MODULE 1

Chemistry: The Central Science

INTRODUCTION:
If organic chemistry is defined as the chemistry of hydrocarbon compounds and their
derivatives, inorganic chemistry can be described broadly as the chemistry of "every-thing
else." This includes all the remaining elements in the periodic table, as well as carbon, which
plays a major role in many inorganic compounds. Organ metallic
chemistry, a very large and rapidly growing field, bridges both areas by considering compounds
containing direct metal-carbon bonds, and includes catalysis of many organic reactions.
Bioinorganic chemistry bridges biochemistry and inorganic chemistry, and environmental
chemistry include
the study of both inorganic and organic compounds. As can be imagined, the inorganic realm
is extremely broad, providing essentially limitless areas for investigation.

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
At the end of the lesson, the students will be able to:
1. Discuss the scope of Inorganic Chemistry
2. Trace the history of chemistry
3. Describe the branches of chemistry
4. Appreciate the importance of chemistry in daily activities
5. Manifest appreciation of the role of chemist in academe, government, and industry

DISCUSSION:
 HISTORY OF CHEMISTRY

The history of chemistry represents a time span from ancient history to the present. By 1000
BC, civilizations used technologies that would eventually form the basis of the various
branches of chemistry. Examples include the discovery of fire, extracting metals from ores,
making pottery and glazes, fermenting beer and wine, extracting chemicals from plants for
medicine and perfume, rendering fat into soap, making glass, and making alloys like bronze.
The 1871 periodic table constructed by Dmitri Mendeleev. The periodic table is one of the
most potent icons in science, lying at the core of chemistry and embodying the most
fundamental principles of the field.
The protoscience of chemistry, alchemy, was unsuccessful in explaining the nature of matter
and its transformations. However, by performing experiments and recording the results,
alchemists set the stage for modern chemistry. The distinction began to emerge when a clear
differentiation was made between chemistry and alchemy by Robert Boyle in his work The
Sceptical Chymist (1661). While both alchemy and chemistry are concerned with matter and
its transformations, chemists are seen as applying scientific method to their work. In fact,
chemistry is a highly interesting subject as it helps us to intrigue the world of atoms and
molecules. Many students across the globe take admission into the chemistry courses and study
various branches of chemistry. These further help them to decide the course of their career and
ensure their ultimate route to success.
Father of Chemistry
The history of chemistry is intertwined with the history of thermodynamics, especially through
the work of Willard Gibbs.
Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier (UK: /læˈvwʌzieɪ/ lav-WUZ-ee-ay,[1] US: /ləˈvwɑːzieɪ/ lə-
VWAH-zee-ay, French: [ɑ̃twanlɔʁɑ̃ dəlavwazje]; 26 August 1743 – 8 May 1794), also Antoine
Lavoisier after the French Revolution, was a French nobleman and chemist who was central to
the 18th-century chemical revolution and who had a large influence on both the history of
chemistry and the history of biology. He is widely considered in popular literature as the “father
of modern chemistry”. It is generally accepted that Lavoisier’s great accomplishments in
chemistry stem largely from his changing the science from a qualitative to a quantitative one.
Lavoisier is most noted for his discovery of the role oxygen plays in combustion. He recognized
and named oxygen (1778) and hydrogen (1783), and opposed the phlogiston theory. Lavoisier
helped construct the metric system, wrote the first extensive list of elements, and helped to
reform chemical nomenclature. He predicted the existence of silicon (1787) and was also the
first to establish that sulfur was an element (1777) rather than a compound. He discovered that,
although matter may change its form or shape, its mass always remains the same.
Lavoisier was a powerful member of a number of aristocratic councils, and an administrator of
the Fermegénérale. The Fermegénérale was one of the most hated components of the
AncienRégime because of the profits it took at the expense of the state, the secrecy of the terms
of its contracts, and the violence of its armed agents. All of these political and economic
activities enabled him to fund his scientific research. At the height of the French Revolution,
he was charged with tax fraud and selling adulterated tobacco, and was guillotined.
5 Branches of Chemistry
Organic Chemistry: The study of carbon and its compounds; the study of the chemistry of life
Inorganic Chemistry: The study of compounds not covered by organic chemistry; the study of
inorganic compounds or compounds that don’t contain a C-H bond (many inorganic
compounds contain metals)
Analytical Chemistry: The study of the chemistry of matter and the development of tools to
measure properties of matter
Physical Chemistry: The branch of chemistry that applies physics to the study of chemistry,
which commonly includes the applications of thermodynamics and quantum mechanics to
chemistry
Biochemistry: The study of chemical processes that occur inside of living organisms
There are other ways chemistry can be divided into categories. Other examples of branches of
chemistry might include polymer chemistry and geochemistry. Chemical engineering might
also be considered a chemistry discipline. There is also overlap between disciplines;
biochemistry and organic chemistry, in particular, share a lot in common.
Chemistry has a reputation for being a complicated and boring science, but for the most part,
that reputation is undeserved. Fireworks and explosions are based on chemistry, so it’s
definitely not a boring science. If you take classes in chemistry, you’ll apply math and logic,
which can make studying chemistry a challenge if you are weak in those areas. However,
anyone can understand the basics of how things work, and that’s the study of chemistry. In a
nutshell, the importance of chemistry is that it explains the world around you.
1. Organic chemistry

