Multiple Choice Questions

1. In the early years of modern social anthropology, where did anthropologists present their key findings?
A. In academic journals
B. To the general public
C. To Section H of the British Association for the Advancement of Science
D. At international conferences
Answer: C. To Section H of the British Association for the Advancement of Science

2. According to Williams, the term 'culture' was:

A. One of the simplest words in English
B. Seldom used in the English language
C. One of the most complicated words in English
D. A new term in English
Answer: C. One of the most complicated words in English

3. By the 1970s, in British anthropology, how was 'culture' viewed?

A. Central to the discipline
B. Confined to certain subfields
C. Nearly disappeared from view
D. Predominantly studied by cultural studies
Answer: C. Nearly disappeared from view

4. Kroeber and Kluckhohn identified how many definitions of 'culture'?

A. 84
B. 164
C. 185
D. 204
Answer: B. 164

5. The Bruntland Report was primarily about:

A. Culture
B. Environment and development
C. Anthropological methodologies
D. Evolution of societies
Answer: B. Environment and development

6. 'Our Creative Diversity' report by UNESCO was intended to:

A. Contest the Bruntland Report's findings
B. Analyze different cultures around the world
C. Do for 'culture' what the Bruntland Report did for the environment and development
D. Establish new guidelines for anthropological research
Answer: C. Do for 'culture' what the Bruntland Report did for the environment and development
 7. In the text, 'culture', in an anthropological sense, was used:
A. With extensive explanation
B. Only in relation to past societies
C. Without further exploration or clarification
D. Primarily by non-anthropologists
Answer: C. Without further exploration or clarification

8. Which field was NOT examined in the paper concerning the concept of 'culture'?
A. Nationalism and British right-wing politics
B. Organizational management
C. Overseas development
D. Healthcare systems
Answer: D. Healthcare systems

9. The paper suggests that when 'culture' is used as a political tool:

A. It's always beneficial to society
B. It is always with anthropologists' direct involvement
C. It has no significant implications
D. Anthropology can be implicated in the politicization of 'culture'
Answer: D. Anthropology can be implicated in the politicization of 'culture'

10. Anthropologists announced their most significant findings to:

A. Section A of the British Association for the Advancement of Science
B. Section H of the British Association for the Advancement of Science
C. UNESCO
D. An internal committee

Answer: B. Section H of the British Association for the Advancement of Science

True or False Questions

1. In the early years of modern social anthropology, anthropologists frequently announced their findings in
international conferences.
Answer: False

 Explanation: Williams actually stated that 'culture' was one of the two or three most complicated
words in the English language.

2. Williams claimed that 'culture' is one of the simplest words in the English language.
Answer: False

 Explanation: Kroeber and Kluckhohn identified 164 definitions of 'culture' in their review.

3. By the 1990s, the concept of 'culture' had regained importance in British anthropology.
Answer: True

4. Kroeber and Kluckhohn identified over 200 definitions of 'culture'.

Answer: False
 Explanation: Kroeber and Kluckhohn identified 164 definitions of 'culture' in their review.
 5. The Bruntland Report primarily focused on the anthropological study of cultures.
Answer: False

 Explanation: The Bruntland Report was focused on the environment and development. It was the
"Our Creative Diversity" report by UNESCO that was intended to address culture similarly to how
the Bruntland Report addressed environment and development.

6. The 'Our Creative Diversity' report by UNESCO was overshadowed by the Bruntland Report.
Answer: True

7. The term 'culture', in an anthropological sense, was often used with comprehensive explanations.
Answer: False

 Explanation: The text highlights that 'culture', in an anthropological sense, was used in a manner
that closed off further exploration by claiming a single, self-evident meaning.

8. The text mentions that organizational management uses 'culture' as a tool of top-down management
control.
Answer: True

9. The Bruntland Report aimed to highlight the importance of culture in overseas development.
Answer: False

 Explanation: The Bruntland Report focused on the environment and development. The "Our
Creative Diversity" report by UNESCO, on the other hand, was meant to address culture in the
context of world ethics and development policy.

