : 2020. 00. 00 ; 최종원고접수일 : 2020. 00. 00]

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