Carbon is one of the most widely studied elements in Chemistry. This is because it forms
a number of vital compounds with different elements, which hold a great significance in our
lives. Organic Chemistry is the branch of Chemistry which deals with the study of Carbon and
different compounds it forms with other elements such as hydrogen, halogens, nitrogen and
oxygen. Further, ‘Catenation’ is the property by virtue of which Carbon forms an abundance
of compounds with these elements. The different compounds which it forms are known as
‘Organic Compounds’. By far, nearly 9 million organic compounds are known to exist. This
makes Organic Chemistry a very broad branch in itself.
Where is Organic Chemistry used?
Organic Chemistry holds a great significance in our lives as organic compounds are present
everywhere, around us. The most prominent spheres of life, where Organic Chemistry plays an
important role, have been mentioned below.
Life Support
Organic Chemistry forms the basis of life. This is because carbon and its compounds are the
primary constituents of all living cells.
Energy Generation
Hydrocarbons- the organic compounds of Carbon and Hydrogen, which we use in our daily
life as essential fuels such as natural gas, petroleum and coal, also form a part of organic
Chemistry. Thus, organic chemistry holds a great significance in energy generation.
Synthesis of Polymers
Organic Chemistry is used for the synthesis of polymers. These are long chain carbon
compounds, which have a wide range of usage from scientific research to our day to day life.
Some examples of polymers which we often use in our everyday life include rubber, nylon, a
wide range of plastics and bakelite.
Medicinal Purposes
The various compounds which are used for the synthesis of different medicines, are mostly
‘Organic Compounds’. Thus, organic chemistry plays a vital role in medicinal purposes.
Manufacturing of Soaps and Detergents
Organic Compounds act as surfactants. Thus, they are used in the manufacturing of soaps and
detergents. So, organic Chemistry finds important applications in the soap and detergent
industry.
2. Inorganic Chemistry