10. The paper suggests that anthropologists always actively participate when 'culture' is used as a political
tool.
Answer: False

 Explanation: The paper suggests that anthropologists can be implicated in the politicization of
'culture', but it doesn't state that they always actively participate in its use as a political tool.

OLD CULTURE
True or False Questions:
1. Tylor's notion of culture from 1871 defined it as the complex whole of a group's way of life.
Answer: True

2. Tylor believed that each culture represented different stages in the progression towards European
rationality.
Answer: True
3. By the 1970s, the idea of each "people" having a unique "culture" was widely celebrated and continued to
be seen as radical.

Answer: False
 Explanation: By the 1970s, the idea of each "people" having a "culture" was viewed as
having been a key component of colonialism.
4. The 1970s saw a significant criticism of anthropologists for viewing societies as unchanging and self-
contained.
Answer: True

5. Asad believed that anthropologists should focus on the unique 'authentic culture' of societies.
Answer: False

 Explanation: Asad criticized this approach, arguing that anthropologists had mistakenly
endorsed historically specific dominant ideologies or discourses.
6. British anthropologists in the past were often criticized for treating 'culture' as shared by a whole
population of homogeneous individuals.
Answer: True

7. New approaches to 'culture' have completely replaced the old ideas in public parlance.
Answer: False

 Explanation: The 'old ideas of culture' are still in widespread use in public parlance.

8. The main features of the "old idea of culture" include a notion of cultures as large-scale entities that are
constantly changing.
Answer: False

 Explanation: The old idea of culture often viewed them as small-scale, bounded, and
unchanging entities.
9. Asad proposed that 'essential meanings' in a culture were universally shared and timeless.
Answer: False

 Explanation: Asad suggested these 'essential meanings' were historically specific

dominant ideologies or authoritative discourses.
10. Boas believed in racial determinism as the key aspect of culture.
Answer: False
 Explanation: Boas criticized racial determinism and stressed the particularity of each
culture.

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. Who defined culture as "that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom,
and other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society"?
a) Boas
 b) Malinowski
c) Tylor
d) Asad

2. By the 1970s, the idea of "a people" having "a culture" was viewed as:
a) A crucial element of colonialism
b) A radical and progressive idea
c) A minor concept in anthropology
d) A representation of modern societies

3. Which anthropologist stressed the particularity of each culture as a response to environmental and
historical factors, criticizing racial determinism?
a) Boas
b) Tylor
c) Malinowski
d) Asad

4. What was the major critique against British anthropologists concerning the concept of culture in the
1970s?
a) They embraced racial determinism
b) They disregarded the influence of colonialism
c) They integrated modern societal values too much
d) They viewed cultures as small-scale, bounded, and unchanging entities

5. Asad argued that anthropologists mistakenly endorsed:

a) Historically specific dominant ideologies or authoritative discourses as 'authentic culture'
b) The constant evolution and transformation of societies
c) A universal definition of culture
d) The blending of multiple cultures into a unified whole

6. In the early 20th century, the anthropological concept of 'culture' was perceived as:
a) Outdated
b) Radical
c) Widely accepted without critique
d) Irrelevant to societal progress

7. Which report was intended to emphasize the importance of culture in overseas development?
a) The Tylor Review
b) The Boas Report
c) The Asad Analysis
d) "Our Creative Diversity" by UNESCO

8. Which feature is NOT associated with the "old idea of culture"?

a) Bounded, small-scale entity
b) Static and unchanging nature
c) Constant evolution and adaptability
d) Homogeneous individuals sharing the same values

9. The notion that cultures were distinct, rational, and legitimate ways of life that should be valued was
primarily championed by:
a) Boas
b) Tylor
c) Malinowski and his students
 d) Asad

10. The "old idea of culture" views individuals within a culture as:
a) Identical and homogeneous
b) Diverse and individualistic
c) Constantly evolving with external influences
d) Independent of their societal norms and customs

NEW CULTURE

multiple Choice Questions:

1. Asad referred to the changing political and economic conditions brought about by all of the following
EXCEPT:
a) International integration of financial systems
b) Global communication networks
c) The creation of new languages
d) The end of European colonialism
2. The idea of cultural identities being dynamic and constructed in particular situations is presented by:
a) Tylor
b) Hall
c) Asad
d) Reinhold
3. Which term describes the moment when an ideology appears natural and taken for granted?
a) Dominant
b) Prevalent
c) Common
d) Hegemonic
4. Merry's study of 18th and 19th century Hawaii found that the region was best described as:
a) A closed community
b) A remote island
c) A contact zone
d) An isolated cultural entity
5. In the process of ideological struggle in 1980s Britain, the term that was debated and redefined
concerning the state's attitude to homosexuality was:
a) Demonized
b) Promoting
c) Authenticity
d) Britishness
6. According to the text, what has replaced the "old idea of culture" as a bounded entity?
a) An absolute definition of culture
b) A rigid framework for understanding societies
c) A dynamic process of meaning-making and contestation
d) A disregard for historical and traditional values
7. Who among the following anthropologists pointed out that ideologies, when hegemonic, appear
coherent and consensual, trying to present as an object beyond human agency?
a) Comaroff and Comaroff
b) Tylor
c) Asad
d) Martin
8. The term "flexible" began to gain prominence first in the realm of:
 a) Employment
b) Immunology
c) Mental health
d) Education
9. The concept that cultures are not naturally bounded entities but are fluid and constructed in specific
situations primarily resonates with:
a) Post-structural and feminist anthropology
b) Classical anthropological theories
c) 20th-century colonialist perspectives
d) Modern sociological theories

10. The old idea of culture presents cultures as:

a) Continuously evolving and adapting
b) Static, unchanging, and authentic entities
c) A result of economic fluctuations
d) Unrelated to human agency

11. According to Tylor, culture includes all of the following EXCEPT:

a) Art
b) Custom
c) Genetics
d) Morals
12. Whose approach combined the idea of distinctive cultures with their progression towards European
rationality?
a) Tylor
b) Boas
c) Malinowski
d) Merry
13. Boas challenged which of the following concepts related to culture?
a) Distinctive cultures of nations
b) Social evolutionism
c) Cultures as a self-contained entity
d) Culture as a holistic entity
14. According to critics in the 1970s, the idea of "a people" having "a culture" was seen as:
a) An advanced anthropological concept
b) A crucial element of colonialism
c) The foundation of modern societies
d) A new wave in cultural understanding
15. In the 18th and 19th centuries, Hawaii was populated by people from:
a) Various regions, from Norway to China
b) Mainly European colonizers
c) Only Polynesian natives
d) Asian and North American immigrants

16. The "new idea of culture" sees cultures as:

a) Rigid structures
b) Isolated entities
c) Unchanging concepts
d) Active processes of meaning-making

17. The term 'hegemonic' in cultural context means:

a) Being prevalent in only a few societies
 b) Being so accepted and taken for granted it appears natural
c) Being old-fashioned or out-of-date
d) Being forced upon societies
18. Sue Reinhold's study focused on the ideological struggle in which country during the 1980s?
a) Britain
b) United States
c) France
d) Germany
19. The concept of 'flexible' in relation to employment describes workers who are:
a) Self-managed and self-improving
b) Strictly adhering to a fixed schedule
c) Rigid in their job roles
d) Resistant to new job responsibilities

20. Which term best describes the understanding of culture as diverse, constructed, and evolving entities
affected by various factors?
a) Post-structural
b) Pre-colonial
c) Modernist
d) Traditionalist

True or False Questions (with answers and explanations) on "New Meanings of Culture":
1. Asad highlighted the significance of changing political and economic conditions, including the end of
European colonialism.
Answer: True

2. Cultural identities are static and inherent within specific boundaries.

Answer: False
 Explanation: Cultural identities are dynamic, fluid, and constructed situationally.

3. In the 1970s, Hawaii was an example of an isolated community with a singular culture.
Answer: False
 Explanation: Hawaii was described as a "contact zone" with a myriad of people from different
regions.

4. The term 'flexible' in the context of the immune system has influenced employment descriptions in the
U.S.
Answer: True

5. In its hegemonic form, culture appears as an evolving, changing entity that constantly shifts in definition.
Answer: False
 Explanation: In its hegemonic form, culture appears coherent, systematic, and taken for granted,
almost like an object beyond human agency.

