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Introduction to Computers,
the Internet and the Web 1
The chief merit of language is
clearness.
—Galen
Obje ctiv e s
In this chapter, you’ll learn:
■ Basic computer concepts.
■ The different types of
programming languages.
■ The history of the C
programming language.
■ The purpose of the C
Standard Library.
■ The elements of a typical C
program development
environment.
■ To test-drive a C application
in Windows, Linux and Mac
OS X.
■ Some basics of the Internet
and the World Wide Web.
[***Instructor’s Manual***]
Self-Review Exercises
1.1 Fill in the blanks in each of the following:
a) Computers process data under the control of sequences of instructions called computer
.
ANS: programs.
b) is a type of computer language that uses Englishlike abbreviations for ma-
chine-language instructions.
ANS: Assembly language.
c) languages are most convenient to the programmer for writing programs
quickly and easily.
ANS: High-level.
d) The only language a computer can directly understand is that computer’s .
ANS: machine language.
e) The programs that translate high-level language programs into machine language are
called .
ANS: compilers.
f) With development, individuals and companies contribute their efforts in de-
veloping, maintaining and evolving software in exchange for the right to use that soft-
ware for their own purposes, typically at no charge.
ANS: open-source.
g) C is widely known as the development language of the operating system.
ANS: UNIX
1.2 Fill in the blanks in each of the following sentences about the C environment.
a) C programs are normally typed into a computer using a(n) program.
ANS: editor.
b) In a C system, a(n) program automatically executes before the translation
phase begins.
ANS: preprocessor.
c) The two most common kinds of preprocessor directives are and .
ANS: including other files in the file to be compiled, performing various text replacements.
d) The program combines the output of the compiler with various library func-
tions to produce an executable image.
ANS: linker.
e) The program transfers the executable image from disk to memory.
ANS: loader.
1.3 Fill in the blanks in each of the following statements (based on Section 1.9):
a) Objects have the property of —although objects may know how to commu-
nicate with one another across well-defined interfaces, they normally are not allowed to
know how other objects are implemented.
ANS: information hiding.
b) In object-oriented programming languages, we create to house the set of
methods that perform tasks.
ANS: classes.
c) With , new classes of objects are derived by absorbing characteristics of existing
classes, then adding unique characteristics of their own.
ANS: inheritance.
3 Chapter 1 Introduction to Computers, the Internet and the WebSolutions 3
d) The size, shape, color and weight of an object are considered of the object’s
class.
ANS: attributes.
Solutions
1.4 Categorize each of the following items as either hardware or software:
a) CPU
ANS: Hardware.
b) C++ compiler
ANS: Software.
c) ALU
ANS: Hardware.
d) C++ preprocessor
ANS: Software.
e) input unit
ANS: Hardware.
f) an editor program
ANS: Software.
1.5 Fill in the blanks in each of the following statements:
a) The process of instructing the computer to solve a problem is called .
ANS: computer programming.
b) What type of computer language uses Englishlike abbreviations for machine-language
instructions? .
ANS: assembly language.
c) The level of computer language at which it’s most convenient to write programs quickly
and easily is .
ANS: high-level language.
d) The only language that a computer directly understands is called that computer's
.
ANS: machine language.
e) Web 2.0 embraces an —a design that encourages user interaction and com-
munity contributions.
ANS: architecture of participation.
1.6 Fill in the blanks in each of the following statements:
a) is now used to develop large-scale enterprise applications, to enhance the
functionality of web servers, to provide applications for consumer devices and for many
other purposes.
ANS: Java.
b) initially became widely known as the development language of the UNIX op-
erating system.
ANS: C.
c) The programming language was developed by Bjarne Stroustrup in the early
1980s at Bell Laboratories.
ANS: C++.
1.7 Discuss the meaning of each of the following names:
a) stdin
ANS: stdin (the standard input stream), which is normally the keyboard, but stdin can be
connected to another stream.
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tésztába gyömbért gyúr be s minden, amit összekotyvaszt, gyömbéresen
kerül tálra.
Itt az estebéd ideje, terül a vendég előtt a kis asztalka. Hozzálát az utas
és sorra kóstolgatja az ételeket.
– Gyömbérízű ez a gombóc, – gondolja magában az ember és a tésztába
kóstol bele.
– Gyömbérszagú ez a tészta, – gondolja ismét és más étel után nyúl.
– Gyömbéres itt minden étel, – bosszankodik magában s gyanús
szemmel méregeti hol az ételeket, hol a fogadósékat.
Addig-addig eszmélkedik, míg kezd a szitán átlátni és se szó, se beszéd,
indul a szobájába, hogy pihenőre térjen.
Összesúgnak a fogadósék és várva-várják a másnap reggelt.
– Mit hoz vajjon a gyömbérke? Lesz-e zacskó pénzzel tele? – egyre
csak ezt hányják-vetik.
Talpon vannak korán reggel s óvatosan, lábujjheggyel,
odasompolyognak az utashoz, szállásbeli szobájához. Hallgatóznak,
leskelődnek, nagy csend a vendég szobájában. Tolóajtót félretolnak, nagy
loppal bepillantanak, hát nagy szentek ámuljatok, csudadolgot csudáljatok.
Nincs a házban egy lélek se, holmi-egymás pénzecske se, hűlt a helye
az utasnak, nyoma sincs sok cókmókjának.
– Hát a gyömbér, amit evett? Ami mindent elfelejtet? – kérdi az ember
az asszonytól.
– Hogy a pénzét mind elvitte s cókmókostul itt hagyni elfelejtette, azt is
csak a felejtető gyömbér tette, – mondja nagy fontoskodva az asszony.
– Hát az étel, ital ára? Szállásért a tartozása? – szól az ember nagy
morogva, fejebúbját vakargatva.
– A vendégünk gyömbért evett, fizetséget elfelejtett, – szól az asszony
sopánkodván, orra hegyét lehorgasztván.
Bambuku-csagama.