Inorganic Chemistry deals with the study of inorganic compounds, which are formed by
the combination of two or more chemical elements. Although majority of the compounds
formed by carbon with different elements are termed as ‘Organic Compounds’ and are studied
under ‘Organic Chemistry’, but the compounds of carbon which do not contain a Carbon-
Hydrogen bond including some carbonates and some cyanides are termed as ‘inorganic’ in
nature and are studied under ‘Inorganic Chemistry’. Further, inorganic compounds may be
formed by any type of chemical bonding such as covalent bonding, coordinate bonding,
electrovalent bonding and metallic bonding.
Where is Inorganic Chemistry used?
‘Inorganic Chemistry’ is an extremely significant branch of Chemistry. It is due to the fact that
different inorganic compounds find numerous applications in our daily life as well as in
exceptional research works. There are a number of places where inorganic chemistry is used,
few of them are mentioned below for your knowledge.
Sustains life
Inorganic Chemistry plays an important role in the sustenance of life. This is because ‘water’
which is essential for our survival, is itself an inorganic compound. Not only this, table salt
which forms a crucial part of our diet, is chemically Sodium Chloride, which is again an
inorganic compound. This way, inorganic chemistry plays a vital role in maintaining the life
cycle.
Synthesis of Ammonia
Inorganic Chemistry is used in the synthesis of Ammonia. It is an extremely useful inorganic
compound which finds its usage in both households as well as the industrial sector. The
production of fertilizers, manufacture of household cleaning products and refrigeration are
some examples of prominent applications of Ammonia.
Medicinal applications
Inorganic compounds find a number of applications in the healthcare industry. Satraplatin,
Budotitane and sodium aurothiomalate are some examples of inorganic compounds which are
used for the treatment of dreary diseases like arthritis and cancer. Thus, inorganic chemistry is
widely used in medicinal applications.
Catalytic Applications
Catalytic Applications are one of the most important applications of inorganic chemistry.
Chemical reactions require some amount of energy to take place. This energy is known as
‘Activation Energy’. At times, when the activation energy required for chemical reactions to
take place is extremely high and it becomes difficult or challenging to supply it externally, the
role of catalysts comes into play. Catalysts lower down the energy of activation and thus,
promote the rate of the reaction. Vanadium oxide and Titanium(III) chloride are two examples
of extremely important inorganic catalysts.
Coating Applications
Coatings of inorganic materials serve an important purpose of corrosion protection. Anodizing,
porcelain enamel and conversion coatings are some examples of useful inorganic coatings.
Thus, inorganic Chemistry finds important application in the coating industry.
3. Analytical Chemistry

Analytical Chemistry is the branch of Chemistry which deals with determining the
constituents of the collected samples, by conducting quantitative as well as qualitative analysis.
In other words, analytical chemistry involves investigating the composition of a sample with
the help of different chemical techniques. The quantitative and qualitative analysis conducted
is used to ensure the safety of different materials for use in different industries such as the food
industry, cosmetic industry and healthcare industry. Thus, Analytical Chemistry is an
extremely important branch of Chemistry, which holds a great significance for different
industrial applications.
Where is Analytical Chemistry used?
Analytical Chemistry finds a number of applications in different fields, such as the ones
mentioned below:
Determination of expiry date of medicinal products
Medicinal Products also get expired. If consumed after the expiry date, medicines can do more
harm than good. Thus, it is crucial to determine the expiry dates of drugs and medicines. It is
only with the help of Analytical Chemistry that this determination becomes possible.
Investigating for adulteration
Adulteration of different substances such as food products, cosmetics and drugs has become a
fairly common practice today. Analytical Chemistry is used for detecting signs of adulteration
in these substances.
Blood tests
Analytical Chemistry is also used to conduct blood tests. It enables the analytical chemists to
determine the levels of different constituents such as Glucose and Cholesterol in the collected
blood sample of an individual. This way, Analytical Chemistry plays a significant role in Lab
testing for healthcare purposes.
Environmental Analysis
With the increasing levels of environmental pollution, it has become crucial to conduct regular
health checks of the environment through environmental analysis. For this, different Analytical
Chemistry techniques are used and the composition of different chemical constituents and
effluents in the collected samples of environmental elements such as soil, water and air is
determined.
Forensic Science
Analytical Chemistry plays a vital role in forensic science. It enables forensic experts to analyze
and investigate the evidence collected from the crime scene. This way, analytical chemistry
helps in solving mysteries related to crime.
Physical Chemistry
Physical Chemistry is the branch of Chemistry which deals with the utilization of various
concepts of physics such as thermodynamics, quantum mechanics, time, force and energy for
understanding the behavior of matter. It is with the applications of these concepts that you
being a physical chemistry aspirant are set forward to analyze matter at both the atomic as well
as the molecular level. You are also required to analyze the different types of chemical reactions
which take place between atoms and molecules of different substances.
Where is Physical Chemistry used?
Physical Chemistry is an important branch of Chemistry, which finds an abundance of
applications in different fields. You can easily analyze its uses, by reading the section below.
Development of materials
Physical Chemistry is used in the development of smart and advanced materials such as
plastics, ceramics, surfactants and personal care products.
Medicinal applications
Physical Chemistry finds a number of applications in the healthcare sector such as conducting
studies of drug utilization processes and procedures, studies of medicinal errors and collecting
useful data for clinical purposes.
Environmental Analysis
The earth and its environment is being polluted by a number of chemical substances which are
being released into it. Physical Chemistry and various principles associated with it such as
equilibrium, spontaneity and chemical kinetics are used to find solutions to the chemical
problems which are posing a big threat to the natural environment.

