Unit 2 Lesson 4:

Perform Mensuration and Calculation (MC)

Table of Contents

Introduction 2

Learning Targets 3

Boot Up 3

Learn about It! 4

Identifying Appropriate Measuring Instrument in Illustration 4
Identifying Correct Specifications for Measuring Instruments 8
Other Measuring Techniques 10
Mensuration and Calculation 14
Solving Mathematical Problems with PEMDAS 15

Check Up 17

Plug and Play 18

Big Idea 19

Wrap Up 20

Bibliography 20

Glossary 21

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GRADE 7/8

Perform Mensuration and

Calculation (MC)

Introduction

As a future illustrator, you will be introduced to the appropriate drawing tools and materials in
accordance with illustration requirements. Also, in this lesson, you will be provided with an
overview of the procedures you need to follow to ​perform basic calculations for measurement
and drawing.

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 Learning Targets

In this lesson, you should be able to:

● identify instruments used in Illustration;

● select appropriate measuring tools based on job
requirements; and
● perform mensuration and calculation through
four mathematical fundamental operations
(addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division).

Boot Up

Let’s Measure and Draw!

Review the previous lesson on drawing tools

then prepare the necessary drawing materials
and draw the following object. Try to make your
own measurements and illustration for the
figure.

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 Learn about It!

Identifying Appropriate Measuring Instrument in Illustration

The appropriate measuring instrument depends on the task and the parts to be measured,
and we must consider the following factors:

1. Size of parts to be measured

Determine the length of the object to be measured; for example, how long the object is,
how tall, or how far apart in terms of distance. Use the appropriate measuring device
based on the size of the object to be measured.

2. Skills of the operator

The operator must have the knowledge and skill in using the measuring instruments in
carrying out tasks. Without such, this may result to damage to the instrument and to
the object being measured, or might cause harm to the operator.

3. Cost of equipment

Consider the quality of the brand of the measuring instrument. Evaluate the cost of the
measuring instrument by associating its function and its maintenance.

There are various tools that are used for illustrations and design. They may be used for
measurement and layout for drawings, some of them are the following:

Types and their uses

Ruler​ - for measuring a straight line, for drawing, or cutting.

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T-Square​ - for drawing horizontal lines.

Scale Ruler​ - primarily for drawing architectural, structural, and mechanical details.
Represents large objects at a reduced scale.

Triangle Rulers​ - used to draw vertical lines and different angles.

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Compass​ - for small circles and arcs; with adaptor or ink attachment.

French Curve -​ for irregular curves in contour lines.

Protractor​ - to measure angles that can be either circular or semicircular.

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 Templates​- for circles, ellipses, lettering, flowcharting, mechanical, and much more.

Importance of Measuring Instruments

In using measuring instruments, we have two goals—accuracy and precision. To reduce some
errors, we need to take multiple measurements to increase the accuracy. Other significance
are as follows:

● Without measurement systems, it will be difficult for us to conduct experiments and

form scientific theories.
● Bad equipment or human error can lead to inaccurate results.
● For instance, in a mass production process, e​veryone must be consistent in using the
same terminologies about the measuring instruments to create a harmonious style of
the final output.

​ ​ ry It!
T

Directions: Using your measuring instruments, make an illustration with the following
descriptions:

1. Draw 5 vertical lines using the ruler (3 inches long).

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 2. Draw 3 horizontal lines using the ruler (10 centimeters long).
3. Draw angles using the triangle in 30 degrees, 45 degrees and 90 degrees.
4. Draw 2 circles, 2 concentric circles and 2 half circles using the compass.

Identifying Correct Specifications for Measuring Instruments

The process of selecting measuring instruments is one of the most important things to
consider in illustration. When selecting a measuring instrument, it is important to consider the
size, character, and value of the object to be measured, and the qualities of the instruments
which are described in the following:

● Amplification
This is also called magnification or the ratio of the input/output dimension of the
measuring instrument. This serves as ​an indicator to measure small measurements
accurately.

● Calibration
Calibration is the process of adjusting a measuring instrument to its standard
measurement. ​ T​ here are two different techniques of calibration:
● special purpose - high rate of accuracy is desired
● routinary - calibration may be checked with regular intervals or as specified
in the manufacturer’s guide.

● Stability
You can use a monitor chart to test stability of the measuring instruments then
record its capability to maintain its calibration over time until you obtain
consistent results.

Most of measuring instruments manufacturers supply ​specifications that define their

equipment. Some of the specifications are the following:

Accuracy
● it is the amount of uncertainty with respect to standard measurement, and ​it is the true
magnitude of the measured dimension. ​Suppose you weigh a metal and noted 5

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 kilograms but the known value is 5.1kilograms then your measurement is not accurate.

