Religion

sociologists define religion periences

All schools define -
it

as
be I
-
experiences go
on to
beliefs
·

Malinowski conducted a research

for 8 years in the
Trobriand Island
then traditions .
.

Of now
experiences become belifs and
the
society had people
off in oceandie
fishing so this
·
,

experience people,
created
belief of something the ocean in .

There was
uncertainty and a need
of the ocean Jo .

rituals started to create hopes

of protection
to

the use the ocean

encourage
of .

less
understand prenomenons magions
there are
today
new as we

uncertainty
Lest .

"te Saved
Go can

divided what sacred

society has is and what is

profane
.

I
froy are
be
profane profane be ,
but cant

-
human .X
defined by experiences
↳ so
different societies with
different profane and sacred
 Types of religion .

① Monotheist
⑳ Poly theist
③ Atheist
-

belief of not
believing .

Thenumberofgods depend scarcity

needs, a
ta
geography
on ,
-

Ways of defining religion

1) Theory under construction when there - is no
defination
own framework
.

your
creating

-
based on reserch
↓
2) & Conceptual
Analytical -
researches construct Jels
has 6 dimension .

analysis
① Religions Faith
Experience -

② Religions (Trust)
0 IReligions Traditions
3 -

④ Rituals
1

⑤ Art /

⑧ "Ideas .

MMuteigergio a driver ! and it is

souls and
E B
belief
Being
is the
Taylor ion
.
.
in

Spiritual
Smile Durkheim
BeliefsPractices Social behaviour that
system of ,
and

unites individual in a moral

community
.

C Geetrc
Religion is a system of symbol that shapes a
way of
.

life .
 - measure of religiousness of person
Religiosity
.

Exclusive Feceusive
what believe in
you
-

exclusive thats not

·very
-

dimensions
engaging religious
in
,

in
the
participation tradition .

activities
roligions cannot be
generalised
-

doesht however indiviel hal

practicing
But Due to
-
.

mean
religious totally subjective
:

differences ·

experiences -

reliability due to e
lacks
-

changeofsubjective experie
C
Basically
sivists)
limitations
of Interpre
g

in

i
rele
Evaluabl decline
of
%
100
question
:
 "Religion
3
is not conservative
oc act as a tool to social
religion brings bring
-

change through positive belifs .

1) Max Weber
↳ Secularisation
2 Post Mod Ins need
to state .

↳ Calvinism Industrialization occured deve to

:

religion
it did involve
India & China had resources but
science but
religion took it
further
their
conservative so it didnt
were
religions
industrialize -

Scotland started industries due to

les resources With Calvinism
with
as the nonconservation
religion very
religion
.

Religion is spirit Capitalism

of predecided
.

Calvimsm
·

heaven
taught spending No or
,
hell - which
brought-
->
plus had
savings asityt
to construct their own
encouraged e vali nee
guideline
to
->
as

how can to heaven

you go
2) Maduro Liberation
:

Theology ·

bring liboration
↑

↳
eligionRevolution
I it
- -

↳ .

↳ Irish movement

3) Civil Religion :
Bellah
divil
↳
Protestonism
in USA
brought -
movement

↳ So
brought change
social
veligionnations
even in more

developed
↳) Religion for social change duro : -> Draxis

Oscar Romero El Salvador

-brought poo
in

Archbishop
&
people to churches -
target the
given education ,
encourag
ed to for - with
protection of the Church
 Archbishop initiated it
-
.

the
state tenot is bad not
you ,
good functioninstitutio
Casanova
raigion good
-
argues
· is
-

to stat terror
fight against I
Eg ; Arab
spring religion
installs
.

as

moral values
against
corruption
·kin :

Apartheid in South
Afuca was a law

through
which was removed eluistain Church

Archbistrop Desmond Turn

the
-> oppoud apartheid -

(criticism -
but even
if law was removed this
,

practice still exists) -

mpson If any fails religion And

· : institute , remains .

social issues had to be addressed

if any
by it
But
at
region , adden chebeen Garage in
Cdg Arab
springs/
Worsley Millendemonementsget Many
get

· .
-
 war

If

↑
①
Keke
Religion is conservative
is bad Religion
teaches moral values -
-
: an
sociy
Thus
religion
- assumes vicues a
..
darker side of
society reinforcing egaung
-

I e
·

sects
of humanly
....
holding
&

dar
ast
people
~

human to be
and weak
nature
considering
,
seefise maint-
religion
: acti conservative in

institutional traditions
the
society
&

aining
to on

and to
rules
recy
maintain social order .