Generation of electrical energy

The different types of electric cells and batteries we use, are developed and produced by using
the principles of electrochemistry, which form an integral part of physical chemistry. Thus,
physical chemistry is used in the generation of electricity, by the conversion of chemical energy
into electrical energy in cells and batteries.
Photochemical Applications
Photochemistry is an important part of physical chemistry. Thus, physical chemistry finds a
number of photochemical applications such as investigation of smog formation, advanced
paints and primers and for the development of photodegradable plastics.
4. Physical Chemistry

Physical Chemistry is the branch of Chemistry which deals with the utilization of various
concepts of physics such as thermodynamics, quantum mechanics, time, force and energy for
understanding the behavior of matter. It is with the applications of these concepts that you
being a physical chemistry aspirant are set forward to analyze matter at both the atomic as well
as the molecular level. You are also required to analyze the different types of chemical reactions
which take place between atoms and molecules of different substances.
Where is Physical Chemistry used?
Physical Chemistry is an important branch of Chemistry, which finds an abundance of
applications in different fields. You can easily analyse its uses, by reading the section below.
Development of materials
Physical Chemistry is used in the development of smart and advanced materials such as
plastics, ceramics, surfactants and personal care products.
Medicinal applications
Physical Chemistry finds a number of applications in the healthcare sector such as conducting
studies of drug utilization processes and procedures, studies of medicinal errors and collecting
useful data for clinical purposes.
Environmental Analysis
The earth and its environment is being polluted by a number of chemical substances which are
being released into it. Physical Chemistry and various principles associated with it such as
equilibrium, spontaneity and chemical kinetics are used to find solutions to the chemical
problems which are posing a big threat to the natural environment.
Generation of electrical energy
The different types of electric cells and batteries we use, are developed and produced by using
the principles of electrochemistry, which form an integral part of physical chemistry. Thus,
physical chemistry is used in the generation of electricity, by the conversion of chemical energy
into electrical energy in cells and batteries.
Photochemical Applications
Photochemistry is an important part of physical chemistry. Thus, physical chemistry finds a
number of photochemical applications such as investigation of smog formation, advanced
paints and primers and for the development of photodegradable plastics.
5. Biochemistry

‘Bio’ stands for biological i.e. relating to living organisms, and Chemistry is the study of
atoms, molecules and different chemical reactions which take place between chemical
substances. So, from the combination of the above two definitions, ‘Biochemistry’ is the branch
of science which deals with the study of the structure and composition of living beings, along
with the chemical reactions which take place within them. In simpler terms, you can say that
biochemistry deals with everything about living beings from the cells they are composed of to
the overall functioning of the different organs of your body.
Further, this branch of science is a very vast one in itself and includes important scientific
disciplines such as genetics, microbiology, medicine and forensic science. The inclusion of all
these intriguing scientific disciplines in biochemistry, makes the subject more interesting for
you to study.
Where is Biochemistry used?
Medical Science
Medical Science thrives on Biochemistry. Had biochemistry not been in existence, it would
have never been possible for medical science to get equipped with the wide range of medicines,
drugs and diagnostic procedures, it utilizes for the identification and treatment of different
diseases. This is because biochemistry forms the sole basis of the understanding of the basic
structure and composition of the human body, only in the availability of which effective
medical treatments can be developed and practiced.
Forensic Science
Forensic Science involves investigating the evidence collected from the crime scene by
utilizing scientific principles and techniques. It is often that the investigation of the evidence
requires use of biochemical techniques to solve the associated mysteries. Thus, biochemistry
finds important applications in forensic science.
Veterinary Science
Veterinary Science is the discipline of science which is associated with the prevention, control
and treatment of diseases in animals. It is only because of the biochemical awareness of the
different animal structures and processes involved in their functioning that veterinary science
can serve its purpose of treating animal diseases.
Food Science
Biochemistry plays an important role in food science. The Biochemistry of Foods enables the
biochemists to determine and preserve the quality of different food items. It is by employing
different biochemical techniques that food scientists ensure the fitness of different food items
for consumption.
Molecular Genetics
Molecular Genetics makes extensive use of biochemistry for conducting the chemical analysis
of genes and genetic codes. Genetic scientists use the results derived from this analysis to
develop new pharmaceutical and agricultural products.
 Importance of Chemistry Explained

