Electronic Supplementary Material for

“The effect of Indian summer monsoon on the seasonal

variation of carbon sequestration by a forest ecosystem

over North-East India”

Pramit Kumar Deb Burman1,2,* , Dipankar Sarma3 , Supriyo

Chakraborty1,2 , Anandakumar Karipot2 , and Atul K. Jain4

1
Centre for Climate Change Research, Indian Institute of Tropical

Meteorology, Pune - 411008, India

2
Department of Atmospheric and Space Sciences, Savitribai Phule Pune

University, Pune - 411007, India

3
Department of Environmental Sciences, Tezpur University, Tezpur -

784028, India
4
Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Illinois at

Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA

*
Corresponding author. e-mail: pramit.cat@tropmet.res.in

1
S1. Horizontal Wind Speed and Direction Horizontal wind speed
(vh in m s−1 ) and direction (φ in ◦ ) were calculated from u and v using the
following two equations,
√
vh = u2 + v 2 . (1)

and
u
φ = tan−1 . (2)
v
S2. Boundary Layer Height Calculation and Flux Footprint Mod-
elling Flux footprint of the KNP flux tower for 2016 was modelled using
the 2D climatological flux footprint prediction (FFP) model by Kljun et al.,
(2015) which is based on the Lagrangian stochastic particle dispersion model
LPDM-B (Kljun et al., 2002). This 2D model requires several input variables
such as measurement height above the displacement height (zm in m), mean
horizontal wind speed at zm (vh in m s−1 ), boundary layer height (h in m),
Obukhov length (L in m), standard deviation of the lateral wind component
(σv in m s−1 ), friction velocity (u∗ in m s−1 ), and horizontal wind direction
(φ in ◦ ). Half-hourly averaged one year long records of all these variables
have been used except zm which was fixed at 20 m during the entire year.
Among these variables u and φ were measured at the site. vh was calculated
every minute from the 1 min record of u and v using (1) and averaged over
30 min to obtain vh . L, σv and u∗ were calculated using EddyPro. Boundary
layer height was not directly measured at the site. As described below it
was estimated separately using two different analytical models during day
and nighttime (Kljun et al., 2015; Prajapati and Santos, 2017). Day and
nighttime were differentiated according to the times when Rg ≥ 20 W m−2
and Rg < 20 W m−2 , respectively (Reichstein et al., 2005).
 According to (Nieuwstadt (1981) h during nighttime can be expressed as,
.
L u∗
h= [−1 + (1 + 2.28 )0.5 ]. (3)
3.8 fL
Here f is the Coriolis parameter. Whereas the time evolution of h during
daytime can be expressed by a slab model proposed by (Batchvarova and
Gryning, 1994). According to this model daytime h can be calculated using,
dh (w0 θ0 )s h h2 Cu2∗ T i−1
= + . (4)
dt γθ (1 + 2A)h − 2BkL γθ g[(1 + A)h − BkL]
Here, k = von karmann constant = 0.4, A = 0.2, B = 2.5 and C = 8.0
(Driedonks, 1982). T, θ and γθ are air temperature (in K), potential tem-
perature (in K) and gradient of potential temperature above the convec-
tive boundary layer (in K m−1 ), respectively. Over bar denotes the time-
averaging. Boundary layer height is quite sensitive to the value of γθ . How-
ever, γθ has a wide latitudinal variation and its measurement is rarely avail-
able. In our work it has been approximated by the adiabatic lapse rate which
is 0.01 K m−1 . An alternate representation of (4) was provided by (Seibert
et al. 2000) as,
dh (1 + 2A)w∗3 + 2Bu3∗
= . (5)
dt γθ gθ h2
Here g is the acceleration due to gravity. A convective velocity scale (w∗ ) is
incorporated in (5). On replacing the values of all the constants (5) can be
expressed in the following integral form,
Z ht Z t
2 (1 + 2A)w∗3 + 2Bu3∗
h dh = dt. (6)
h0 t0 γθ gθ
Following Driedonks [1982] w∗ can be expressed as,
A 3
w∗ = [σw3 − u ]. (7)
CF ∗
CF is a constant whose value is 0.2 [Tennekes, 1973]. With these substitutions
the solution to (6) can be written as,
Z t
ht = h0 + 3 [14.29θσw3 + (500 − 14.29θ)u3∗ ]dt.
3
(8)
0

In the present work, for every day of the study period h0 is assumed to be
the boundary layer height at the end of the preceding nighttime estimated
using eqn. (3).
Table 1: The variables and their units provided in the Online Resource 2
Variable Definition Unit
Year year of measurement
DoY day of year
Hour hour of measurement
Vh horizontal wind speed m s−1
Vd horizontal wind direction degree from north
u∗ friction velocity m s−1
◦
Ta air temperature C
P air pressure Pa
RH relative humidity %
precip precipitation mm
Rg incoming shortwave radiation W m−2
Rsw(out) outgoing shortwave radiation W m−2
Rlw(in) incoming longwave radiation W m−2
Rlw(out) outgoing longwave radiation W m−2
PPFD photosynthetic photon flux density µmol m−2 s−1
H sensible heat flux W m−2
LE latent heat flux W m−2
NEE net ecosystem exchange µmol m−2 s−1
TER total ecosystem respiration µmol m−2 s−1
GPP gross primary productivity µmol m−2 s−1