● DACs or Digital to Analog converters are subject to gain and offset errors and is subject
for calibration, the error might be given as +/- 1.0 as illustrated below:

Input Range of Readings

0 -1 to +1

5 4.994 to 5.006 (±6 )

10 9.989 to 10.011 (±11)

***The range of readings indicates the margin of error depending on the input.
conditions​: input 0-10, Accuracy = ±(0.1% of input + 1)

Precision

● It describes the consistency of the measurement or ​the degree of reliability standard of

a measuring instrument​. For instance, you weigh a kilo of rice 5 times in a row and the
weighing scale displays the same weight each time.
● To determine if a value is precise, find the average of your data, then subtract each
measurement, this statistical method is called ​standard deviation​. It indicates how
much an average differs from the measurements. If the standard deviation result is
low it means that the precision is high.

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Resolution

● It is the process of separating a measurement into

parts a ​ nd it is the ​smallest magnitude​ from the
measured value that can be distinguished by an
instrument.
● For example, in choosing a television (TV), the more
pixels a screen has, the better resolutions you get.
● The resolution in this case is 1 millimetre scale.
(12-inch standard ruler)

Sensitivity

● It can be defined as the smallest amount of change that

can be detected by a measuring instrument.
● For example, a measuring tape will have a resolution or
smallest unit of measurement but sensitivity is not
applicable because it is t​he smallest difference detection
in a dimension that an instrument can distinguish.
● In a centimeter ruler, measurements are in hundredths;
and
● Millimeters are in tenths.

Other Measuring Techniques

Copying

● For beginners, copying the exact matter of the drawing is one of the best methods to
start measuring without any instrument.
● Copying also gives training to the eye to correct mistakes in the estimates of lengths.

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Eye Measurements with Rule of Thirds

In order to practice measuring by eye, try these steps:

● By just looking to an object, imagine three vertical lines.

● Draw another line and divide it into thirds horizontally.
● Measure the length of each segment after you divided it by the eye.
● Practice this until you come close to the particular part of an object.

Examples:

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Proportion

A proportion is an equation with a ratio on each side. It states that two ratios are equal: 1/2 =
4/8 is an example of a proportion. Also described as a part, share, or number in comparative
relation to a whole that can be written in two ways:

two equal fractions,

a​ = c
​
b d

or using a colon, ​ a:b = c:d

This simply states that two ratios are equal.

In Math:

2​ = 4
​
3 6

● Eye measurement also requires proper proportion.

● To draw relative proportions, draw an ordinary object as a standard measure.
● Then draw more objects of different shapes and sizes.
● Draw two objects of different sizes together and in relative proportion, such as a box
with an apple on top.
● Do this exercise repeatedly then add different third objects until you memorize their
proportions.

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Measuring through a Pencil

● Choose how far away from your subject you will stand.
● Mark the length, width or height of the object with your thumb on the pencil.
● Transfer this measurement to the drawing.
● When drawing a house, put your thumb on the pencil at the point where you can trace
the length of the house. Use this measure then transfer on the paper same with the
width of the house.
● Do this as a standard for other relative measurements.

Scale Of Drawings

● In copying pictures from print magazines and books, we usually copy it as is. But the
scale of the drawing might be too small or too large from the original. To practice
measurement and proportion skills, we need to vary the scale of drawings by repeating
the same drawing at different sizes.

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Mensuration and Calculation

Mensuration deals with length, area, and volume of different kinds of shape-- both 2D and 3D.
Before we move ahead to the list of important mensuration formulas, we need to discuss
some important terms that constitute these mensuration formulas.

● Area​ (A) ​– it is the surface occupied by a given closed shape.

● Perimeter​ (P)​ – is the length of the boundary of a figure.
● Volume​ (V)​ – is the space contained in a three-dimensional shape.

Mensuration Formulas

Mensuration is the branch of mathematics which deals with the study of Geometric shapes,
their area, volume, and related parameters. It plays a big part in real-world applications in
illustration industry. So moving ahead to mensuration, these are some of the commonly used
formulas for 2D and 3D shapes.

Square:
Area = a​2 sq.
​
units
Perimeter = 4a units

Rectangle:
Area = l x sq. units
Perimeter = 2(l+b) units

Cube:
Volume: a​3

Triangle:
Area = √3a​2 /4
​
sq. units
Perimeter = 3a units (a = side of the triangle)

Circle:
Diameter = 2r units

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Area = r​2​ sq. units
Circumference = 2 r units

Cylinder:
Volume= r​2​h

Solving Mathematical Problems with PEMDAS

PEMDAS tells you how to calculate first until the calculation is complete; the particular order is
represented by these mathematical operations: P ​ ​– parentheses; E
​ ​– exponents; M
​ ​–
multiplication; ​D​ – division; A
​ ​ – addition; S
​ –​ subtraction.