Cooking: Chemistry explains how food changes as you cook it, how it rots, how to preserve
food, how your body uses the food you eat, and how ingredients interact to make food.
Cleaning: Part of the importance of chemistry is it explains how cleaning works. You use
chemistry to help decide what cleaner is best for dishes, laundry, yourself, and your home. You
use chemistry when you use bleaches and disinfectants, even ordinary soap and water. How do
they work? That’s chemistry.
Medicine: You need to understand basic chemistry so you can understand how vitamins,
supplements, and drugs can help or harm you. The Part of the importance of chemistry lies in
developing and testing new medical treatments and medicines.
Environmental Issues: Chemistry is at the heart of environmental issues. What makes one
chemical a nutrient and another chemical a pollutant? How can you clean up the environment?
What processes can produce the things you need without harming the environment?
We humans are all chemists. We use chemicals every day and perform chemical reactions
without thinking much about them. Chemistry is important because everything you do is
chemistry! Even your body is made of chemicals. Chemical reactions occur when you breathe,
eat, or just sit there reading. All matter is made of chemicals, so the importance of chemistry
is that it’s the study of everything.
Importance of Taking Chemistry
Everyone can and should understand basic chemistry, but it may be important for you to take
a course in chemistry or even make a career out of it. It’s important to understand chemistry if
you are studying any of the sciences because all of the sciences involve matter and the
interactions between types of matter.
Students wanting to become doctors, nurses, physicists, nutritionists, geologists, pharmacists,
and (of course) chemists all study chemistry. You might want to make a career out of chemistry
because chemistry-related jobs are plentiful and high-paying. The importance of chemistry
won’t be diminished over time, so it will remain a promising career path.
 Role of Chemists in the Academe, Government and Industry