Eni-Abortion USA
rights
in -

2) Caynava et.
CriticizesitRet!init red a re
-

al
All
religious Ex Sudan &
beliefa changepiation
- Muslim
:

hav
Nigeria
They
are bothe

religious
So
leader want maintain
to
Theocracy ite chang
e :

religion brings turbulence in

society
·

conflict all at o eligen

mate
mosta
e

Theocracy by
supported brings
research
religion
:
-

turbulence, the most intolevent

religions group
as are

In Sudan & Nigea && communitie

change
to # with
.

have remained
consistently confit compounded in

by rivalries for religious ascendency

↳ Also USA
Sudan
hel move
-
Christain community in

↑
&
in the derive
resulting tuning for
the state
religious
into
contest

ideo theocracy
even .

An imp osition of religious

(separate 2
state ~
religion
 harde
bring political
This makes
it

to
with to
changes ->
↳ naving
trong Mangay
weich i
go
the

influence by religion making

i t

hard to
bring large social change .

(Israel & Palactie(

agPEW
Research Center 56 %
3) - of protestants
.

catholics abortion is
o of that
agree abortion acin
morally wrong
agree
in .

↳ and As
of the sale
religiously affiliated
.

35 marks conserative
religion no cassertive

declining
is

e.⑱
I2
R
-
-- N
sig
⑲
ii
.

-
- -

t
.

ent versi
-
il
-
di !
-

- Maren
-
S

↓ ·

E
 Feminist
Religion in Conservative :

1) Simone de Beauvoir -
subugationractice
-
of
t
religious
done
-

women
innogh

-
,
is

throughwearing denial
rights
of fundamental the
the
..

queils
· infringing riget
-
:

to
patriarchy
-

session
my supported by reinforung
.
.

Holm
rights .

2) Amilrong
-

reinforces gene
-

rose
-reugione
divi to beSubjugation
.

socially accon
of rous .

-
a

of verlich
worers nursing
encomaging
- ,
women to be under
mother
thos
howing unstrumental voles
Eg
↑

in
.

Mary's videalization
Eg ;
Religion
a commenting pre-marifal
woman to be
rex
enforcing ,

of care him children by owned

it

ha man to tub
of
, .

Egi women as meek" male

largest
:

gods
are

written & interpreta

religions society
in which are -

fed
bymen which enforces women as

meek the ide

erjecting
classified
rolle ,
in

as a fill Savawati Laxmi not

verypowerfulgods
. .

, ,

Eg :
"Women
cousing temptresses" ave temping
Adam

2)
FAlsamic pregnancy
religion oppressing
note
Durin a
allowed to
.

This does not

help uplift
to
go morgues
.

socialy
& economy

Through marriage , oppression subjugation

a all well .
 Simene de Beac Izzat -
of numen shameful ,
.

Papua new
guenea
-> divorced in
society
women no

respected -> Marriage Ko

importance

Marxism on role
of Religion
-

The rich man in his castle

,
the

poor man at his

gate"
and ordered
high
their

"God made them

"
or
lowly ,

estate .

earth"
"Blessed inherit
are the meck
for they shall the

Mathew S : 5
"It to
through the new
eye of
a
cames
is easier
rich
for a
go
them a man to enter the
Kingdan of God .

->
Manists
say reugion brings ciousnes - -
of
① go
dis
plan , to manipulate "heart in a heart-
Marx ->
②Lenin -
"Opiate of the mass" -

That KillingI sin

is
less world
also
agrees
to ->
religion
& trauma
&

"Spiritual gin" reducing feas

-
- of being
cressed
through Mysticalbetween
Fog"
-

He explains
opp the
.

& the religion amy

stical
foy
you reality f being oppressed Wout .
Let
you
have deal vision
a
ofyour reality
-

③ Althuese :
ISA & RSA
↳
religio acts
ideologically encourage consumerism
to

how ? -
religion
promotesyou
tonot be
guilty -> donate to
pool
·

the
that could be inverted - maintain
away
so
given
in
->

money
quo of being poor
Status
consumerism
capitalists to sell
through sacred
used a drive
religion as
->
,

religiouspractices Likein
Mariage
michaee a take 10
year
to

pay
this amount to
gain achieved status
an .