6. 'Culture' as described in the new context is entirely based on anthropological studies from the early 20th
century.
Answer: False
 Explanation: The new concept of culture has evolved and has been influenced by various studies,
challenges, and societal changes since the early perspectives.
7. The term 'culture' in the new context is seen as a contested process of meaning-making and negotiation.
Answer: True

8. Cultural studies in Britain indicate that sites are typically bounded and people usually stick to their local
cultures without external influences.
Answer: False
 Explanation: The studies indicate that sites are not bounded, and people draw from local,
national, and global links.

9. The concept of 'flexible' initially emerged from the domain of employment.

Answer: False
 Explanation: The term 'flexible' first emerged in discussions about the immune system and later
found relevance in the domain of employment.

10. Anthropologists in the past have mistakenly viewed certain dominant ideologies as the authentic
representation of a culture.
Answer: True
Multiple Choice Questions on "Cultural Racism":
1. Who led the New Right movement in Britain?
a) Enoch Powell
b) T.S. Eliot
c) Margaret Thatcher
d) Tebbit

2. The New Right's understanding of "Englishness" was primarily based on:

a) Biological factors
b) Cultural elements
c) Economic status
d) Political affiliations

3. The Tebbit Test related to which sport?

a) Football
b) Tennis
c) Rugby
d) Cricket

4. According to the New Right, defending one's culture was seen as:
a) An unnecessary conflict
b) Legitimate self-defense
c) Promoting international unity
d) An act of isolationism
5. John Patten's open letter to British Muslims emphasized the need to understand:
a) English traditions
b) British political processes and history
c) Islamic values in Britain
d) European politics

6. The term "swamped" by alien cultures was used by:

a) Enoch Powell
b) Tebbit
c) Hall
d) Margaret Thatcher
7. The New Right's interpretation of "race" was based on:
a) Biological inferiority
b) Cultural practices
c) Economic status
d) Loyalty to one's own kin
8. The New Right viewed multiculturalism as:
a) A unifying force
b) Essential for modern Britain
c) Divisive
d) Indifferent

9. The New Right's approach towards the state in economic affairs was to:
a) Encourage private enterprise and markets
 b) Promote state-controlled businesses
c) Limit international trade
d) Dissuade private investments
10. The New Right primarily attacked the multiculturalists and anti-racists for their views on:
a) Literature
b) Sports
c) Education and state institutions
d) Religious freedom

11. In the view of the New Right, who were seen as the "true English"?
a) Everyone holding a British passport
b) Those adhering to the defined cultural norms
c) Only those of a specific race
d) Individuals who were born in England

12. The New Right's policy recommendations for ethnic minorities included all EXCEPT:
a) Assimilation
b) Guest worker status
c) Equal representation
d) Repatriation

13. The New Right's reinterpretation of 'nation' in terms of 'culture' was essentially a move towards:
a) Greater inclusivity
b) Euphemized racism
c) Promoting global unity
d) Neutral stance on race

14. Who stated that Englishness should not be based on looking and behaving exactly like a traditional
Englishman?
a) Enoch Powell
b) Hall
c) Tebbit
d) Margaret Thatcher

15. The New Right's economic stance could best be described as:
a) Socialist
b) Capitalist
c) Communist
d) Protectionist

16. What was the dominant emotion that Margaret Thatcher expressed towards alien cultures?
a) Embrace
b) Indifference
c) Curiosity
d) Threat

17. The Salisbury Review primarily served as a journal for which group?
a) The Left-wing
b) The Centrists
c) The New Right
d) The Socialists

18. The New Right's view on multiculturalism and anti-racism was to:
 a) Support it wholeheartedly
b) View it as a necessary evil
c) Oppose and critique it
d) Stay neutral on the issue

19. The New Right focused on renaming and redefining key concepts such as:
a) Economy, trade, and commerce
b) Art, literature, and music
c) 'Culture', 'nation', 'race', and 'difference'
d) Healthcare, welfare, and public services

20. According to the New Right, which of the following was NOT a core value of Englishness?
a) Family
b) Respect for different opinions
c) Faith
d) Fluency in English