Chemist
Chemists are the scientists who conduct extensive research work to understand different
chemical phenomena such as the occurrence of different chemical reactions, their rates, the
conditions which affect their feasibility and the development of new chemical products by
conducting chemical experiments. They spend most of their time in the lab, surrounded by
different tools, scientific apparatus and their fellow colleagues. Further, chemists are recruited
by both government and private sector industries which are involved in conducting chemical
research, whether at a large scale or small scale. They receive good salary packages from both
private as well as government sector industries and thus, enjoy financial stability in their lives.
Chemist are important in the industry because they provide our basic needs Food, Shelter And
clothing in every day in our life, because of their works throughout, our economy sustains
balance on nature and humans. Here are the works of chemist in our society:
Forensic Chemist
Forensic Chemists investigate and analyze the evidence and samples collected from different
crime scenes to solve the mysteries associated with them. They apply all their knowledge of
different fields such as organic chemistry, genetics and investigating tools and techniques to
break through the evidence collected and synthesize meaningful information out of them. It is
only with the effective contributions of forensic chemists that complex crime mysteries get
resolved and the criminals get caught. Further, forensic chemists stay in demand in both the
government as well as the private sector and also enjoy a decent salary package.
Food Scientist
Food items are mostly composed of organic compounds thus organic chemists have a good
scope of employment as food scientists in the food industry. Further, food scientists are
required to use their vast knowledge to enhance the nutritional value of the different food items
which are used for consumption. Not only this, they also analyze the food items and ensure that
they are safe and healthy for people to consume. Further, food scientists get employed at a
handsome pay scale in all types of food processing industries both in the private as well as
government sector. It is only because of eminent food scientists that we can consume packaged
and canned food items with the trust of safety.
Environmental Chemists
The alarming rise in the levels of environmental pollution is a cause of concern for the entire
world. The soil, the air, the water and all other constituents of the environment are being
polluted by chemicals and other toxic substances which are being released into them. As a
result of the increased pollution levels, the entire world is dealing with numerous
environmental problems such as global warming, ozone layer depletion and rise in the sea level.
To throw light on the risks associated with these problems, environmental chemists deal with
the study of the impact of the pollutants on the environment and biodiversity. They also develop
various techniques and technologies to bring a reduction in environmental pollution such as
waste management techniques and developing alternatives for non-biodegradable materials
like plastic. Moreover, as environmental pollution and problems form major concerning issues
which need to be addressed at priority by the entire humanity, environmental chemists always
remain high in demand and thus, have a promising career ahead of them.
Petroleum Chemist
Petroleum and its products find important application in the industrial and household sector
such as heat, electricity and energy generation in automobile engines. Petroleum Chemists deal
with everything which is associated with petroleum and its products. If you are involved at
working in this branch, then you are required to devise innovative ways to make more efficient
and judicious use of petroleum, exploring new petroleum reserves and developing new
petroleum products are some examples of tasks which you would need to perform.
Furthermore, the professional journey of petroleum chemists begins by undertaking rigorous
training in the respective companies, under the guidance of experts. Once petroleum chemists
complete their training and gain the required amount of experience in their field, they soar high
in professional success with an attractive pay scale.
Medicinal Chemist
As discussed above, most of the medicines used in the healthcare industry are derived from
organic compounds. Thus, organic chemists get employed in the medical industry, as medicinal
chemists. It is by applying their immense knowledge about organic compounds that they
synthesize novel medicines and drugs for the treatment of various diseases and ailments. Along
with this, they also conduct wide scale research on improving the derivation techniques and
processes of various medicines. Moreover, the healthcare industry is one of the most basic and
essentially required industries for the survival of mankind. Thus, medicinal chemists are always
high in demand and also enjoy a good level of job security.
To attain a commendable stage in your career and get one of the above mentioned job
opportunities, you need to pursue your education from a reputed university or college. These
colleges give you a large number of assignments, which are often tough to solve. Thus to help
you submit your college assignments in time, we extend our helping hand to you and aid you
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Inorganic Chemistry
Inorganic Chemistry finds an abundance of applications in the industrial sector, thus, being an
inorganic chemist, you get to enjoy a promising career in different professional fields. Below
mentioned are some of them.
Ceramic Chemists
Ceramic materials are materials having advanced properties such as high strength and thermal
resistance. Ceramic Chemists put all their knowledge into developing such advanced ceramic
materials which find usage in important industrial sectors such as Aerospace industry, cutting
tool manufacturing industry and insulation industry. Further, it is because of the wide range of
applications which ceramics find in different industrial sectors, such as the ones mentioned
above, that ceramic chemists always remain high in demand. Also, ceramic chemists enjoy a