Eg; Coconut used

Nepas
in .
 Criticism" Sports &
Gossip in
17
more
'opium of the man' in
one 21st
'- century
Religion
I secularisation
is
declining has declined
theory
->

Religion's significance
due to & Practices -
religions faction have asclined and

become altered .

② become
able
Thinking has also more rational reason

O'belief
3 in secularization ass mainstream
beliefs" Islam I Buddha
, ,

--
eving
↑
without ⑳
belonging
↳ exclusive
-
-
~
inclusive
has declined .

given by Stell Bruce

the decline his

Anguste Conte predicted of religion in
stages of
& social order
societyO/
.

Theological Stage
⑧ MetaPhysic
-

influencing
· society
science .

science
replacing religion
.

Secularization
Statistic ①
uses
Auguste Contes
theory
Census' (2000)
as evidences
in based
.

"English
Church on their
of
->

attendance 1850 50 % adults

participated in Church
->

200 +
7 5% "
-

② Lynd
.

&
Lynd -> 94%
of young christains believed christianity was

-thetruenas .... s

③ Crockett 19 Century golden Age I

Gain
20th
Century
Religion is declining
Secularization theory -: modernist
Declining thesis
Differentiation thesis - Parson ,under secularization in past source of edu was family now
it’s schools schools don’t teach religion . Through edu rational decisions are made . Given by
parson only. Religion lost its function and taken up by edu and media. Religion failed to form a
link between edu, religion doesn’t influence as much as science has been influential in terms
of more logic
Social and cultural diversity - Wilson , today we are more connected to global culture rather
than their own community, so spefcific communal identity isn’t there. Religion less significant
due to changed narrative and exclusivity about community.
Religious diversity - Berger - we live in a world of plurality of religion as well so we undermine
our own religion. We interact with other religions and form our own povs which we attach
ourselves to. We accept the different religions or beliefs which conflicts the understanding of
our own religiona and social constructs . Self belief and social belief conflicts, self belief is abt
own judgment if diverse religions and social constructs of social belief are in conflict. But we
prioritize self belief. Sacred canopy is being replaced by the plurality of the world

16/8/2023 missing
Anti secularism
Heelas - religion isn’t disappearing imp to human society, concept of resacrilization- renewing
the vitality of religion in terms of what changes have occurred in society . This has been
neglected by seculariztion. The revitalization is through self, individual spirituality as we care
about ourselves more in modern society,this is evolving religion
Based on the “Kendal project” heelas argues of self centership and spirituality and less
collectivism in society in modern society. The evidences identified for spirituality by the
project : horoscopes, tarot cards, meditation, hiking. So people that do these activities are
religious.
So Davis says “believing without belonging” privatized rather than collective of mainstream
belongingness, this is inclusive

Almond et.Al - religion not dealing and identified growth of fundamentalism increasing
amongst Jews in Israel , Muslims in pak, Egypt, Sikh in India, Christian in USA, Buddhism in
Sri Lanka

McLeod - due to gloabalizatoon we pick and mix religious beliefs - spiritual shopping, hybrid
beliefs influenced by religious narrative. You can sometimes balance between science and
religion, so pick and mix what beliefs to follow . You have a choice. Evolved singular beliefs
and religion

Wednesday
↑

missing
Post modernists on religion is evolving
Choices
Meta narrative most important, belief depends on what you are exposed to in a wide view
point
Globalization

Acc to Pm, there is definitive single view of religion— experiences are not the same in the
post modernist world as our choices are ours, influencing our beliefs,, thud diverse
experiences lead to diverse views of religion

Grassie (key thinker)

Religion represents a great range of viewpoints that is frequently difficult to group into a
coherent and unified perspectives - so religion like viewpoints is not dying or increasing but
evolving

In society today we compete to prove our view right we debate so

Taylor argues that through the meta narrative, “ a competing narrative” is there. There is a
liberty to say no and compete with existing narratives. Religion gives u space to compete
narratives
 New age movement- religion evolving
Started in 1970s
No belief in god
Melton defines it as religious enthusiasm - beliefs that exist based on what you demand for
yourself, transforming self and society for the best of yourself

Conway : two characters

1. ways of doing religion and being religious - they are evolving, how people consider