● The order of operations is the standard sequence in which you must perform
operations in an expression that has more than one. PEMDAS tells you the order in
which you must complete the operations.
● Your answer will be incorrect if you calculate an expression without using the order of
operations of PEMDAS.
● Multiplication and division are inverses; same thing goes for addition and subtraction.

To solve an arithmetic problem, follow these steps:

3 + [6(11+1-4)] ÷ 8×2
1. simplify any operations inside parentheses;
3+[6(8)]÷8×2
3+48÷8×2
2. then multiplication and/or division and;
3. finally addition and/or subtraction.
3+12
15

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 ● Here’s another example to solve fractions in the parenthesis is this:

(24 ÷ 2) - 2 2 + 2 × 1

1. exponents
12 - 2​2​ + 2 × 1
2. multiplication
3. division
12 - 4 + 2

4. addition and
5. subtraction
8+2
6. Final Answer : ​10
(24 ÷ 2) - 2 2 + 2 × 1
12 - 2​2​ + 2 × 1
12 - 4 + 2
8+2
10
Note:​ Parentheses are not operations, they are about grouping and not by order because
they are containers for operations.

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 Check Up

I. Draw the figure below and form a square between two circles using your
protractor. Scale your drawing into a radius of 2 inches.

II. Name at least 5 measuring equipment used in illustration and give their
functions/uses:

Measuring Tools Uses

1.

2.

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3.

4.

5.

III. Answer the following questions:

1. We learned that ​mensuration deals with length, area, and volume of different kinds of
shapes. Write the formula for the following:
a. area of a triangle
b. diameter of a circle
c. perimeter of a rectangle

2. What is the circumference of a circle if the radius is 5? Show your solution.

3. What is the perimeter of a rectangle if the length is 30 inches and the width is 10 inches?
Show your solution.

4. What is the area of a circle if the radius is 8? Show your solution.

5. Solve the following equation using PEMDAS method:

-2 × (-3 × 2)​2​ – (-2)​2

Plug and Play

The True Measure of a Leader

You were assigned by your teacher as an illustrator in the journalism club. Your task is to
make creative drawings for the school newspaper. Your skill will be evaluated based on the

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following rubric:

Theme Poor Fair Excellent

Eye catching imagery No clear theme The theme is The theme is clear
somewhat clear and appropriate

Composition Poor Fair Excellent

Effort, layout and
design Confusing Some direction but Direct and
quite confusing understandable

Use of Illustrator Poor Fair Excellent

shows vector quality
artwork No effort in using the No improvement Improved the original
tool from the original design
design

Big Idea

“Measurement leads us to control and improve our abilities. You cannot measure if you don’t
understand it. If you can't control it, you can't improve it.”

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 Wrap Up

● Identifying correct specifications for measuring instrument is very important.

● There are alternative ways to measure objects.
● Use PEMDAS method in solving arithmetic equations.

Bibliography

“TLE Learning Module.” Accessed December 1, 2018.

https://gltnhs-tle.weebly.com/lesson-34.html

“Competency-Based Curriculum NC II – Illustration Module.” Accessed December 1, 2018.

http://www.depedbataan.com/resources/37/ict_-_illustration_curriculum_guides_for_grades_7
_to_10.pdf

“General Characteristics for Selection of Measuring Instruments.” Accessed December 1, 2018.

https://me-mechanicalengineering.com/characteristics-selection-measuring-instruments/

“Drawing Tools - What are the drawing pencils and other tools of drafting.” Accessed
December 3, 2018.

http://www.historyofpencils.com/drawing-tools/

“How to Draw Geometric Shapes.” Accessed December 3, 2018.

https://sciencing.com/draw-geometric-shapes-2358309.html

“How to Measure Subjects & Models for Proportional Portraits and Other Art Work.” Accessed
December 3, 2018.
https://www.drawinghowtodraw.com/drawing-lessons/improve-drawing/measure-measuring-
proportions.html

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“Mensuration I- Introduction to Mensuration with a list of Mensuration Formulas.” Accessed
December 3, 2018.

https://www.talentsprint.com/blog/2017/04/mensuration-formulas-introduction-to-mensurati
on.html

“The Problems with PEMDAS (and a solution).” Accessed December 3, 2018.

http://mathforgrownups.com/the-problems-with-pemdas-and-a-solution

Glossary

Mensuration​ is a topic in Geometry which is a branch of mathematics.

Specification i​ s​ i​ dentifying something precisely.
Geometric shapes ​are​ t​ he descriptions of a geometric object.
Stability​ is the capability of the instruments to maintain its calibration over time.
Resolution ​is​ t​ he smallest dimension that can be read on an instrument.

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