good pay scale and thus, lead a professional life of fulfillment.
Food Scientists
Inorganic Chemists have a good scope of employment in the food safety and inspection
industry. They are involved in conducting different kinds of research work to enhance the
nutritional value of the food items and also ensuring the safety of packaged food items. Not
only this, food scientists are also involved in ensuring proper distribution of food items across
different channels of food delivery. Furthermore, food scientists are employed at a high salary
package in both the private as well as the government sector. It is only because of the
meticulous efforts of food scientists that we can purchase safe packaged food which is fit for
consumption.
Environmental Chemists
Inorganic Chemists utilize their vast knowledge to deal with different types of environmental
issues and problems. It is with the rise in the levels of environmental pollution that
environmental problems are also witnessing a splurge. The water we drink, the air we breathe
and the soil we use to raise crops, all are being polluted by pollutants such as industrial effluents
and unburnt fuel particles from automobiles. All this is resulting in a severe damage to the
planet and its inhabitants be it animals, plants or human beings. Thus, numerous government
and private industries are working towards the development of advanced techniques and
technologies which can reduce different types of environmental pollution. For this, they
conduct extensive recruitments for environmental Chemists. Moreover, both these sectors offer
handsome salary packages to environmental chemists.
Mining Analytical Chemists
Inorganic Chemists get employed in the mining industry as mining analytical chemists. The
job role involves analyzing the mined ores to determine their chemical composition and then
using them for various applications. Along with this, many important elements exist in
combined form as compounds beneath the surface of the Earth. Analytical Mining Chemists
also shoulder the responsibility of synthesizing these elements from their compounds in pure
state. Thus, inorganic chemists have a great role to play in the mining industry and get
employed at handsome pay packages.
Analytical Chemistry
Analytical chemistry as a field has evolved to a great extent and its career opportunities are
also expanding with the passage of time. Following is the list of fields, you can look for career
options, if you have a degree in analytical chemistry.
Agricultural and Food Scientists
Food is the basic need of life and it’s important to ensure that the food produced is high in
quality, nutrition rich, safe and fit for consumption. Food is tested for all these qualities by
Analytical Chemists. They apply their vast knowledge of Analytical Chemistry to conduct both
quantitative as well as qualitative analysis of food items and check their quality and
constituents. They also investigate the food items for any signs of adulteration using different
analytical chemistry tools and techniques. Further, the food industry is an enormous industry,
comprising both the government as well as the private sector. Thus, Agricultural and Food
Scientists find a good employability in both these sectors. Moreover, analytical Chemists enjoy
a handsome pay package and successfully find their financial fulfillment through their career.
Forensic Chemists
Many Analytical Chemists dream of becoming a Forensic Scientist. This career field is so loved
because of its exciting and mysterious nature. Forensic Scientists deal with the evidence which
is collected from a crime scene. They meticulously investigate them for any signs of clues
which the evidence could contain by applying different analytical chemistry concepts and
techniques. Thus, Analytical Chemists get recruited on a massive scale in the forensic industry.
Petroleum Chemists
Petroleum is an important fuel, which finds different applications in both the industrial as well
as the household sector, such as Energy generation and production of other petroleum products.
It is derived from the refining of crude oil, which is conducted in the refineries. Analytical
Chemists, shoulder various kinds of job responsibilities in the oil and petroleum industry such
as exploration, extraction, refining and inspection of petroleum and its derivatives. Along with
this, analytical chemists also play an active role in the determination of new petroleum reserves
and petroleum products along with devising more judicious and efficient ways of utilizing the
existing ones. Thus, Analytical Chemists have a good chance of recruitment in the oil and
petroleum industry, as petroleum chemists. Further, petroleum chemists enjoy the merit of
being highly paid, which brings them a good level of financial security in life.
Pharmacologists
Analytical Chemists are widely recruited in the pharmaceuticals industry as pharmacologists.
‘Pharmacologists’ are involved in conducting research work for medicinal development along
with testing the effectiveness of new medicinal products for the treatment of the respective
ailments. They also perform careful investigation of medicines and drugs to determine any
signs of adulteration. Along with this they also shoulder the responsibility of ensuring the safety
of different medicines for medical purposes. Thus, pharmacologists are extensively employed
in the healthcare and pharmaceutical industry.
Environmental Scientist
As discussed above, the environment of the planet and its inhabitants are all in a state of great
threat which is being posed by the alarming rise in the levels of environmental pollution. Much
of this pollution is generated by industrial and automobile effluents. These effluents
contaminate the environment and its elements such as water, soil and air. Analytical chemists
are the investigators who employ their analytical chemistry caliber to test the samples of
different environmental elements collected from different places and conduct their qualitative
as well as quantitative analysis to determine the extent of contamination. They also work on
the development of innovative strategies and techniques to restore the good health of the
environment and its elements. Thus, analytical chemists play an important role in safeguarding
the environment by pursuing their career as an environmental scientist.