I
themselves religious in the past and today is different, today we do religion In ways that
benefit us. “Transformation of self “ for- peace of mind, physical health, enlightenment,
personal growth- in order to solve social issues. Brown says spirituality/ transformation of
self can be done through (1) channeling (2) work with inner child- taking yourself back to
the time when you we’re a child and how you were happier then and practicing the same
as an adult (3) laundry list of unconventional healing techniques - going away from
science, more environmentally friendly, paraphernalia- self decided rather than priests
saying and demand, not depending on mass religion to consider your own beliefs for
healing away from the past = evolved religion and individual. LANGONE - spiritual
knowledge and power to transform ourselves. Belief in “god without dogma” nebulous- I’ll
defined. We do through 1- transformational learning .. transforming your understanding of
your own religion rather than what the priest say by exploring. 2- intellectualism.. not
connecting to collective ideas but what you chose yourself. 3- lifestyle. 4- occult ..
astrology, palm reading
1970
Brown —— we pick and mix in religion today so it evolved for eg, Islam has an element of
strictness : asceticism, Hinduism has fasting, Buddhism has peace, Protestants have
elements of creativity and change. For eg, Krishna consciousness, the moonist, paganism-
Christian’s but not with bible
He gave an idea for new age movement in terms of spiritual shopping for “feel good factors”

Sedgwick— selfish religion

He gave an idea for new age movement in terms of spiritual shopping for “feel good factors”

Paper 1 section a
Socialization, interactionism, identity
Q1
Q2 a,b research methods
Q3 a,b socialization and all

↑
Paper 2 sec b
Q4 or q5
Theories in family
Gender roles
Changing family identity
Childhood
Elderly people

Paper 3
Theories in edu
Class gender ethnicity
Pupil sub culture compulsory
Fundamentalist ( peresoective argued by post
mod)
Religion is not declining but evolved through strict adherence to religion

Adherence to old traditional beliefs, the fundaments. Increasing non religious trends show that
there are increasing uncertain of society, so fundamentalists believe in an eye for an eye —-
consequences if not following norms—through STRICT norms. As the only way to discover
yourself in an uncertain society.

Hullington he is post mod but arguing that it’s evolving through this — “ us vs them” where
them is the impact of post modernists , feeling threatened by the increasing diversity so it is
encouraged to have moral maturity, enforcing to non believers as well
Eg belief in “ the Old Testament”, taliban, right wing Americans, new Christian right, omega
Christian fellowship , Al qaeda, taliban, isis, salafi wahhabist

They feel threatened by the democratic system- full of choices-, they think religion should
evolve but not in the way post modernists say it is evolving
They also argue that people seek peace of mind as in globalized society thee are identity
crisises, if they had followed traditional norms as god would’ve wanted them to be they would
have had peace of mind

Bauman- “eye for an eye”,,,, fundamentalists want to remove all choices in society as these
choices cause social issues through creation of uncertainty.

Bauman- “eye for an eye”,,,, fundamentalists want to remove all choices in society as these
choices cause social issues through creation of uncertainty.

Strong belief in god

New religious movement
Churches, denominations, sects and cults
Denominations- within same church there are different denominations

They are tightly held organizations, also known as cult — it came from pejorative connotations
( existed very rarely practiced by only a few, small beliefs) that existed I. 1600s as well but
later only turned into cult in 1900
Jehovas witnesses are also nrms it were pejorative connotations in past
Can be both belief in god or not
Cult- given by Wilson(post modernist)
So they are a spiritual group of people that has modern origin and peripheral to mainstream
religion
The first recognized cult only in 1960 was 3HO - harbhajan Singh Kasla
Their beliefs can be based on science as well as religion and god
Diff types of nrm
• world affirming religion: you accept your own belief, for spirituality and personal fulfillment
— Scientology and transcendental mediation. It sounds like new age move but nam is not
demanding but nrm is demanding . Like vispashna their beliefs can
• World rejecting religion: Roy Wallis = they reject all society and call society corrupt,
society functions in a way that god doesn’t want the world to be practiced. They don’t trust
society. They interpret mainstream religion to be corrupt and in the wrong path: ISKCON,
Manson family
• World accepting/accommodating religion: they accept society. They talk about mixing and
innovation. Neo-pentacostalist say we can all live in the same society also given by Wallis
these are all given by post modernists
Stark and bainbridge: there are 10,000 cults in the world in modern society