Physical Chemistry
After completing your education, it becomes a dire necessity to ensure a secured job for
yourself. From the various options available in the job market, you can opt for any of the few
mentioned below.
Pharmacologist
Physical chemistry candidates have a good scope of employment in the pharmaceuticals
industry as pharmacologists. They offer research and testing services for the production of
effective medicines for the treatment of different diseases and ailments. It is by employing their
knowledge about the chemical properties of different substances, the kinetics and mechanisms
of chemical reactions that they synthesize important medicinal products. Further, it is with their
meticulous services that physical chemists make significant contributions to the healthcare
industry by developing effective treatments for fatal diseases like cancer.
Environmental Chemist
When physical Chemistry aspirants utilize their knowledge and skills to study about the
presence of different chemical substances in the environment and its different elements such
as soil, air and water, they are termed as Environmental Chemists. Their job role involves
analyzing the long term impact of different chemical contaminants on the overall health of the
planet and its inhabitants. Along with this, environmental chemists also work on the
development of different strategies and techniques to restore and protect the environment from
the harmful impacts of contaminants.
Chemical Metallurgist
Physical chemistry aspirants get recruited as chemical metallurgists in the metallurgy sector,
where they utilize the basic concepts of physical chemistry to determine the recoverability of
different metals from their ores. Not only this, they also work on conducting the respective
processes in the most economical and efficient manner. Further, the responsibilities of chemical
metallurgists don’t just end here. They also work for the purpose of strengthening different
metals with properties such as fatigue resistance and corrosion resistance. It is by virtue of such
properties that smart materials can be developed for utilization under critical conditions. This
way, physical chemistry aspirants play an important role in the metallurgy sector.
Biochemistry
As discussed above, biochemistry is a wide branch of science which encompasses many
important scientific disciplines such as veterinary science, forensic science and genetics. Thus,
a degree in biochemistry opens a number of career pathways for the biochemists. Given below
are some of them.
Forensic Scientist
Biochemists can utilize their knowledge about biochemistry to serve as forensic scientists. This
is because most of the forensic investigations involve analyzing the evidence of biological
origin such as a blood sample, a strand of hair and a piece of flesh, which are collected from
the crime scene. It is only with the help of biochemical tools and procedures that the mysteries
associated with the biological evidence can be solved, resulting in the disclosure of the
criminals. Moreover, the application of biochemistry for forensic purposes requires extra care
and meticulousness. Thus, biochemists are required to possess in depth theoretical as well as
practical knowledge about biochemistry and associated techniques, to succeed in their career
as forensic scientists.
Biotechnologist
Biochemists have a good scope of employment in the field of biotechnology. It is with their
vast knowledge and caliber in the discipline of biochemistry that biochemists work on the
utilization of biological processes for industrial and other applications. For example,
biotechnologists use their knowledge about genetics, to produce genetically modified crops in
the agricultural sector. These crops are higher in the nutritional content as compared to the
original ones. Along with this, biotechnologists also work in laboratories and assist scientists
with their research work.
Medicinal Chemist
Biochemists are well versed with the knowledge about the different phenomena which occur
within living beings. Thus, they play a crucial role in the development of different medicines
which are used for the treatment of various diseases and ailments associated with living beings.
Medicinal Chemists often work in collaboration with a team of scientists and researchers for
the purpose of synthesizing new and effective medicines and drugs by using both natural as
well as synthetic medicinal agents. Further, there is always going to be a need for the
availability of medical chemists till life exits on the planet. Thus, medical chemists enjoy a
good level of job security along with handsome pay packages.
Food scientist
Biochemists find extensive job opportunities as ‘Food scientists’, in the field of food science,
wherein they employ their knowledge and skills for the production of better and nutrition rich
food items. Not only this, they are also involved in the task of ensuring the preservation and
safety of packaged food items. Moreover, food scientists also enjoy good salary packages
irrespective of the fact whether they are employed in the government or the private sector.
Clinical research scientist
Clinical Research is another promising field where numerous biochemists find recruitment as
clinical research analysts. Their job role involves shouldering a number of responsibilities such
as studying different diseases and ailments in the laboratories, deriving respective cures and
treatments. They are mostly surrounded by a diverse range of medical equipment, collected lab
samples and their fellow research scientists. Further, the need for clinical research scientists is
never going to cease, until life exists on planet Earth. Thus, clinical research scientists always
remain in demand by the industry.
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All the branches of chemistry have over and again proven to be highly resourceful for mankind.
From developing medicines to producing technologies, chemistry as a field of study is highly
advanced and challenging. It not only intrigues your mind to probe further but also carves a
great career path for your future growth.

REFERENCES:
- High School chemistry©2019-2020 ChemistryGod, Author : Yasmeen Khan | 12
Jun,2020
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